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Abattle royal (pl. battles royal orbattle royals, alsobattle royale)[1] traditionally refers to a fight involving many combatants, usually conducted under eitherboxing orwrestling rules, where the winner is the one who registers the most wins. In recent times, the term has been used more generally to refer to any fight involving large numbers of people who are not organized into factions. Withincombat sports andprofessional wrestling, the term has a more specific meaning.
Outside sports, the termbattle royale has taken on a new meaning in the 21st century, fromKoushun Takami's 1999 Japanesedystopian novelBattle Royale and its 2000film adaptation of the same name, referring to a fictional narrative genre and/or mode of entertainment also known asdeath games andkilling games, where a select group of people is instructed to hunt and kill one another in a large arena until there is only one survivor.
In 18th centuryEngland,bare-knuckle boxing conducted according toJack Broughton's rules included matches involving eight fighters. Referred to as "Broughton's Battle Royals", these events were spoofed in political cartoons of the era.[2] The practice eventually fell out of favor in the United Kingdom, but it continued in the American colonies. Lower-class white people who lived in thebackcountry practiced "free-for-all" as well asrough-and-tumble fighting. The practice also spread toAmerican enslaved people, who held mass fights as a form of entertainment.Frederick Douglass wrote that such distractions, as well as the consumption of alcohol, were "among the most effective in the hands of the slaveholder in keeping down the spirit of insurrection."[3]
After theAmerican Civil War, the battle royal became even more popular, but the events were also increasingly considered shameful and disreputable. Promoters of boxing events arranged for brutal free-for-alls with few rules, generally between black boxers. The audience for these spectacles was almost always white, unlike the pre-war entertainment within the enslaved communities.[4] A battle royal was a frequent opening event for boxing and wrestling shows from 1870 to 1910. They originated and were most popular in theSouthern United States but eventually spread to the North. However, the events fell out of favor, especially in the North. In New York, the State Athletic Commission banned battles royal in 1911. They continued in the South from the 1910s to the 1950s but with less popularity. The 1952 novelInvisible Man byRalph Ellison contains a depiction of a battle royal. By the 1960s, battles royal had been banned in the South.[4]
The battle royal was a way for an aspiring boxer to get noticed, and successful battle royal champions gained enough prestige to participate in more respectable boxing matches.Jack Johnson,Joe Gans, andBeau Jack are three successful boxers who started out in battles royal.[4]
Inprofessional wrestling, the battle royal is a match involving anywhere between four and sixty wrestlers that takes place entirely inside the ring—a wrestler is eliminated when someone scores apin against them or knocks them out, but there are rarely submissions. Some promotions allow over-the-top rope eliminations or enforce them exclusively, notably battles royal in theWWE, including in their annualRoyal Rumble. Battle royals are often used to determine the top contender for a championship or to fill vacant championships.
World Championship Wrestling was known for having the largest battle royal in wrestling, held annually at theirWCW World War 3 pay-per-view events. The three-ring, sixty-wrestler events consisted of all sixty wrestlers parading to the ring (usually without formal introductions to save time) and beginning to fight at the bell. Once the number of wrestlers in each ring was down to a number suitable for a single ring, the wrestlers would all move to the designated "Ring #1" out of the three and fight until there was a winner. The winners of the four World War 3 battles royal wereRandy Savage,The Giant,Scott Hall, andKevin Nash.
World Championship Wrestling also held an event called Battlebowl in which 20 men started in one ring and would have to throw the others into a second ring. From that ring, they would be thrown to the floor for elimination. The last man in ring one would rest until one was left in ring two. Those two men would battle until one man was left and declared the winner. In 1991,Sting won the match after it came down to him andLex Luger. Every year thereafter, Battle Bowl took place with only one ring and a normal battle royal. The entrants were decided through tag-team matches consisting of randomly selected partners, where the winning team would advance to the BattleBowl, called a "Lethal Lottery" by WCW, due to the potentiality of rivals being forced to work as a team.
Numerous variations of the battle royale also exist, including:
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In the 21st century, the 2000Japanese filmBattle Royale, itself based on the 1999 novelof the same name, redefined the term "battle royale" inpopular culture.[5] The term "battle royale" has since been used to refer to a fictional narrative genre where a select group of people is instructed to kill one another until there is one survivor. The "battle royale" phenomenon became especially popular in the 2010s.[5][6]Battle Royale set out the basic rules of the genre, including players being forced to kill each other until there is a single survivor and the need to scavenge for weapons and items. The "battle royale" concept first gained mainstream popularity in Japan, whereBattle Royale inspired a wave ofmanga,anime, andvisual novel works during the 2000s, before the concept gained global mainstream popularity in the 2010s.[7]
There are a number of popularbattle royale video games, films,[5] manga, anime,[8] and visual novels.[9][10] Along with theBattle Royale franchise itself, other examples of battle royale films includeThe Big Brawl (1980),Mean Guns (1997),The Hunger Games franchise (2008),The Purge (2013),Assassination Nation (2018), andThe Hunt (2020).[6]Battle Royale inspired television series include the Japanese TV seriesAlice in Borderland (2020) as well as the South Korean showSquid Game (2021).[11][5] Popular examples of battle royale games includePlayerUnknown's Battlegrounds (2017),Fortnite Battle Royale (2017),Rules of Survival (2017),Garena Free Fire (2017),Call of Duty: Black Ops 4 (2018),Apex Legends (2019),Call of Duty: Warzone (2020), andFall Guys: Ultimate Knockout (2020).
Along with theBattle Royale manga (2000 debut), other examples of battle royale manga, anime, andtokusatsu, includeGantz (2000 debut),[7]Kamen Rider Ryuki (2002 debut),Basilisk (2003 debut),Bokurano (2003 debut), theFate/stay night franchise (2005 debut),[8]Future Diary (2006 debut),[7][8]Deadman Wonderland (2007 debut),[8]Btooom! (2009 debut),[7] theDanganronpa franchise (2010 debut),Magical Girl Raising Project (2012 debut),Darwin's Game (2012 debut),Kamen Rider Geats (2022 debut), andNo.1 Sentai Gozyuger (2025 debut).[8]
Examples of battle royale visual novel games include theFate/stay night series (2004 debut),Dies irae (2007),[10] theZero Escape series (2009 debut),[7] and theDanganronpa series (2010 debut).[7][12] In-universe battle royale video games were depicted inBtooom!,[13] and in the Phantom Bullet (Gun Gale Online) arc of thelight novel seriesSword Art Online (2010 in print) as the "Bullet of Bullets" tournament.[14]