The team also participates in European competitions regularly. Beşiktaş reached the quarter-finals of the1986–87 European Cup and displayed the best Turkish team performance in theChampions League group stage by earning 14 points and progressing undefeated in the2017–18 campaign. Beşiktaş have also reached theUEFA Europa League[a] quarter-finals twice, in the2002–03 and2016–17 seasons. Based on itsUEFA coefficient, Beşiktaş is currently the 5th highest ranked Turkish team and is ranked second all-time after its rivalGalatasaray.[5]
The club's fan base,Çarşı, is well known globally.[6] They were chosen as the best fan group in voting conducted by American sports viewers due to their 132-decibel noise record at a 2007 match againstLiverpool.[7] The group is involved with sociopolitical causes and is traditionally considered to be working-class and left-wing, supporting what is known as "the people's team".[8] The highest ever football attendance in Turkish league history was recorded in aBeşiktaş–Galatasaray derby with 76,127 spectators.[9][10]
According to the club's own archives, Beşiktaş traces its origins to March 1903, when local athletes in Serencebey formed a gymnastics society known as theBereket Jimnastik Kulübü (Ottoman Turkish:برکت ژیمناستیق قلوبو). Activities initially focused ongymnastics,wrestling,boxing,fencing, andathletics.[12]
Following the restoration of theconstitutional monarchy in 1908 and the political turmoil surrounding the31 March Incident (1909), prominent fencerFuat Balkan and weightlifter/wrestler Mazhar Kazancı active inEdirne moved toIstanbul and joined the group, encouraging more organized training. Around this time the society adopted the nameBeşiktaş Osmanlı Jimnastik Kulübü (Ottoman Turkish:بشكطاش عثمانلی ژیمناستیق قلوبو,lit. 'Beşiktaş Ottoman Gymnastics Club'), with founding memberMehmet Şamil Şhaplı elected as the first president.[13]
On 13 January 1910, the club was formally registered with the authorities in theOttoman Empire, becoming one of the earliest officially recognized sports clubs in the capital. Membership expanded quickly, and the headquarters moved from Ihlamur to Akaretler first to Building No. 49 and later to No. 84 where the yard behind the building was adapted for sport.[14]
By 1911, youths from the Beşiktaş district who had formed the football sides “Valideçeşme” and “Basiret,” under the influence ofŞeref Bey, were incorporated into the club. This step broadened the club beyond gymnastics to a multi-branch structure including football, rowing, and other disciplines.[15][16]
Early club publications long repeated that the original colours werered andwhite, later changed toblack and white in mourning for members lost during theBalkan Wars.[17] Some later research and club-produced documentaries, however, doubt whether red-white was ever used in official competition, suggesting black-white predominated from an early stage. The issue remains debated in the literature.[18][19]
Withfootball rising in popularity in theOttoman Empire by 1910, members of Beşiktaş increasingly shifted focus from gymnastics to the new code. In August 1911,Ahmed Şerafettin organized the club's first football side.[20][21]
DuringWorld War I and theoccupation of Istanbul, activity slowed as many athletes were mobilized; after the war Şeref Bey led the rebuilding of the squad.[22] Beşiktaş did not participate in the Friday League or Sunday League, but in 1918 captured the Istanbul Turkish 1st Sports League title; the team repeated the success in 1921.[23]
TheTurkish National League (’‘Milli Küme’’) began in 1937. After finishing fourth in the1936–37 Istanbul League to qualify, Beşiktaş placed third in the 1937–38 Istanbul League and second in the 1938 ‘‘Milli Küme’’ behindGüneş.[25]
Beşiktaş then set a record with five consecutive Istanbul League titles from 1939 to 1943. In ‘‘Milli Küme’’, the club finished 4th (1939), 5th (1940), 1st (1941), and 3rd (1943); the 1942 edition was not held due to wartime conditions. Domestically, Beşiktaş also won the Istanbul League in1944–45 and1945–46, and captured national ‘‘Milli Küme’’ titles in 1944 and 1947.
