| Battle of Pteria | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of theCampaigns of Cyrus the Great | |||||||
| |||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||
| Lydia | Achaemenid Empire | ||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||
| Croesus | Cyrus the Great | ||||||
| Strength | |||||||
| 95,000[2] (ancient sources) | 20,000[3] (ancient sources) | ||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||
| Heavy | Heavy | ||||||
  Approximate location of the Battle of Pteria | |||||||
TheBattle of Pteria (Ancient Greek:Πτερία) was fought in 547 BC between thePersian forces ofCyrus the Great and theLydian forces ofCroesus. Both armies suffered heavy casualties in this indecisive battle.
Croesus learned of the sudden Persian uprising and defeat of his longtime rivals, the Medes. He attempted to use these set of events to expand his borders upon the eastern frontier of Lydia, by making an alliance with Chaldea, Egypt and several Greek city-states, includingSparta.[4] Prior to his invasion, Croesus asked the Oracle of Delphi for advice. The Oracle suggested vaguely that, "if King Croesus crosses the Halys River, a great empire will be destroyed."[5] Croesus received these words most favorably, instigating a war that would ironically and eventually end not the Persian Empire but his own.[5]
Croesus began the campaign with an invasion ofCappadocia, crossing theHalys and capturingPteria,[6] then capital of the district and formidable as a fortress. The city was sacked,[a] and the inhabitants enslaved.[8]
Cyrus advanced to halt the Lydian incursion.[9] He incorporated northern Mesopotamia, while receiving the voluntary capitulation of Armenia, Cappadocia, and Cilicia.[9]
Both armies met in the vicinity of the fallen city. Cyrus was said to have been heavily outnumbered, with only 25,000 men against what is said to have been near 100,000 (though this is likely an exaggeration). Fierce urban combat followed, during which Cyrus and Croesus both personally led teams of troops into the streets of the abandoned city. Cyrus' leadership and bravery, along with the refusal of the Persian Immortals to retreat when pressed, is said to have allowed the Persians to hold off.[10] The urban fighting continued till nightfall, but was inconclusive.[10] Both sides sustained considerable casualties; in the aftermath, the outnumbered Croesus withdrew across the Halys.[10] The retreat of Croesus was a strategic decision to suspend operations using winter to his advantage, awaiting the arrival of reinforcements from his allies theBabylonians, theEgyptians and particularly theSpartans.[4][11] This would prove to be a mistake, as Cyrus was able to quickly follow in his enemy's wake while the main Persian army (still mustering) assembled.
Despite the arrival of winter, Cyrus continued his march onSardis.[11]The dispersal of Croesus' army exposed Lydia to the unexpected winter campaign of Cyrus, who almost immediately followed Croesus back to Sardis.[11] The rival kings fought again at theBattle of Thymbra, before Sardis, which ended in a decisive victory for Cyrus the Great.[12]
When the Lydian and the Persian army confronted each other in Cappadocian Pteria (Herodotus 1.75 ff.), the battle ended inconclusively the same evening.
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