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Beaver Stadium

Coordinates:40°48′44″N77°51′22″W / 40.8121°N 77.8560°W /40.8121; -77.8560
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Home stadium of the Penn State Nittany Lions. University Park, Pennsylvania

West Shore Home Field at Beaver Stadium
Beaver Stadium during a night game in 2018
Map
Interactive map of West Shore Home Field at Beaver Stadium
Address1 Beaver Stadium
University Park, Pennsylvania
LocationPennsylvania State University
Coordinates40°48′44″N77°51′22″W / 40.8121°N 77.8560°W /40.8121; -77.8560
OperatorPennsylvania State University
TypeCollege football stadium
EventCollege football
Seating typeStadium seating
Executive suites60
Capacity106,304 (2025–present)

Former capacity:

List
    • 106,572 (2011–2024)
    • 107,282 (2001–2011)
    • 93,967 (1991–2001)
    • 83,370 (1985–1991)
    • 83,770 (1980–1985)
    • 76,639 (1978–1980)
    • 60,203 (1976–1978)
    • 57,538 (1972–1976)
    • 46,284 (1969–1972)
Record attendance111,030 (November 2, 2024, vs.Ohio State)[1]
SurfaceNatural grass
ScoreboardLED Videoboards
Screens2
Construction
Broke ground1959
Opened17 September 1960 (1960-09-17)
Capacity 69,000
Renovated2024Videoboards changed
2008Marquee boards added
2001
1985Walkways and ramps added
1984Lights added
Expanded1969, 1972, 1976, 1980, 1985, 1991, 2001, 2011, 2024–2027
Construction cost$1.6 million[2]
($17 million in 2024 dollars[3])
$93 million (2001 expansion)
ArchitectMichael Baker Jr, Inc.[4]
HOK Sport (2001 expansion)
Populous (2024–2027 renovation)[5]
Project managerBarton Malow,AECOM Hunt, Alexander Building Construction Co. (2024–2027 renovation)[5]
Tenants
Penn State Nittany Lions (NCAA)
Football (1960–present)
Men's soccer (1960–1971)
Website
gopsusports.com/beaverstadium

West Shore Home Field at Beaver Stadium, commonly known asBeaver Stadium, is acollege football stadium on the campus ofPennsylvania State University inPenn State University Park. It has been home to thePenn State Nittany Lions football of theBig Ten Conference since1960, though some parts of the stadium date back to 1909. It was also the site of universitycommencements until 1984.[6] The stadium, as well as itspredecessors, is named afterJames A. Beaver (1837–1914), agovernor of Pennsylvania (1887–91), president of the university's board of trustees,[7] and native of nearbyMillerstown. The stadium is part ofCollege Township and has a University Park address.

Beaver Stadium has an officialseating capacity of 106,572,[8] making it currently thesecond-largest stadium in theWestern Hemisphere and thefourth-largest in the world. Its natural grass playing field is aligned northwest to southeast at an approximateelevation of 1,150 feet (350 m) abovesea level.

Beaver Stadium is widely known as one of the toughest venues for opposing teams incollegiate athletics. In 2008, it was recognized as having the beststudent section in the country for the second consecutive year. In 2019, it was named student section of the year by a committee ofESPN broadcasters and writers.[9][10]

In 2016, Beaver Stadium was voted the number-one football stadium in college football in aUSA Today poll, garnering over 41 percent of the vote.[11] In March 2019,USA Today conducted another poll asking voters to decide the best stadium in the United States during "Bracket Madness", which coincided with the 2019 NCAA basketball tournament. Hundreds of thousands of fans voted for their favorites throughout the week. In the championship match-up, Beaver Stadium beat Kansas’Allen Fieldhouse to claim the title of "Ultimate Stadium".[12]

Since 2025, the stadium has been officially known as West Shore Home Field at Beaver Stadium after Penn State entered into a naming rights deal with West Shore Home.

Beaver Stadium was the first to have its interior included inGoogle Street View.[13]

History

[edit]

Predecessors

[edit]

Until 1893, Penn State teams participated in sporting events onOld Main lawn, a large grassy area in front of the primary classroom building of the time.Beaver Field, a 500-seat structure located behind the current site of the Osmond Building, was the first permanent home for Penn State's football team, and the first game played there was a Penn State victory over Western University of Pennsylvania (now theUniversity of Pittsburgh) on November 6, 1893. In 1909,New Beaver Field opened just northeast ofRec Hall, roughly in the current location of the Nittany Parking deck. It served as Penn State's stadium until 1959. During the 1959-60 offseason, the entire 30,000 seat facility was dismantled and moved half a mile to the east end of campus. It was then reassembled, bolted onto a modern upper grandstand, and named Beaver Stadium. The "new" stadium seated 46,284 people;[6][14] it roughly corresponds to the lower level of the current facility.