In May–June 1950, Beşiktaş undertook a month-long tour of theUnited States, playing seven fixtures against regional all-star selections and, in the New York finale,Manchester United. The team finished the trip with 5 wins, 1 draw and 1 defeat (GF 27, GA 10), with stops including New York, Boston, Chicago and Philadelphia; on returning to Turkey in mid-June the squad was received by PresidentCelâl Bayar in Ankara.[26][27]
Professional football was formally adopted in Turkey on 24 September 1951, paving the way for a national league later in the decade.[30][31]TFF launched the nationwideMillî Lig in 1959, played in two groups with a two-leg final;Fenerbahçe won the inaugural title, while Beşiktaş finished second in the White Group.[32][33]
Beşiktaş claimed their first national league championship the very next season (1959–60), a campaign remembered for an eleven 1–0 wins record, and qualified for the1960–61 European Cup, where they debuted versus Rapid Wien (0–4 a, 1–0 h; Rapid won 4–1 agg.).[34][35][36]
The club added back-to-back league titles in 1965–66 and 1966–67, and lifted their first national super cup (then the Cumhurbaşkanlığı Kupası) in 1967 after beatingAltay 1–0; the inaugural 1966 edition had been won byGalatasaray over Beşiktaş.[37][38] The 1970s were leaner in the league—Beşiktaş's best finish was runners-up in 1973–74—but the club remained a constant in the top three and in European qualification.[39]
A 14-season title drought ended in 1981–82 under coachĐorđe Milić.[40] Another league crown followed in 1985–86 after a tight race withGalatasaray (level on points, superior goal difference/average to Beşiktaş).[41] Internationally, Beşiktaş reached the1986–87 European Cup quarter-finals, losing toDynamo Kyiv (0–5 h in İzmir, 0–2 a).[42][43]
English coachGordon Milne took charge in 1987 and imposed a disciplined 4–4–2, quick flank play and aggressive pressing. He leaned on club stalwarts such asRıza Çalımbay and built around a young forward line that would soon define the period.[44][45]Metin Tekin,Ali Gültiken andFeyyaz Uçar formed theMAF trio—supporters’ shorthand for Beşiktaş's most celebrated strikeforce. Their movement and finishing underpinned the side's goals and its identity through the early 1990s.[46]
Regular European qualification returned. In the1991–92 European Cup, Beşiktaş met PSV Eindhoven in the first round (0–1 agg.: 0–0 in Istanbul, 0–1 in Eindhoven).[51][52]
1993–2000: After Milne — transition, Daum's title and cup wins
AfterRasim Kara (1996–97),John Toshack took over (1997–99) and delivered Beşiktaş's 1997–98Turkish Cup, defeatingGalatasaray on penalties after two 1–1 legs, and then the1998 Presidential Cup (2–1 a.e.t.).[59][56][60]Toshack's tenure ended when Real Madrid paid compensation to appoint him in February 1999, underscoring the profile he had rebuilt in Istanbul.[61]
On the European stage, Beşiktaş frequently qualified through the decade and returned to theUEFA Champions League group phase in 1997–98, finishing their campaign at that stage; UEFA records list the season under the club's group-stage appearances.[62]
Brief spells followed underKarl-Heinz Feldkamp and Hans-Peter Briegel, leading into theNevio Scala appointment for 2000–01 and the club's first multi-group Champions League era—setting the stage for Beşiktaş's modern period in the 2000s.[63]
2000–2015: Post-centenary transition and European runs
After appointingMircea Lucescu, Beşiktaş won theSüper Lig in their centenary season (2002–03) with 85 points (26–7–1), eight clear of Galatasaray. The team conceded 21 league goals and finished the campaign unbeaten atİnönü (home: 14–3–0). Beşiktaş clinched the title on 31 May 2003 with a 4–3 away win at Samsunspor.[64][65][66]
Derbies were decisive: Beşiktaş defeatedGalatasaray 1–0 away on 8 December 2002 and 1–0 at İnönü on 25 May 2003; they also beatFenerbahçe 1–0 in Kadıköy on 2 February 2003 and 2–0 at İnönü on 20 April 2003.[67][68][69][70] In Europe, Beşiktaş eliminated Sarajevo (2–2, 5–0),Alavés (1–1, 1–0),Dynamo Kyiv (3–1 agg.) andSlavia Praha (4–3 agg.) to reach theUEFA Cup quarter-finals, where they lost toLazio (0–1, 1–2). GoalkeeperÓscar Córdoba recorded 18 clean sheets in 31 league matches that season.[71][72][73]
