Belitung Malay
Sedentary Belitung Malay
base Belitong بهاس بليتوڠ
Pronunciation	ba.sə bəli.toŋ
Native to	Indonesia (Bangka Belitung)
Region	Belitung
Ethnicity	Belitung Malay,Belitung Chinese, etc.
Native speakers	313,047 (2023 estimate)[1]
Language family	Austronesian Malayo-Polynesian (disputed) Malayic Belitung Malay
Writing system	Latin (Indonesian alphabet) Jawi (historical)
Language codes
ISO 639-3	–
Glottolog	sede1248
Areas where Belitung Malay is primarily spoken
This article containsIPA phonetic symbols. Without properrendering support, you may seequestion marks, boxes, or other symbols instead ofUnicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, seeHelp:IPA.

Belitung Malay (base Belitong,Jawi: بهاس بليتوڠ), orSedentary Belitung Malay, is aMalayic language spoken inIndonesia, specifically on the island ofBelitung in theBangka Belitung Islands ofSumatra. The language is primarily spoken by the nativeMalay people of Belitung, as well as by ethnicChinese who have inhabited Belitung for centuries, using it as asecond language alongside their nativeHakka. This language is distinguished fromLoncong language, another Malay variety spoken by nomadicsea gypsies from Belitung. Additionally, it is spoken by migrants from other parts of Indonesia residing in Belitung, includingJavanese andSundanese, as well as by the Belitung diaspora living in various regions across Indonesia. Belitung Malay serves as thelingua franca among the people of Belitung, encompassing not only Malays but also other ethnic groups living in the island. It is predominantly used in informal settings such as family gatherings or marketplaces. In contrast, standard Indonesian is preferred for formal situations, including government offices and schools, reflecting its status as the official and national language of Indonesia.Code-switching between Belitung Malay and standard Indonesian is common in the Belitung community, particularly in informal and semi-formal contexts. Other ethnic groups, such as the Chinese, also frequently code-switch andcode-mix between Hakka and Belitung Malay.

Belitung Malay is a vernacular Malay variety that shares linguistic features withpeninsular Malay, Eastern Sumatra Malay, and the Malay variety ofWest Kalimantan.^[2] Belitung Malay exhibits a closer resemblance to the Malay spoken inSumatra andKalimantan than to standardJakartaIndonesian, particularly in terms ofphonology andlexicon. The language has received significant influence from other languages, such asHakka,Dutch andArabic, as well asJavanese and standard Indonesian.^[3][4] Belitung Malay has absorbed Javanese loanwords due to Belitung's historical rule by thePalembang Sultanate, where the court language,Palembang Malay, was influenced by Javanese.^[5] Additionally, Indonesian, as the official language, has also become a source of loanwords. While Belitung Malay includes words not found in standard Indonesian, the two languages are generallymutually intelligible.

Belitung Malay is aMalayic language. Speakers of Malayic language are spread fromBrunei, Indonesia,Malaysia, Singapore,Southern Thailand, to the southernmost part of thePhilippines. Malay is a member of theAustronesian family of languages, which includes languages fromTaiwan, Southeast Asia and the Pacific Ocean, with a smaller number in continental Asia.Malagasy, a geographic outlier spoken inMadagascar in the Indian Ocean, is also a member of this language family. Although these languages are not necessarilymutually intelligible to any extent, their similarities are often quite apparent. In more conservative languages like Malay, many roots have come with relatively little change from their common ancestor,Proto-Austronesian language. There are manycognates found in the languages' words for kinship, health, body parts and common animals. Numbers, especially, show remarkable similarities.^[6]

Belitung Malay is closely related to other Malayic languages spoken in neighboring regions, such asBangka Malay andPalembang Malay, as well as various Malay varieties found inWest Kalimantan, the eastern coast ofSumatra, and outlying islands. SinceIndonesian is a standardized form of Malay, Belitung Malay is also related to it, and the two are generallymutually intelligible. However, Belitung Malay possesses unique characteristics, particularly in its phonology and lexicon, that distinguish it from Indonesian and other Malay varieties.