Expansions

[edit]
Beaver Stadium seen from the east in August 2014

The stadium has been expanded six times, reflecting Penn State's rise to national prominence underJoe Paterno, then the team's head coach, more than doubling in size in the process. Expansions in 1972 brought capacity to 57,538. Another expansion in 1976 increased capacity to 60,203. In 1978, 16,000 seats were added when the stadium was cut into sections and raised on hydraulic lifts, allowing the insertion of seating along the inner ring of the stadium where the track had previously been located, raising capacity to 76,639. This expansion is particularly noticeable, as there's a distinct color change when crossing from the original, New Beaver Field steel grandstands onto the newer, stone and concrete additions. In 1980, maximum capacity increased to 83,770.

Beaver Stadium hosted its first night football game on September 25, 1982, when Penn State played theUniversity of Nebraska Cornhuskers. While the game was scheduled for a 3:45 p.m. kickoff,CBS anticipated the contest would conclude after sunset and contractedMusco Lighting to provide temporary portable lights for the broadcast.[15] The Nittany Lions won the game 27–24, a victory that proved pivotal in the program'sfirst national championship season. The game is particularly noted for a controversial 15-yard sideline completion fromTodd Blackledge to tight endMike McCloskey during the final minute; despite replays suggesting McCloskey had stepped out of bounds before the catch, the play stood and set up the winning touchdown.[16] Permanent lighting was not installed at the stadium until 1984.

In 1985, walkways were added around the tops of the end zones and entry ramps at the stadium's corners resulted in lowering the capacity to 83,370. An expansion was completed for the 1991 football season, placing an upper deck addition over the northend zone and raising capacity to 93,967.

A major and somewhat controversial construction project took place in2001, raising the stadium's total capacity to 107,282. An upper deck was added to the south end of the stadium, blocking the view of neighboringMount Nittany (which had sentimental value for some fans), but making Beaver Stadium the second-largest stadium in the nation, behindMichigan Stadium inAnn Arbor, Michigan.

In 2006, the stadium underwent major structural and aesthetic upgrades. Old steel beams supporting the upper seats in the east, north and west were replaced and strengthened, and new railing was installed, stronger than the old railing which collapsed following the 2005Ohio State game.

In 2007, over 22,000 student tickets sold out in 59 minutes. In 2008, when tickets were sold by grade, tickets allotted for junior students sold out in 90 seconds, and those for sophomores and freshmen sold out in under three minutes each.

In 2011, the stadium capacity was reduced from 107,282 seats to 106,572 to comply with theAmericans with Disabilities Act.[17]

The suites on the east end of the stadium in September 2016

The appearance of the stadium has been enhanced with the addition of large blue letters spelling out "The Pennsylvania State University" on the west-facing suites, and a list of Penn State's undefeated, national championship, and Big Ten championship years underneath. 2012 is the exception, which was added to this list during the November 24, 2012 game againstWisconsin to honor the team that played after sanctions were passed down during the aftermath of theJerry Sandusky scandal. Nine markers depicting the various traditions of Beaver Stadium, including thePenn State Blue Band, the student section, and the blue buses which bring the team to the stadium, have been placed around the stadium as well. In late October, the walls surrounding the field were refaced with Pennsylvanialimestone. An iron gate has replaced the old chain-link face at the players' entrance into the stadium. On the new gate the words "PENN STATE" appear in blue.

The former press box on the west end of the stadium in July 2023

The Penn State Office of Physical Plant and Athletic Department expanded the north and south video boards toHD video boards and because parts were no longer available for the old boards. The area of the new video screens dedicated to game replays and game-related video is much larger than the screens they replaced. The two video boards together are some of the largest in college football. The renovation expanded the size of the video boards by eliminating the current game clock and lamp matrix display. The boards are only the second of their kind made and are 4K UHD. The project was completed prior to the first home game of the 2014 season. The boards cost approx. $10 million. Also on the back of both boards is a LED Nittany Lion logo that lights at night and was added to promote the "Penn State brand". Starting with the 2015 season fireworks are shot off from the top of each scoreboard when the team takes the field.

