Beatrice of Nazareth | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Born | c. 1200 Tienen,Brabant,Holy Roman Empire |
| Died | 29 July 1268 Lier, Brabant, Holy Roman Empire[1] |
| Venerated in | Catholic Church |
| Feast | 29 July |
| Major works | Seven Ways of Holy Love |
Beatrice of Nazareth (Dutch:Beatrijs van Nazareth;c. 1200 – 1268),[2] also known asBeatrice of Tienen, was aFlemishCistercian nun, visionary andmystic. Remembered chiefly through a medieval adaptation of her writings, of which the originals are now mostly lost, she is venerated asBlessed by the Catholic Church.
Beatrice's treatiseSeven Ways of Holy Love is an early example ofbridal mysticism. Long surviving only in Latin adaptation, it was rediscovered in 1926, making it the earliest surviving work of mystical prose inMiddle Dutch.[3]
Beatrice was born inTienen in theDuchy of Brabant, part of theHoly Roman Empire, located in today'sBelgium. She was the youngest of six children in a wealthy bourgeois family.[2][4] When Beatrice was seven, her mother, Gertrudis, died; her father, Barthelomeus Lanio, sent her to theBeguines in nearbyZoutleeuw, where she attended the local school.[4][5] Beatrice there remained there for a little over a year before her father brought her home.[6] Not long after, he sent her to become anoblate at aCistercian convent he had founded called Bloemendael inEerken,[6][7] where she received aneducation in the liberal arts, as well as Latin andcalligraphy.[8]
At the age of fifteen, Beatrice asked to be allowed to enter thenovitiate; after being put off for a year due to her young age and delicate health, she was admitted as a novice in 1216.[6] From 1216 to 1218, Beatrice studied manuscript production atLa Ramée Abbey [fr].[2] There she metIda of Nivelles, who became her close friend and spiritual advisor;[4][9] the two may have continued to correspond until Ida's death in 1231.[3]
In 1218, Beatrice became one of the founding members ofMaagdendaal Abbey [nl], where she remained for three years. She returned in 1221 to Bloemendaal, where her father and her brother Wickbert had meanwhile become lay brothers.[10][11] Beatrice took her permanent vows in 1225.[2] In 1235, she left to join theAbbey of Our Lady of Nazareth,[2] also founded by her father.[12] A number of other nuns accompanied her, including her sisters Christina and Sybilla.[4] Beatrice was elected the firstprioress of Nazareth the following year, and held the post until her death in 1268.[4][12]
According to one legend, after Nazareth was abandoned during a time of disturbance, the body of Beatrice wastranslated byangels to the city ofLier.[13] Beatrice is known asBlessed within the Catholic church, with a feast day on 29 July.[13]
Beatrice is associated with themulieres religiosae, an emerging thirteenth-century group of European women with their own distinctive set of devotional and mystical practices.[2][8]
Beatrice's medieval biographer describes her as practicing intensemortification of the flesh: wearing a girdle of thorns,self-flagellation, sleeping on stones, and walking barefoot in the snow.[4][12] However, modern commentators argue that Beatrice's biographer, who is known to have taken liberties in his adaptation of her diaries, may have simply copied theseascetic practices from the life ofArnulf of Leuven.[14][15] His accounts of her childhood may be particularly suspect, since the autobiographical notes on which he based the biography do not begin until age fifteen.[11]
A central topic of Beatrice's spirituality was theHoly Trinity, a topic on which she read extensively, including Augustine'sDe Trinitate.[4][16] Her first vision, experienced in 1217 while meditating on herpsalter, was of the Trinity.[4] She had a number of subsequent Trinitarian visions, and expressed constant longing to be freed from her body and united with the Trinity.[4]Eucharistic devotion was also important to Beatrice's spiritual practices,[12] and her medieval biographer describes the intensity of her devotion as resulting in bleeding and physical collapse.[12]
For much of her life, especially in 1217 and 1228–1231,[4] Beatrice suffered from intermittent periods of depression and torpor, which some modern commentators have suggested might reflectbipolar disorder.[15] She was brought relief by various spiritual experiences, describing incidents in which her spirit was elevated and Christ embraced her or spoke comforting words to her.[4] In 1231, Beatrice experienced a vision in which she was united with theSeraphim, and heard Christ promise her that she would never suffer to the point of wishing for death.[4]
Beatrice is known to have produced a number of autobiographical and spiritual writings in her native Middle Dutch.[2] Most of these survive only by way of theVita Beatricis, composed within a few years of Beatrice's death by an anonymoushagiographer. Some historians speculate that this writer may have beenWillem of Afflighem [nl],[4] but others reject this identification as based on a misinterpretation.[11] TheVita, written in Latin, is based on a combination of these writings and eyewitness testimony, including that of Beatrice's sister Christina.[2][4] The biographer admits to omitting some parts of Beatrice's writing, and altering others.[4] Some historians speculate that both these alterations, and the destruction of Beatrice's original works, may have been intended to avoid suspicion frominquisitors, such asRobert le Bougre [fr].[2][5][17][11]
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Beatrice's most famous work is herSeven Ways of Holy Love (Dutch:Seven Manieren van Heiliger Minnen). This treatise was preserved anonymously in theLimburg Sermons, and known for its influence on mysticism inBrabant and theRhinelands.[18] Its authorship was not determined until 1926, when historianLéonce Reypens [nl] identified it with the Latin translation in Beatrice's biography,De caritate dei et septem eius gradibus.[18][2] This identification has subsequently been widely accepted by academics, although historian Wybren Scheepsma has questioned its reliability.[19]
Unusual among spiritual texts of the day for being written in the vernacular instead of Latin, theSeven Ways has been the focus of much of the modern scholarship on Beatrice.[20] It is the best-known among the Limburg Sermons, and Scheepsma describes it as "a classic of medieval (female) mysticism".[19] The treatise describes seven forms or manners of love:[2]
Beatrice compares the soul, in its relationship to God, first to a bride, then to a housewife.[3] Commenters have described the work's prose style as simple, balanced,[21] lyrical, and experiential.[5] Reypens praises it as "a hidden pearl of mysticism", while Scheepsma calls it "the most splendid of all theLimburg sermons."[19]
Beatrice's focus on love ("minne") as a central point of her mysticism may have been influenced both by her contemporaryHadewijch, and by the growing German tradition ofMinnesang.[5] HerSeven Ways also draws heavily on works such asBernard of Clairvaux'sDe diligendo Deo andRichard of Saint Victor'sDe quattor gradibus violentae caritatis.[20] In turn, Beatrice's writings contributed to the emerging "bridal mysticism" movement; her influence on later mystics in that tradition is visible inMarguerite Porete'sThe Mirror of Simple Souls, which parallels and draws from theSeven Ways.[3]
In addition to theSeven Ways of Holy Love, Beatrice wrote a number of other spiritual treatises. These are now lost; some references to them survive in her biography. They included:[4]
Beatrice additionally composed two prayers: "O Domine juste" (Oh, righteous Lord) and "O justissime, O potentissime Deus" (Oh, most righteous and almighty God).[4]
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in thepublic domain.