Belitung Malay is exclusively spoken onBelitung and its outlying islands. Administratively, this area consists of two regencies in theBangka Belitung province:Belitung Regency andEast Belitung Regency. It is also spoken by Belitung diasporas living in other parts ofIndonesia. Belitung Malay is the mother tongue of theMalay people on the island. The Chinese people primarily useHakka andMandarin as their native tongues, though many also understand Belitung Malay as a second language and use it to communicate with Malays and other ethnic groups.^[7] On the other hand, migrants in Belitung from other parts ofIndonesia speak Belitung Malay in addition to theirnative languages, especially in the market.

Belitung Malay is a spoken language used by Belitung speakers when talking with family members, friends, and co-workers on informal occasions in markets, shops, stalls, and so forth. It also functions as alingua franca; non-Malay people, such asChinese andBugis, among others in the area, often choose to speak Belitung Malay between people from different ethnic groups.^[2] Belitung Malay is not used in formal situations in Belitung; it is not taught in schools or used in governmental offices. Instead,Indonesian, the official language ofIndonesia, is learned at school. Children are exposed to Indonesian from birth through television, the internet, national ceremonial speeches, magazines, newspapers, books, and other media.^[2] Nonetheless, Belitung Malay retains its dominance as an everyday language. Increasing usage of Indonesian has led many Belitung Malay speakers tocode-switch andcode-mix between standard Indonesian and Belitung Malay.^[2]

Belitung Malay, like many otherregional languages in Indonesia, lacks a standardized phonological system. Nevertheless, many of the phonological system designed for Belitung Malay is loosely based on standardIndonesian orthography.

LikeIndonesian andStandard Malay, Belitung Malay possesses 6 phonemic vowels/i,ə,e,a,o,u/.^[8]

Notes:

• In writing,/e/ and/ə/ are both represented as⟨e⟩.^[8]
• Final/a/ inBaku Malay/Indonesian correspond to/ə/ in Belitung Malay, soBaku Malay/Indonesianada/ada/ "to have" corresponds to Belitung Malayade/adə/.^[9]
• Baku Malay/Indonesian/i/ and/u/ in closed syllables correspond to lower/e/ and/o/ in Belitung Malay, soBaku Malay/Indonesianpasir/pasir/ "sand" andtaruh/taruh/ "to place" correspond to Belitung Malaypaser/paser/ andtarok/taroʔ/.^[9]

Belitung Malay has 19consonants.^[9]

Notes:

• In writing, the following phonemes are represented as thus:^[8]
  • /ŋ/ is⟨ng⟩
  • /ɲ/ is⟨ny⟩
  • /t͡ʃ/ is⟨c⟩
  • /d͡ʒ/ is⟨j⟩
  • /ʔ/ is⟨k⟩
  • /j/ is ⟨y⟩
• /ʔ/ only occurs root-finally.^[9]
• UnlikeStandard Malay andIndonesian, Belitung Malay has no/h/ phoneme.^[9]
• Final/ʔ/ in some root words in Belitung Malay correspond to Standard Malay/Indonesian/h/ such as Belitung Malaytarok/taroʔ/ which corresponds to Standard Malay/Indonesiantaruh/taruh/ "to place".^[9]

Belitung Malay features fivediphthongs, typically found at the end of words: /ei̯/, /au̯/, /ai̯/, /oi̯/, and /ui̯/.^[10] Examples of these diphthongs in use are shown below:

• /ei̯/: /mei̯/ 'May'
• /au̯/: /surau̯/ 'surau'
• /ai̯/: /sampai̯/ 'arrive'
• /oi̯/: /amoi̯/ 'Chinese girls' (fromHakka)
• /ui̯/: /unt͡ʃui̯/ 'pipe'

Along withIndonesian,standard Malay, and otherMalayic languages, the word order in Belitung Malay is typicallysubject-verb-object (SVO). While there are notable exceptions, the grammar structure of Belitung Malay shares many similarities with Indonesian and Standard Malay.