In the fall semester of 2015, university officials stated that they are seeking options to renovate or replace Beaver Stadium in the next 10 years.[18] Officials state that there is a recognized need in an upgrade in the facilities. The stadium remains antiquated, despite multiple expansions and the additions of luxury boxes andHD scoreboards. Outdated plumbing requires complete winterization each November. Elevators are small and sluggish while concourses are narrow. The stadium lacks concession options and still uses bleachers. The limitations prevent wider use of the venue; the university would like to expand the number of events held at Beaver Stadium, such as major concerts and a long-discussed potential hosting of theNHL Winter Classic. Many fans are opposed to replacing Beaver Stadium due to the history and tradition but many agree that there is a need for renovation.

On September 8, 2021, Penn State dedicated a Chair of Honor for all prisoners of war/missing in action (POW/MIA) service members in the "SLU" section of the stadium, above the student section, where it will remain empty in perpetuity. This chair was unveiled during the Nittany Lions' first home football game of the season againstBall State on September 11.[19]

On May 21, 2024, the Penn State Board of Trustees approved a renovation of Beaver Stadium, which will grow revenue-generating opportunities, transform the fan and community experience, and fuel the future funding for all 31 athletics programs at Penn State. The vote was 26-2, with three abstaining. The approved renovations will enable year-round use of Beaver Stadium, further driving economic growth and development in the surrounding region. Including the first stage of the Beaver Stadium renovation, which was approved in May 2023, the total project will cost no more than $700 million and will be completed before the 2027 college football season. This multi-year project is financed and paid for entirely by Intercollegiate Athletics.[20] A part of the renovation, dedicated to the scoreboards, was completed before theKent State game.[21]

On the morning of January 4, 2025, the west end press box was demolished with controlled explosives. It was originally built at New Beaver Field and was moved to the current Beaver Stadium in 1959. It was significantly expanded in 1980.[22]

On March 10, 2025, thePenn State Board of Trustees announced the sale of the stadium's naming rights to West Shore Home, aMechanicsburg, Pennsylvania-based home remodeling company owned by Penn State alumni. The 15-year deal officially renamed the stadium to West Shore Home Field at Beaver Stadium.[23]

Attendance records

[edit]
An aerial view of Beaver Stadium in June 2014

A record crowd of 111,030 witnessed Penn State's 20–13 loss toOhio State, on November 2, 2024.[1]

On October 8, 2005, 109,839 attendees at Beaver Stadium witnessed the Nittany Lions defeatOhio State 17 to 10, in what was then the second-largest crowd incollege football history.[24]

In 2002, Penn State set anNCAA record for most fans to ever watch a college football team over the course of a single season at home. Beaver Stadium hosted 8 games in 2002, and averaged 107,239 per game totaling what was at the time an NCAA record of 857,911 in total home attendance. Penn State averaged 95,977 fans in attendance both home and away over the 13 game schedule which broke the all time full season attendance NCAA record at 1,247,707 spectators over the course of the 2002 campaign.[25]

All-time Beaver Stadium records

[edit]
RankAttendanceDateGame result
1111,030November 2, 2024Penn State 13,Ohio State 20
2111,019September 27, 2025Penn State 24,Oregon 30(2OT)
3110,889September 29, 2018Penn State 26,Ohio State 27
4110,856November 11, 2023Penn State 15,Michigan 24
5110,830September 23, 2023Penn State 31, Iowa 0
6110,823October 21, 2017Penn State 42, Michigan 13
7110,753September 14, 2002Penn State 40, Nebraska 7
8110,747September 2, 2023Penn State 38, West Virginia 15
9110,669October 19, 2019Penn State 28, Michigan 21
10110,233November 9, 2024Penn State 35 Washington 6
11110,134October 27, 2007Penn State 17,Ohio State 37
12110,078September 8, 2007Penn State 31, Notre Dame 10
13110,047October 5, 2024Penn State 27, UCLA 11
14110,033November 7, 2009Penn State 7,Ohio State 24
15110,017October 18, 2008Penn State 46, Michigan 17
16109,958September 18, 2021Penn State 28, Auburn 20
17109,911September 28, 2024Penn State 21, Illinois 7
18109,898September 9, 2017Penn State 33, Pittsburgh 14
19109,865November 5, 2005Penn State 35, Wisconsin 14
20109,845November 22,2008Penn State 49, Michigan State 18
21109,839October 8, 2005Penn State 17, Ohio State 10
22109,813October 22, 2022Penn State 45, Minnesota 17

