| Beard v. Banks | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Argued March 27, 2006 Decided June 28, 2006 | |
| Full case name | Jeffrey A. Beard, Secretary, Pennsylvania Department of Corrections v. Ronald Banks, Individually and On Behalf of All Others Similarly Situated |
| Docket no. | 04-1739 |
| Citations | 548U.S.521 (more) 126 S. Ct. 2572; 165L. Ed. 2d 697 |
| Case history | |
| Prior | Respondent's motion for summary judgment granted in the District Court; reversed, 399F.3d134 (3d Cir. 2005);cert. granted,546 U.S. 1015 (2005) |
| Holding | |
| Prison officials had adequate legal support for their policy of withholding reading material from incorrigible inmates. | |
| Court membership | |
| |
| Case opinions | |
| Plurality | Breyer, joined by Roberts, Kennedy, Souter |
| Concurrence | Thomas (in judgment), joined by Scalia |
| Dissent | Stevens, joined by Ginsburg |
| Dissent | Ginsburg |
| Alito took no part in the consideration or decision of the case. | |
| Laws applied | |
| Rev. Stat. §1979, 42 U. S. C. §1983;U.S. Const. amend. I | |
Beard v. Banks, 548 U.S. 521 (2006), was a case decided by theUnited States Supreme Court in which the petitioner, Ronald Banks, challenged theconstitutionality of thePennsylvania Department of Corrections policy of denying access to written material such asnewspapers andmagazines, to violent ("Level 2") inmates, on the grounds that the policy was a violation of hisFirst Amendment rights, includingfreedom of speech.[1][2]
The Supreme Court previously had directedFederal Courts to defer to prison officials as experts in prison administration and security inTurner v. Safley and set forth criteria to be met in order to balance the needs of the prison with an inmate's constitutional rights.[3]
The Pennsylvania Department of Corrections maintains a Long Term Segregation Unit (LTSU) to segregate a small number of its most violent and unmanageable inmates, those that are the most incorrigible and who continue to commit criminal acts within the prison.[4] Level 2, the most restricted level in LTSU, does not allow inmates access to non-religious written material that is normally available, such as newspapers, magazines, or photographs. Inmates begin at Level 2, which has the most severe restrictions and deprivation, but may graduate to the less restrictive Level 1 where newspapers and magazines (but not photographs) are allowed, based on maintenance of good behavior for rehabilitation.[4]
Ronald Banks, the plaintiff, was serving alife sentence in a Pennsylvania prison and was kept in the LTSU Level 2 unit from its inception in 2000 to 2005. He was placed there originally because he was so violent that prison officials determined that he had to be segregated within the prison. In Level 2, he spent 23 hours a day insolitary confinement.[3] Banks filed suit inUnited States district court, alleging that this policy violated his First Amendment rights, including freedom of speech.[1] The defendant, Jeffrey Beard, served as Secretary for the Pennsylvania Department of Corrections.
The Deputy Superintendent of Corrections testified in a deposition that the Department of Corrections policy was aimed atbehavior modification by using written material as an incentive to encourage good behavior.[5] The prison official testified that inmates in Level 2 confinement were deprived of privileges aspunishment with the incentive that if their behavior improved they would be moved to Level 1 with its added privileges. Such rules also allegedly served prisonsecurity, as the prison official described how tightly rollednewspapers could be as effective aweapon asclubs and paper can be used to startfires.[6]
Along with the documents, Secretary Beard filed a motion forsummary judgment based on the undisputed facts, including those in the deposition. Although federal court rules gave Banks a chance to refute facts and contest these materials, he did not take this opportunity. Rather, he filed a separate motion for summary judgment, arguing that the policy had no rational basis. He argued that religious material could be used for dangerous purposes as easily as secular material. He also argued that the level of deprivation of Level 2 inmates was so great that it violated theEighth Amendment.[6]
The District Court ruled that neither the cases Banks cited nor the statistics he produced supported his argument and therefore granted Beard's motion, based on the facts provided, and denied Banks' motion. It ruled that the LTSU policies were rationally related to prison interests, furthering prison security and providing rehabilitation.[1]
Banks appealed to theThird Circuit Court of Appeals, which reversed Beard's summary judgment, holding that the prison rules and regulations could not be supported by law.[7]
The points at issue in this case were whether the LTSU prison policy violates the First Amendment rights of Level 2 inmates and whether judges should allow prison officials to determine policies that are less related to security than to beliefs about behavioral management techniques and that rely on deprivation to deter misbehavior and the increased privileges in Level 1 to inspire improved behavior.[8]
By a vote of six to two, the U.S. Supreme Court overturned theUnited States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit and upheld the Pennsylvania prison regulations banning all reading matter, except religious or legal material, from its most unmanageable inmates as legal. The decision was based in part on Bank's failure to challenge the facts as set forth by Beard.[1]
In this case, the Court held that the four-part test outlined inTurner v. Safley was met.[9]
This Supreme Court ruling was seen by some as a curtailment of prisoners' rights, and a reduction of court protection of inmates.[3]