Belitung Malay has a number ofaffixes that can join with the base word to form an affixed word. In Belitung Malay, like other Malayic languages, there are four types of affixes:prefixes,infixes,suffixes andcircumfix. Prefixes are affixes attached at the beginning of a word, suffixes are affixes added at the end, and infixes are affixes inserted in the middle. A circumfix or discontinuous affix partly attaches to both the front and back of the base form. Like other Malayic languages, Belitung Malay words consist of a root or a root plus derivational affixes. The root, typically bisyllabic in the shape CV(C)CV(C), serves as the core lexical unit and is usually a noun or verb. Affixes are applied to roots to modify or expand their meaning, creating new words.

In Belitung Malay, various prefixes alter the meaning of base words differently.^[11] The following are examples of common prefixes in Belitung Malay, their meanings, and words:

Like prefixes, suffixes in Belitung Malay also alter the meaning of base words in various ways.^[12] The following are examples of common suffixes in Belitung Malay, their meanings, and some words:

In Belitung Malay, infixation of a base word typically signifies 'many or multiple' of that particular base word.^[13] The following are some examples of common infixes used in Belitung Malay:

There are several circumfixes in Belitung Malay, each with its own specific meanings.^[14] The following are some examples of common circumfixes used in Belitung Malay:

There are several types ofreduplication in Belitung Malay: full reduplication, reduplication of base forms in complex words, reduplication withaffixation, and reduplication withphoneme replacement.^[15] Reduplication in Belitung Malay serves various purposes depending on the type of word. Fornouns, it indicates pluralization or resemblance to something.Verbs use reduplication to denote reciprocal actions, repetitive actions, leisurely actions, or intensity.Adjectives use it to signify a high degree or intensity. Lastly,numerals use reduplication to express collectivity.^[16]

In full reduplication, the entire base form is repeated without phoneme changes or the addition of affixes.^[15] For example:

• itam-itam 'black-black'
• pute-pute 'white-white'
• mikaq-mikaq 'you guys'
• keciq-keciq 'small-small'

Reduplication of base forms in complex words is the repetition of affixed words where only the base form is repeated.^[17] This type of reduplication in Belitung Malay occurs in affixed words such as:

• ngeliat-liat 'to see around'
• deputong-putong 'to cut into pieces'
• berjalan-jalan 'to walk around'
• kelimaq-limaqe 'all five of them'
• teantok-antok 'to bump repeatedly'
• sekampong-kampong 'the whole village'
• keciq-keciqan 'small scale'
• takut-takuteq 'to scare repeatedly'
• dekat-dekatkan 'to get closer repeatedly'
• cucuq-cucuqe 'his/her grandchildren'

Repetition with affixation involves repetition of the base form occurs with the addition of affixes, usuallycircumfixes or separate affixes.^[18] For example:

• setakut-takute 'as scared as possible'
• sedernun-demune 'as cold as possible'
• kemira-miraan 'reddish'
• keijau-ijauan 'greenish'
• seade-adee 'just as it is'

Reduplication with phoneme substitution is the reduplication of the base form accompanied by the alteration of phonemes within that base form.^[18] For example:

• kesanaq-kesineq 'going here and there'
• cual-cuil 'pruning around'
• telepar-telepor 'many loud sounds'
• seradak-seruduk 'bumping here and there'
• puntang-perenang 'chaotic and disarray'
• gerebas-gerebus 'many surprising sounds'

In Belitung Malay nouns can be divided into human nouns, animal nouns or neither.^[19] Human nouns are nouns that use the measuring wordurang 'person' as a unit indicator, for example:

• cucuq 'grandchild'
• biaq 'child', 'kid'
• guru 'teacher'
• kawan 'friend'
• sedare 'sibling', 'cousin'