Attendance record by Beaver Stadium capacity

[edit]
CapacityRecordBroken DateGame result
46,28450,144November 21, 1964Pittsburgh 0,Penn State 28
48,28452,713October 11, 1969West Virginia 0,Penn State 20
57,72361,325September 13, 1975Stanford 14,Penn State 34
60,20362,554September 17, 1977Houston 14,Penn State 31
76,63978,019November 4, 1978Maryland 3,Penn State 27
83,37086,309October 22, 1983West Virginia 23,Penn State 41
93,96797,498November 9, 1997Michigan 34, Penn State 8
107,282110,753September 14, 2002Nebraska 7,Penn State 40
106,572111,030November 2, 2024Ohio State 20, Penn State 13

Traditions

[edit]

Chants

[edit]

"WE ARE!"..."PENN STATE!" is perhaps the most well-known chant across campus; "We Are Penn State" conveys the university's sense of unity and school pride. At Beaver Stadium, the chant is often relayed across the stadium in a "WE ARE!"..."PENN STATE!". Penn State call and response, with each side of the grandstand chanting one half of the motto. This is typically followed by a similar "THANK YOU!"..."YOU'RE WELCOME!" chant. It is also featured in Penn State'sWhite Out games, which use Zombie Nation'sKernkraft 400 as the fight song instead ofFight On, State.

"Let's Go, P-S-U" - A more recently started chant which plays during a performance ofThe Hey Song by thePenn State Blue Band prior to every game.

Tailgating

[edit]

Tailgating is very popular outside Beaver Stadium. Alcohol is permitted in all areas around Beaver Stadium and is sold inside the stadium on home football games, as of 2022. In August 2019, Penn State was ranked #15[26] by tailgater magazine for the "tailgate culture" that surrounds Beaver Stadium on gameday. The magazine stated that "win or lose, the university offers an incredible tailgate environment" for over 100,000 fans, referencing traditions related to Penn State football such as camping outside Beaver Stadium for Nittanyville to making ice cream stops at theBerkey Creamery.

Student section "S-Zone"

[edit]
Students wait at The "S-Zone" entrance outside Gate A in September 2017
The "S-Zone", dressed to form the letter "S" in September 2007

The "S-Zone" within the student section is another tradition at Beaver Stadium.[27][28] A small section behind the end zone are all given white and blue shirts supplied by the Pennsylvania State University Lion Ambassadors to create an "S" in the student section. The "S-Zone" was moved from the 20 yard line to its current location at the beginning of the 2011 football season, as the student section was shifted over to between the 10 yard lines. For the 2008, 2011, 2013, 2018, and 2023 Homecoming Games, the "S-Zone" was black and pink, in honor of the original Penn State colors. On April 21, 2007, for the Annual Blue and White Game (Spring Scrimmage), the "S-Zone" was converted to a "VT-Zone", in honor of the victims of themassacre that took place on April 16, 2007, atVirginia Tech.

Nittanyville

[edit]
"Nittanyville" tents a few days before theWhite Out game against Ohio State in November 2019

Starting with the October 2005 game againstOhio State, students have camped out outside Gate A to obtain good seats for home games; "Nittanyville" is a recognized university club with rules of conduct.[6] It was originally known as "Paternoville". During whiteout games, a special week-long camping starts on Monday instead of the usual Wednesday or Thursday.

White Out games

[edit]
Main article:White Out (Penn State)
The 2018 Whiteout game againstOhio State

After failed experiments with "Code Blue" during the down year of 2004, a localized version of the"Winnipeg White Out" made national headlines during the 2005 game versus Ohio State. In this game, despite 40 °F (4 °C) temperatures and a misty rain, nearly every student, along with many other fans, wore a white shirt to the game, creating a sea of white.[29] This was deemed a success, as the student section was declared "The best in the country." by ESPN analystKirk Herbstreit, and the Nittany Lions won the game in an intense defensive battle, 17–10. The student section was widely credited with aiding the defense, which kept the Buckeyes' future Heisman Trophy winning quarterback, Troy Smith, in check by intercepting a pass and recovering a decisive fumble in the final minutes. Smith was forced to call several timeouts during the game due to inability to communicate with his offense on the field.[citation needed]

