| Gibbsite | |
|---|---|
 Gibbsite | |
| General | |
| Category | Hydroxide minerals |
| Formula | Al(OH)3 |
| IMA symbol | Gbb[1] |
| Strunz classification | 4.FE.10 |
| Crystal system | Monoclinic |
| Crystal class | Prismatic (2/m) (sameH-M symbol) |
| Space group | P21/n |
| Identification | |
| Mohs scale hardness | 2.5–3 |
| Specific gravity | 2.35 |
Gibbsite, Al(OH)3, is one of the mineral forms ofaluminium hydroxide. It is often designated as γ-Al(OH)3[2]: 2 (but sometimes as α-Al(OH)3[3]). It is also sometimes calledhydrargillite (orhydrargyllite).
Gibbsite is an important ore ofaluminium in that it is one of three mainphases that make up the rockbauxite.
Gibbsite has three named structuralpolymorphs orpolytypes:bayerite (designated often as α-Al(OH)3,[2]: 2 but sometimes as β-Al(OH)3)[citation needed],doyleite, andnordstrandite. Gibbsite can bemonoclinic ortriclinic, while bayerite is monoclinic.[2]: 13 Doyleite and nordstrandite are triclinic forms.[2]: 13
The structure of gibbsite is interesting and analogous to the basic structure of themicas. The basic structure forms stacked sheets of linkedoctahedra. Each octahedron is composed of analuminium ion bonded to six hydroxide groups, and eachhydroxide group is shared by two aluminium octahedra.[4] One third of the potential octahedral spaces are missing a central aluminium. The result is a neutral sheet: with aluminium as a +3 ion and hydroxide a −1 ion, the net cationic charge of one aluminium per six hydroxides is (+3)/6 = +1/2, and likewise the net anionic charge of one hydroxide per two aluminium atoms is (−1)/2 = −1/2. The lack of a charge on the gibbsite sheets means that there is no charge to retain ions between the sheets and act as a "glue" to keep the sheets together. The sheets are only held together by weak residual bonds and this results in a very soft easily cleaved mineral.[citation needed]
Gibbsite's structure is closely related to the structure ofbrucite, Mg(OH)2. However the lower charge in brucite's magnesium (+2) as opposed to gibbsite's aluminium (+3) does not require that one third of the octahedrons be vacant of a central ion in order to maintain a neutral sheet. The different symmetry of gibbsite and brucite is due to the different way that the layers are stacked.
It is the gibbsite layer that in a way forms the "floor plan" for the mineralcorundum, Al2O3. The basic structure of corundum is identical to gibbsite except the hydroxides are replaced byoxygen. Since oxygen has a charge of −2 the layers are not neutral and require that they must be bonded to other aluminiums above and below the initial layer producing the framework structure that is the structure of corundum.
Gibbsite is interesting for another reason because it is often found as a part of the structure of other minerals. The neutral aluminium hydroxide sheets are found sandwiched between silicate sheets in important clay groups: theillite,kaolinite, andmontmorillonite/smectite groups. The individual aluminium hydroxide layers are identical to the individual layers of gibbsite and are referred to as thegibbsite layers.[5]
The lattice parameters for gibbsite depending upon the particular method used to measure or calculate them and are therefore displayed as ranges below. An Al-Al interlayer spacing of 0.484 or 0.494 nm has been reported.[6]
| Crystal system | Molecules per unit cell | Lattice parameters (nm) | Lattice angles (°) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| a | b | c | |||||
| Monoclinic[7] | 4 | 0.850–0.868 | 0.487–0.508 | 0.922–0.974 | 92.8–94.5 | ||
| Triclinic[2]: 13 | 16 | 1.733 | 1.008 | 0.973 | 94.2 | 92.1 | 90.0 |
| α | β | γ |
|---|---|---|
| 1.568 | 1.568 | 1.587 |
Gibbsite is named afterGeorge Gibbs (1776–1833), an Americanmineral collector.[8]
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