Animal nouns are nouns that use the measuring wordikoq 'tail' as a unit indicator, for example:^[19]

• burong 'bird'
• ikan 'fish'
• kerbau 'buffalo'
• sapi 'cow'

Examples of other nouns are:^[19]

• mate 'eye'
• mije 'table'
• kersi 'chair'
• ruma 'house'
• tandok 'horn'

Verbs in Belitung Malay can be categorized intointransitive verbs,ditransitive verbs, andtransitive verbs.^[20] Transitive verbs are further subdivided intopassive andantipassive transitive verbs. Examples of intransitive verbs include:

• pegi 'to go'
• tiduq 'to sleep'
• bebulaq 'to lie'
• nagis 'to cry'

Example of ditransitive verbs include:

• melikan 'to buy for'
• ngambiqkan 'to take for'
• ngencariqkan 'to find for'
• nunjokkan 'to show for'

Example of passive transitive verbs include:

• ngibit 'to hold'
• tulis 'to write'
• nenameq 'to name'
• ngerusakkan 'to break'

Example of antipassive transitive verbs include:

• betanam 'to plant'
• berutang 'to owe (money)'
• berburu 'to hunt'
• bemain 'to play'

Adjectives in Belitung Malay are words that can be preceded by words such asagaq 'somewhat',lebe 'more',paling 'most' or followed by the wordamat 'very'.^[21] For example:

• lebe mura 'cheaper'
• lebe mahal 'more expensive'
• lebe deras 'faster'
• lebe kutor 'dirtier'
• paling keciq 'smallest'

Numerals can be divided into definite and indefinite numerals.^[21] Example of definite numerals are:

• sikok 'one'
• duaq 'two'
• sepulo 'ten'
• numor tige 'number three'
• numor lapan 'number eight'

Examples of indefinite numerals are:

• semua 'all'
• banyak 'many'
• sikit 'a little'

Pronouns in Belitung Malay can be divided intopersonal pronouns,demonstrative pronouns andinterrogative pronouns.

This table shows an overview over the most commonly and widely used personal pronouns in Belitung Malay.^[22]

The pronounsaku andsaya both mean 'I', withsaya typically used in more formal contexts. The pronounskameq andkite both mean 'we', butkameq is exclusive, whilekite is inclusive.

LikeIndonesian andStandard Malay, there are two demonstrative pronouns in Belitung Malay,ini 'this' anditu 'that'.^[21] The usage of these words are shown below：

• Berape rege tupiini? 'How much is the cost of this coffee?'
• Punye sape ketanginini? 'Whose bicycle is this?'
• Biyaqitu la tiduq siang. 'That child already took an afternoon nap'
• Kameq ngembuno sabaqitu. 'We already killed that snake.'

Examples of interrogative pronouns in Belitung Malay includeape 'what',sape 'who',kiape 'how',berape 'how much',sebile 'when',kemane 'where' andngape 'why'.^[23] The usage of these words are shown below：

• Sape pegi kesanaq kemarin? 'Who went there yesterday?'
• Kiape jejake itu? 'How's that guy?'
• Umaq ngembeli durinberape? 'How many durians did mother bought?'
• Sebile die ndak belanje? 'When is she going shopping?'
• Kemane kau ndak berangkat? 'Where are you going?'
• Ngape bundie ndaq kesekula? 'Why are they not going to school?'

The vocabulary of Belitung Malay is notably distinct fromIndonesian andStandard Malay. While many words are similar, Belitung Malay includes unique lexicon not found in Indonesian or otherMalayic languages. For example, words such asumaq 'mother',bundie 'they', andngayak 'very' are unique to Belitung Malay and not found in Indonesian. Due to the legacy of thePalembang Sultanate's rule inBelitung, Belitung Malay has also received influence fromPalembang Malay.^[24] Through Palembang Malay, Belitung Malay has also absorbed several loanwords fromJavanese. Words such asgawe 'to work',jungor 'mouth', andkuping 'ear' are examples of loanwords indirectly borrowed from Javanese via Palembang Malay. Lastly, similar to other regional languages in Indonesia, the introduction of Indonesian as the national language has influenced the vocabulary of Belitung Malay.^[25] As Indonesian influence grows, many people in Belitung have gradually embraced Indonesian and replaced certain words in Belitung Malay with their Indonesian equivalents.