In June 2004 the club appointedVicente del Bosque on a two-year deal; the tenure ended in January 2005, after which former captainRıza Çalımbay took charge for the remainder of the season.[74][75] Under Çalımbay, Beşiktaş stabilized results in the spring, climbed into the European places, and closed the campaign with a positive goal difference and one of the league's better defensive records.[76] A defining match that spring was the 4–3 away derby win overFenerbahçe atKadıköy on 17 April 2005, when forwardDaniel Pancu finished the game in goal afterÓscar Córdoba was sent off; Pancu's saves preserved the result, and the match entered club lore as “Kaleci Pancu”.[77][78]
In theTurkish Cup, the team advanced to the later rounds before elimination by top-flight opposition;[79] in Europe, Beşiktaş featured in theUEFA Cup playing the autumn group stage but failing to progress to the knockouts.[80]
Ertuğrul Sağlam was appointed in July 2007 and took Beşiktaş through two qualifying rounds into theChampions League group stage. They beatSheriff Tiraspol 4–0 on aggregate (1–0 in Istanbul on 1 August; 3–0 away on 8 August),[88][89] and then overcameFC Zürich 3–1 on aggregate (1–1 at Letzigrund on 15 August; 2–0 at İnönü on 29 August).[90][91][92]
Drawn withPorto,Marseille andLiverpool in Group A, Beşiktaş beat Liverpool 2–1 in Istanbul on 24 October 2007,[93] but lost 8–0 at Anfield on 6 November, a competition record margin at the time, and finished fourth in the section with one win from six.[94][95] Domestically the team placed third in the2007–08 Süper Lig with 73 points, as recorded by the Turkish Football Federation.[96] Sağlam left early the following season and was succeeded byMustafa Denizli.[97]
In the league they finished fourth and took aUEFA Europa League place for the following season; forwardBobô led the team with 12 league goals. As defending cup champions they entered the2009–10 Turkish Cup directly in the group phase but were eliminated after finishing fourth in Group D.[103]
In2012–13, Beşiktaş appointedSamet Aybaba amid financial restructuring and a younger squad profile. The team finished third in theSüper Lig and secured European qualification via league position, while exiting theTurkish Cup in the earlier rounds.[113][114] In summer 2013, however,UEFA imposed a one-season suspension that barred the club from taking up its European berth; theCAS upheld the decision in August 2013.[111][112]
For2013–14, the club appointedSlaven Bilić and began the redevelopment of İnönü, playing most home matches at theAtatürk Olympic Stadium. Beşiktaş again placed third in the league; because of the UEFA sanction, the club did not compete in Europe that season.[115][116]
In2017–18 Beşiktaş topped a Champions League group for the first time inTurkish football history, finishing unbeaten on 14 points in Group G againstPorto,Monaco andRB Leipzig.[130] They were eliminated in the round of 16 byBayern Munich (8–1 agg.; 0–5 in Munich, 1–3 in Istanbul).[131][132] The domestic season was marked by the abandonedIntercontinental Derby semi-final in theTurkish Cup on 19 April 2018, when an object struck Güneş atŞükrü Saracoğlu Stadium. TheTFF ordered the match to resume behind closed doors; Beşiktaş declined to appear, whereupon the TFF awarded the tie toFenerbahçe and banned Beşiktaş from the 2018–19 Turkish Cup and Super Cup.[133][134]
In2018–19 Beşiktaş competed in theUEFA Europa League group stage (Group I withGenk,Malmö andSarpsborg), failing to advance, and finished third in the league. In March 2019 theTFF announced that Güneş would assume theTurkey job in June; he remained in post at Beşiktaş until the end of the season.[135][136][137]
In2019–20, Beşiktaş began underAbdullah Avcı and played theUEFA Europa League group stage (Group K withBraga,Wolverhampton Wanderers andSlovan Bratislava), finishing fourth.[138] Avcı departed in January 2020; former playerSergen Yalçın was appointed and led an upturn after the COVID-19 suspension, with matches completed behind closed doors.[139][140] The club finished third in the league; becauseTrabzonspor received a one-season UEFA ban for FFP breaches (upheld byCAS in July 2020), Beşiktaş took the Champions League second-qualifying slot for 2020–21.[141][142]