In 2007, for theNotre Dame game, a full-stadium "White House" was declared. While it is widely believed that this change was a result of theNational Hockey League'sPhoenix Coyotes notifying the university that the phrase "White Out" was trademarked by the franchise during their time as theWinnipeg Jets,[30] the "White House" moniker was invented to remind the crowd that everyone, and not just the student section, was to wear white.[29] The newly christened "White House" was also deemed a success, as nearly every Penn State fan in attendance wore white, and the Lions won, 31–10. In 2008, the "White House" was met with similar success, a 38–24 win overIllinois. From 2012 to 2019, the full-stadium "White Out" games have been against either Ohio State or Michigan. In 2021, the firstSoutheastern Conference (SEC) team, theAuburn Tigers played during the "White Out", the Nittany Lions won 28–20.[31]

Zombie Nation

[edit]

Zombie Nation is a tradition that was started during the2004 football season.[32] After the Nittany Lions make a big play, (typically on defense) the stadium blasts the song "Kernkraft 400" by Zombie Nation which ignites 107,000 into a frenzied blur all bouncing up and down in unison, waving towels and shakers wildly chanting "WE ARE PENN STATE!" during the break in the melody of the song.[33] The tradition gained national attention in 2005, after Penn State's 17–10 victory over Ohio State, which at the time, delivered the second highest audience for a regular season college football game ever on ESPN.[34] Zombie Nation along with the "Penn State Whiteout", have been direct influencers of Beaver Stadium being home to what many consider the best student section in college football.[35] Since the tradition began, both Zombie Nation and the "Whiteout" have since spread to encompass the entire stadium.

Tunnel entrance

[edit]

The tunnel entrance is a Nittany Lions tradition in which the head coach leads the team from the locker room under the South side of the stadium to the tunnel to a closed metal gate reading "PENN STATE" in bold Arial font. When the team arrives at the gate, theNittany Lion opens the gate and motions for the team to walk through it, as if welcoming the team to the field. The team then lingers until four minutes are left on the pregame clock, and then the head coach leads the team through the tunnel created by theBlue Band.[citation needed]

Fast and slow wave

[edit]

The Penn State Student Section initiates a wave during sporting events. After the wave passes around the stadium twice, the student section slows down the wave to about a fourth the speed of the normal wave. After the slow wave passes, the wave speeds up to over twice the speed of the normal wave. The wave has, on occasion, been reversed in direction following the fast wave.[citation needed]

Blue Band traditions

[edit]

The Flip

[edit]

After the Penn State Blue Band has entered the field and played the first eight bars of "The Nittany Lion", the Blue Bands Drum Major does a high-stepping, stiff-legged sprint in between rows of band members from the goal line to the 50 yard line, where they do a front flip. Legend states that if the drum major lands the flip, the team will win that afternoon. They then perform another flip while running towards the end zone. After they stand back up, they and the Nittany Lion, who is holding the baton, take five high-steps toward each other, meeting 5 yards deep in the end zone. The Lion and Drum Major both place both hands on the baton in alternating order (in the same manner children choosing teams with a baseball bat would) and then throw the baton onto the ground. They then salute each other, embrace arms, and then both excitedly run towards the student section, where they are cheered enthusiastically.

Floating Lions

[edit]