In addition, the lexicon of Belitung Malay has been influenced by other languages, such asHakka,Arabic andDutch.^[3] Hakka entered Belitung Malay due to influx ofChinese migrants fromGuangdong in the 19th century, while Dutch loanwords on the other hand entered Belitung Malay throughcolonization. Arabic loanwords on the other hand entered Belitung Malay through thespread of Islam in Indonesia and the historical rule of the Palembang Sultanate in Belitung. Similar toBangka Malay, Belitung Malay has absorbed a significant number of loanwords from Hakka due to the substantial presence ofChinese communities in theBangka-Belitung. Example of Hakka loanwords in Belitung Malay areamoy 'Chinese girls' (from 阿妹 â-moi),tanglong 'lantern' (from 燈籠 tên-lùng) andfannyin 'Malay' (from 番人 fân-ngìn). There are also Dutch loanwords in Belitung Malay. Some Dutch words not commonly found in standard Indonesian includeuto 'car',potlot 'pencil', andperlop 'work leave'. Lastly, Arabic-derived words are mostly Islamic-related terms, such asjakat 'zakat' (from زكاةzakāt),aji 'hajj' (from حَجّḥajj) andnazar 'motive' (from نظرnazar).

Below are examples of commonly used Belitung Malay vocabulary in various dialects, along with their Indonesian and English translations:

Similar toBangka Malay andPalembang Malay, Belitung Malay historically was written in theJawi script, also known as Arab-Melayu or Gundul script. Jawi entered Belitung during the rule of thePalembang Sultanate, as part of thespread of Islam in theIndonesian archipelago. Manuscripts and other artifacts discovered in Belitung from the past were predominantly written in Jawi.^[24] However, the usage of the Jawi script has declined following the introduction of theLatin script by the Dutch during thecolonial era. Today, the usage of the Jawi script in Belitung is extremely rare. Belitung Malay is now predominantly written in the Latin script. When written, like other regional languages in Indonesia, Belitung Malay usually follow theIndonesian orthography, which is the official spelling system used in theIndonesian language.

Like otherMalayic languages, Belitung Malay has a rich tradition oforal literature. Oral literature in Belitung Malay encompasses a variety of elements, including traditional expressions, folk poetry, and folkprose tales.^[26] Traditional expressions can be divided intoproverbs,idioms,parables, and wise sayings. Proverbs are metaphors used to say something precisely in a short sentence with the aim of interrupting someone's conversation. Examples of proverbs in Belitung Malay are:

• Decucon ndaq ngimut 'stabbed and still willing to comply (meaning: someone who is already resigned)'
• Namburoq gunong 'piling up mountains' (meaning: someone who is capable or wealthy)'
• Ngenggarameq aiq laut 'salt the sea' (meaning: someone who likes to praise themselves)'

Idioms are figurative expressions spoken using short sentences. Idioms in Belitung Malay are calledperbase.^[26] Examples of idioms in Belitung are:

• Tampar anak sinder benantu 'slap the child, satirize the son-in-law (meaning: someone who criticizes or blames someone else unjustly or without reason)'
• Masoq de kandang kambing ngembeq, masoq de kandang ayam bekukoq 'entering the goat pen, one should bleat; entering the chicken coop, one should crow (meaning: adapting to one's surroundings or adjusting behavior accordingly)'
• Jao ki macan, dekat ke belacan 'far like a tiger, close like shrimp paste (meaning: someone who pretends to be brave but is actually timid)'

Similes are sentences that compare or liken something, such as a person's beauty or character, to the surrounding natural environment. Parables in Belitung Malay oral literature usually begin with the word 'ki' meaning 'like'.^[27] Example of parables are:

• Ki Kunyit kan kapor 'like turmeric with chalk (meaning: a harmonious state)'
• Ki tempalaq desiuleq 'like a catfish in a net (meaning: someone who is confused)'
• Ki nuangkan aiq bang keranjang rubus 'like pouring water into a leaky basket (meaning: someone who is greedy)

Wise words are words or sentences containing advice spoken by someone (usually older) to another person so that the person being advised behaves kindly towards others.^[27] Examples of wise words are:

• Balak jangan decariq, rezeki jangan detulaq 'danger should not be sought, and blessings should not be rejected (meaning: one must be careful in this life)'
• Jangan ngelangkaq benang arang, itam telapaq kaki 'Don't step over the burnt thread, blacken your feet (meaning: don't disobey your elders' advice, or you'll face danger)'
• Jangan nyukor kepala orang tua 'Don't shave the head of your elders" (meaning: don't bring shame to your parents or elders)'

There are various forms of folk poetry in Belitung Malay, including campaq,pantun, andmantra.^[28] Campaq in Belitung Malay means 'discard'; it involves the recitation of pantun during the campaq dance, atraditional dance native toBangka-Belitung. There are two types of campaq: campaq darat, or 'land campaq', predominantly performed by nativeMalays of Belitung, and campaq laut, or 'sea campaq', traditionally performed by theOrang Laut, sea nomads inhabiting the coastal regions of Belitung.^[28] Similar to other Malay dialects, traditional oral literature in Belitung Malay also includes the pantun, often encountered in the social interactions of young people. Below are some examples of pantuns that originated fromBelitung along with its Indonesian and English translation:

A mantra consists of words or phrases imbued with mystical power, spoken in rhythmic language. Mantras are believed to harnesssupernatural forces through the energy of sound inherent in each chosen word.^[29] The language of mantras is sometimes unknown in meaning. In the oral literature of Belitung Malay, there are several types of mantras such askemat andjampi.Kemat is a mantra used by young people, typically girls to boys, to make someone interested and fall in love with them.Kemat can be used by holding three betel leaves, through food, and also by using a cut from the nails of hands.^[29] Meanwhile,Jampi is a type of mantra used to heal people. There are various types ofJampi recited for different ailments, such aseyelid twitching or food stuck in theesophagus.^[30]

• Miyake, Yoshimi; Hendry, Sarman; Fithrorozi (2022)."A preliminary study of Belitung Malay".NUSA: Linguistic Studies of Languages in and Around Indonesia.72: 17.doi:10.15026/120254.
• Napsin, Syahrul; Usman, M. Yusuf; Zein, R.M. Syafruddin; Sudarmo; Tarmizi; Silahiddin, Sofyan (1986).Morfologi dan Sintaksis Bahasa Melayu Belitung [Morphology and Syntax of Belitung Malay](PDF) (in Indonesian). Jakarta:Agency for Language Development and Cultivation.
• Aliana, Zainal Arifin; Arifin, Siti Salamah; Mairu, Tannizi; As'ad, Nurbaya; Maspriyadi (1992).Sastra Lisan Bahasa Melayu Belitung [Oral Literature of Belitung Malay](PDF) (in Indonesian). Jakarta:Agency for Language Development and Cultivation.ISBN 979-459-199-8.
• Arifin, Siti Salamah; Abubakar, Tannizi; Alwi, Zahra (2002).Sistem Reduplikasi Bahasa Melayu Belitung [Reduplication System of Belitung Malay](PDF) (in Indonesian). Jakarta:Agency for Language Development and Cultivation.ISBN 979-685-267-5.
• Azri, Yaumil Chairani (2020).Algoritma Stemming Bahasa Melayu Belitung menggunakan Aturan Tata Bahasa(PDF) (Thesis) (in Indonesian). State Islamic University of Sultan Syarif Kasim Riau.{{cite thesis}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)

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