In 2022–23, Beşiktaş did not compete in Europe and focused on domestic competitions. After parting withValérien Ismaël in late October, the club reappointedŞenol Güneş as head coach.[153][154] In January,Wout Weghorst's loan ended early for a move toManchester United andVincent Aboubakar returned.[155][156] Beşiktaş then put together a long unbeaten run in spring, including a 4–2 away win atFenerbahçe on 2 April 2023 and a 3–1 home victory overGalatasaray on 30 April 2023.[157][158] Following the February earthquakes,Hatayspor andGaziantep FK withdrew from the league; remaining fixtures against those clubs were awarded as 3–0 wins and previous results stood, perTFF rulings.[159] Beşiktaş finished third in the league and exited theTurkish Cup in the quarter-finals.[160][161]
The crest of Beşiktaş is a black-and-white shield with the initialsBJK, the founding year 1903, and the crescent-and-star from the Turkish flag rendered in red. The shield form and elements have been used—through minor redraws—across kits, branding, and the club museum since the mid-20th century.[179][180] Per TFF kit regulations, the club displays three stars above the crest (one star per five national championships), in line with federation rules on championship stars and insignia.[181]
Beşiktaş's registered colours are black and white, which define the home identity and are consistently used across visual materials and kits.[182][183] Traditional home strips pair white shirts with black shorts (socks in black or white), with away/third kits rotating around the same palette and occasional accent colours while retaining the crest's red crescent-and-star.[184]
The legal name Beşiktaş Jimnastik Kulübü (BJK) reflects the club's origins as a multi-sport institution established in 1903; the football branch was organized underŞeref Bey and his Valideçeşme side in 1911.[185] The nickname “Kara Kartallar” (Black Eagles)—now embedded in club communications and the museum—arose from supporter usage that took hold by the mid-20th century and was later adopted officially.[186][187]
Beşiktaş's core supporters’ group isÇarşı, formed in the early 1980s around the Beşiktaş marketplace and known for the slogan“Çarşı her şeye karşı”(“Çarşı is against everything”). The group's identity mixes humour with social and civic activism and has been profiled widely in international media.[189][190] Following the2013 Gezi Park protests, prosecutors brought a high-profile case against 35 Çarşı members; anIstanbul court acquitted them in December 2015 (after charges that included “attempting to overthrow the government”), and later proceedings again ended in acquittal.[191][192]
Beşiktaş are noted for intense home atmospheres first atİnönü and, since 2016, atBeşiktaş Stadium on theDolmabahçe shoreline.UEFA match coverage has repeatedly highlighted the noise levels and elaborate choreographies at European ties held there.[193][194]
Supporters have been central to club-led relief efforts in times of crisis. After the 10 December 2016 bombings outside the stadium, Beşiktaş fans mobilised for blood donations and commemorations around the ground and in the district.[195][196] In February 2023, following the earthquakes in southern Türkiye, Beşiktaş supporters threw thousands of plush toys onto the pitch during a home match to donate to children affected by the disaster—an action reported worldwide.[197]
While the club is rooted in the Beşiktaş district ofIstanbul, away followings are strong across Türkiye and in the Turkish diaspora in Germany, the Netherlands and Austria, reflected in sizeable turnouts at European away fixtures.[198][199]
TheBeşiktaş and Fenerbahçe rivalry is one of the most volatile and historically rich matchups inTurkish football. With both clubs commanding massive national fanbases, their clashes—often labeled as“the most unpredictable of the Istanbul derbies”—have played a central role in defining seasons, titles, and national debates. The two clubs first met in 1924, with early contests reflecting the growing divide between Beşiktaş's central Istanbul working-class identity andFenerbahçe's traditionally bourgeoisKadıköy base. Over the decades, this geographical and social split hardened into a fierce rivalry, intensified by league titles, cup competitions, and controversial moments.