The Blue Band performs "The Nittany Lion" and makes its way from its "PSU" formation to roll into spelling "LIONS" as it marches across the field. Once reaching the other side, the band reverses the "LIONS" to be readable to the east side of the stadium, while playing "Fight On, State". This is known as the "trademark drill" of the Blue Band.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^abLavey-Heaton, Mary."Penn State sets all-time attendance record at Beaver Stadium against Ohio State".pennlive. RetrievedNovember 2, 2024.
  2. ^"Beaver Stadium History Essay". RetrievedJanuary 14, 2016.
  3. ^1634–1699:McCusker, J. J. (1997).How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda(PDF).American Antiquarian Society. 1700–1799:McCusker, J. J. (1992).How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States(PDF).American Antiquarian Society. 1800–present:Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis."Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–". RetrievedFebruary 29, 2024.
  4. ^"Baker Firm designed New Grid Stadium".The Beaver County Times. September 26, 1961. RetrievedSeptember 28, 2011.
  5. ^ab"Architect, construction manager, consultant selected for stadium renovations".gopsusports.com. RetrievedApril 13, 2024.
  6. ^abcRushton, Geoff (September 12, 2011) [June 13, 2011]."Beaver Stadium: The Home of Penn State Football".Penn State News. RetrievedApril 22, 2019.
  7. ^Musselman, Ron (September 16, 2008)."Why Is It Called Beaver Stadium?".Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. RetrievedSeptember 17, 2008.
  8. ^"Facilities". Archived fromthe original on November 26, 2011. RetrievedJanuary 14, 2016.
  9. ^Herbstreit, Kirk (August 25, 2008)."The Nation's Best: Eighth Annual Herbie Awards". ESPN.
  10. ^"Live Más Student Section | Taco Bell® | ESPN".promo.espn.com. RetrievedNovember 14, 2021.
  11. ^Best college football stadiums
  12. ^Nick Schwartz (March 30, 2019)."Penn State's Beaver Stadium wins the 2019 Ultimate Stadium Bracket".For the Win!. USA Today.
  13. ^"Google Maps' Street View captures University Park, including stadium".Penn State Live. January 21, 2010.
  14. ^Bower, Rick (September 17, 1960)."Birth of a Stadium".The Daily Collegian. RetrievedJanuary 5, 2021.
  15. ^"Why Penn State's Win Over Ohio State was its Biggest Ever in Beaver Stadium History".StateCollege.com. October 23, 2016. RetrievedFebruary 13, 2026.
  16. ^McCallum, Jack (October 4, 1982)."O.K., Time To Fasten Those Seat Belts".Sports Illustrated. pp. 24–31. RetrievedFebruary 13, 2026.
  17. ^Rovell, Darren (November 25, 2012)."Penn State's Attendance Down Again".ESPN.com. RetrievedNovember 27, 2012.
  18. ^"Penn St. officials looking to renovate or replace stadium in near future".ESPN.com. October 1, 2015. RetrievedOctober 21, 2015.
  19. ^Marzano, Frankie (September 9, 2021)."Penn State Dedicates Beaver Stadium Seat In Honor Of POW/MIA Soldiers".Onward State. RetrievedNovember 17, 2022.
  20. ^"Trustees Approve Beaver Stadium Renovation Plans".GoPSUSorts. May 21, 2024. RetrievedAugust 8, 2024.
  21. ^@PennStateFball (September 20, 2024)."New videoboards are all fired up 🔥😍" (Tweet) – viaTwitter.
  22. ^Collegian, Annelise Hanson | The Daily (January 4, 2025)."Beaver Stadium press box demolition advances renovations to next phase".The Daily Collegian. RetrievedJanuary 6, 2025.
  23. ^Wogenrich, Mark (March 10, 2025)."Penn State Trustees Approve Naming Rights Deal for Beaver Stadium Field".Penn State Nittany Lions On SI.
  24. ^"Penn State-Ohio State Clash Delivers ESPN's Second Largest College Football Audience". Penn State Intercollegiate Athletics. October 12, 2005. Archived fromthe original on January 25, 2009. RetrievedMay 30, 2006.
  25. ^"Penn State Fans Earn Top Four Finish in NCAA Football Attendance For 15th Consecutive Year". Penn State Intercollegiate Athletics. February 27, 2006. Archived fromthe original on January 20, 2013. RetrievedMay 30, 2006.
  26. ^Gleiter, Sue (August 12, 2019)."Penn State ranked as one of top 25 tailgate colleges".pennlive. RetrievedNovember 28, 2019.
  27. ^"S-Zone".Lion Ambassadors - Penn State Student Alumnai Corps. RetrievedOctober 21, 2015.
  28. ^Fogarty, Ali (November 7, 2013)."What Goes Into Creating the S-Zone?".Onward State. RetrievedOctober 21, 2015.
  29. ^abCary, Lee (October 24, 2014)."Evolution of Penn State's 'Whiteout'".The Daily Collegian. RetrievedOctober 21, 2015.
  30. ^Lauren Boyer (September 6, 2007)."NHL wants trademark 'White Out' faded out".The Daily Collegian. RetrievedJanuary 14, 2016.
  31. ^"Auburn vs. Penn State - Game Summary - September 18, 2021 - ESPN".
  32. ^"Zombie Nation - Penn State football blog". RetrievedJuly 3, 2019.
  33. ^"How Penn State's White Out became the in thing".ESPN.com. October 21, 2016. RetrievedJuly 3, 2019.
  34. ^"Penn State-Ohio State Clash Delivers ESPN's Second Largest College Football Audience".Penn State University Athletics. October 12, 2005. RetrievedJuly 3, 2019.
  35. ^Carr, Aaron (August 24, 2017)."ESPN's Kirk Herbstreit ranks Penn State's student section as college football's best".pennlive.com. RetrievedJuly 3, 2019.

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