One of the most iconic chapters came in November 2005, when Beşiktaş stunnedFenerbahçe with a 4–3 comeback win atŞükrü Saracoğlu Stadium. Goals fromTümer Metin,Carew,İbrahim Akın andKoray Avcı turned the game into a symbol of Beşiktaş's fighting spirit.[200] The 2013–14 fixture, ending 3–2 in Beşiktaş's favor, sawOlcay Şahan score a last-minute winner amid deafening tension.
The rivalry reached boiling point in April 2018, during theTurkish Cup semi-final second leg. With the tie finely poised,Fenerbahçe fans pelted objects onto the pitch, one of which struck Beşiktaş coachŞenol Güneş on the head, forcing him to leave the stadium bleeding. The match was abandoned, and theTurkish Football Federation later canceled the replay, sparking weeks of protests from Beşiktaş and legal disputes.[201][202]
Player transfers between the clubs have added to the enmity. The move ofTümer Metin from Beşiktaş to Fenerbahçe in 2006 was seen as a betrayal by many Beşiktaş fans. In contrast,Gökhan Gönül andCaner Erkin, both former Fenerbahçe players, joined Beşiktaş and became key figures in their 2016–17 title run, shifting narrative dynamics. In the 2024–25 season, Beşiktaş beatFenerbahçe 2–1 in a heated league encounter under managerOle Gunnar Solskjær, regaining bragging rights during a turbulent campaign.[203] Despite occasional moments of sportsmanship, the rivalry remains charged, with every meeting watched by millions, often under the shadow of heightened police presence due to fan unrest and ultras’ provocations.
TheBeşiktaş vs Galatasaray rivalry represents a battle of centralIstanbul—two of Turkey's most decorated football institutions separated by a few kilometers but divided by culture, tradition, and silverware.
While theGalatasaray–Fenerbahçe“Intercontinental Derby” may draw global attention,Beşiktaş–Galatasaray derbies tend to be grittier, with an edge defined by inner-city dominance, supporter clashes, and critical title races. Both clubs were formed in the early 20th century, and their first official meeting occurred in 1924. One of the most famous encounters was in 2003, during Beşiktaş's centenary season, when the Black Eagles secured the title with a last-minute 1–0 win overGalatasaray atİnönü Stadium thanks to a goal fromSergen Yalçın.[204]
The rivalry withTrabzonspor emerged in the late 1970s whenTrabzonspor broke the Istanbul clubs’ monopoly with six league titles in nine seasons. The hostility has been stoked by regional pride and repeated clashes in Turkish Cup finals. In the 2023–24 final, Beşiktaş beatTrabzonspor 3–2 at theAtatürk Olympic Stadium, lifting their 11thTurkish Cup under interim manager Serdar Topraktepe.[210]
Though less intense, Beşiktaş also maintains rivalries with clubs likeBursaspor, due to fan conflicts and regional political tension, especially following their 2016 stadium opener where Beşiktaş won 3–2.[211]
From 1924, Beşiktaş played most senior fixtures atTaksim Stadium, thenIstanbul's principal football ground. Taksim also hosted the Turkey national team's first match (26 Oct 1923, 2–2 v Romania), underlining the venue's central role in the game's early republican era.[212][213][214] The former artillery barracks complex was cleared in the late-1930s/1940 as part of the Henri Prost plan for the new Taksim Square and park.[215]
In the early 1930s Beşiktaş built and usedŞeref Stadium in the gardens ofÇırağan Palace, named for club pioneerŞeref Bey. Contemporary accounts record Beşiktaş using Şeref as the club ground through the 1930s and into the late 1940s, overlapping with Taksim as Istanbul's shared venue.[216][217]
TheDolmabahçe Stadium (later Mithatpaşa, then İnönü) was inaugurated on 19 May 1947 by Presidentİsmet İnönü and Governor Lütfi Kırdar. The first match there was Beşiktaş–AIK Stockholm on 23 Nov 1947; Süleyman Seba scored the ground's first goal.[218][219] Beşiktaş played at İnönü for 66 years until 11 May 2013, when they beat Gençlerbirliği 3–0 in the stadium's farewell league fixture before demolition.[220][221][222]
In October 2023, Beşiktaş signed a three-year naming-rights deal withTüpraş; the ground is currently styledTüpraş Stadyumu for sponsorship purposes.[234][235] The complex also houses the Beşiktaş JK Museum, re-opened in February 2017 inside the new stadium as Turkey's first officially-registered sports museum.[236][237] The area around the stadium was also the site of the 10 December 2016 twin bomb attacks; a memorial park overlooking the ground commemorates the victims, with the official death toll at 44 according to Turkish authorities.[238]
Note: Flags indicate national team as defined underFIFA eligibility rules; some limited exceptions apply. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.
Note: Flags indicate national team as defined underFIFA eligibility rules; some limited exceptions apply. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.
Note: Flags indicate national team as defined underFIFA eligibility rules; some limited exceptions apply. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.
Two figures served Beşiktaş both as player and as president:Hakkı Yeten andSüleyman Seba; both later received the title “Onursal Başkan” (Honorary President).[254] Yeten also coached the first team between 1949 and 1951,[255] while, in October 2008, the club and Beşiktaş Municipality unveiled a statue of Seba in Akaretler, near the headquarters.[256][257]
Necmi Mutlu (joined 1958) is Beşiktaş's longest-serving goalkeeper: 241 matches in 13 seasons.[258]
A number of one-club players spent their entire senior careers at Beşiktaş—among them Yeten,Süleyman Oktay,Rıza Çalımbay,Samet Aybaba andRasim Kara. Several later returned as head coach: Yeten, Çalımbay, Aybaba, Kara andSergen Yalçın.[259] Yalçın is the only person to have won theSüper Lig with Beşiktaş as both player (1990s title-winning squads) and head coach in 2020–21.[260][261]
In 2003, the club's centenary year, Beşiktaş held a supporter poll to select its “squads of the century”. From 110 nominees, three XIs were named: the Golden, Silver and Bronze teams. Results were announced at a centenary gala on 21 June 2003, hosted by Beşiktaş supportersÇağla Kubat andYılmaz Erdoğan.[263][264][265]
Since the formation of the football section in 1911, Beşiktaş have been led by Turkish and European coaches over more than a century. The first recorded coach wasŞeref Bey, who organized and trained the side between 1911 and 1925 and remains the club's longest-serving coach with fourteen years in charge.[273][22][274] Foreign appointments began in the mid-1940s—among the earliest were Englishman Charles Howard (1944–46) and Italian greatGiuseppe Meazza (1948–49).[21][275][276]
The presidency of Beşiktaş has traditionally been held by figures from Istanbul's civic and business life. Early leaders included founding memberMehmet Şamil Şhaplı, Şükrü Paşa and Fuat Paşa, followed by multiple non-consecutive terms forFuat Balkan during the 1918–38 period.[288] The club's longest-serving president,Süleyman Seba (1984–2000), oversaw a modernisation drive and the team's early-1990s dominance underGordon Milne, including three straight league titles (1990–91, 1991–92, 1992–93) among other domestic trophies.[289][260]
Beşiktaş J.K. is a member-owned association; the president and board are elected by the club's general assembly under the club statute.[1] Football operations are carried by the listed companyBeşiktaş Futbol Yatırımları Sanayi ve Ticaret A.Ş. (BJKAS), which has traded onBorsa Istanbul since 20 February 2002.[297] As of the latest disclosure, the association holds70.12% of BJKAS, with a29.88% free float.[298]
BJKAS reports on a financial year running 1 June–31 May and publishes quarterly/annual activity reports and financial statements via its investor-relations portal and Turkey's public disclosure platform.[299] The group structure includes subsidiaries in merchandising (Beşiktaş Sportif Ürünler A.Ş.), media (Beşiktaş Televizyon Yayıncılık A.Ş.), travel/ticketing and other services supporting the football business.[300]
Like other Turkish clubs, Beşiktaş participated in the sector-wide bank debt restructuring led by the Turkish Banks Association in 2019 (maturity up to five years with a two-year principal grace period), aimed at stabilising club finances amid lira volatility.[301][302]
The following clubs are affiliated with Beşiktaş, mainly for academy development, scouting and player/staff exchange:
Adanaspor (2015–present) – “goodwill/co-operation protocol” signed in Antalya; framed as a long-term, mutually beneficial partnership.[303][304]
KF 2 Korriku (2021–present) – formal agreement for youth academy and sports-school cooperation signed in Istanbul (Beşiktaş: Fırat Fidan / 2 Korriku: Rexhep Baholli).[305][306]
Kartal Bulvarspor (2022–present) – cooperation framework to give Beşiktaş youth players competitive minutes in TFF 3. Lig and enable two-way player/coach exchange.[307][308]
^"Hakkında".Beşiktaş JK (in Turkish). Beşiktaş Jimnastik Kulübü. Retrieved9 August 2025.
^"Kulüp Tarihçesi".Beşiktaş JK (official) (in Turkish). Retrieved8 August 2025.Yüce, Mehmet (2015).İdmancı Ruhlar: 1903–1915 (in Turkish). Tarih Vakfı.
^"Kurucular ve İlk Yıllar".Beşiktaş JK (official) (in Turkish). Retrieved8 August 2025.And, Metin (1974).Osmanlı'da Spor (in Turkish). Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları.
^"Beşiktaş Amatör Takımı, Türkiye Şampiyonu Oldu" [Amateur squad of Beşiktaş have become champion of Turkey].Milliyet (in Turkish). 21 July 1985. p. 12.
^Sevincek, Nuri (7 March 1988). "Türkiye Amatör Şampiyonası'nda Şampiyon Beşiktaş" [Beşiktaş [are] the champion at the Turkish Amateur [Football] Championships].Milliyet (in Turkish). p. 15.
^"Necmi Mutlu" (in Turkish). Beşiktaş J.K.Archived from the original on 3 February 2019. Retrieved22 September 2021.11 sezonda 241 maçla Türkiye 1. Ligi'nde Beşiktaş'ın kalesini en çok koruyan kaleci olan Necmi Mutlu, 3 Lig, 1 Cumhurbaşkanlığı, 2 TSYD Kupası Şampiyonluğu yaşadı.
Durupınar, Mehmet (2002).Beşiktaş Tarihi İlkleriyle Unutulmayanlarıyla Yüzüncü Yılında (in Turkish). Istanbul: Yapı Kredi Yayınları.ISBN975-080-456-2.
Irak, Dağhan (2013). "From Battlefields to Football Fields: Turkish Sports Diplomacy in the Post-Second World War Period". In Örnek, Cangül; Üngör, Çağdaş (eds.).Turkey in the Cold War. London:Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 158–173.doi:10.1057/9781137326690_8.ISBN978-1-349-45990-2.
Yurttaş, Gürel (1995).Kartal'ın Pençesi (in Turkish). Istanbul: AD Yayıncılık.ISBN975-325-017-7.
Yüce, Mehmet (2014).Osmanlı Melekleri: Futbol Tarihimizin Kadim Devreleri Türkiye Futbol Tarihi – Birinci Cilt (in Turkish). Istanbul: İletişim Yayınları.ISBN9789750515804.
Yüce, Mehmet (2015).İdmancı Ruhlar: Futbol Tarihimizin Klasik Devreleri: 1923–1952 Türkiye Futbol Tarihi – 2. Cilt (in Turkish). Istanbul: İletişim Yayınları.ISBN9789750516955.
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