| Battle of Prague | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of theThird Silesian War (Seven Years' War) | |||||||
 | |||||||
| |||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||
 Prussia |  Austria | ||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||
| Frederick the Great Prince Henry of Prussia Kurt Christoph Graf von Schwerin † | Charles of Lorraine Maximilian Ulysses Count Browne (DOW) | ||||||
| Strength | |||||||
| 64,000[1][2] | 60,000[2]–61,000[1] | ||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||
| 14,300 killed and wounded[3] | 13,275[2] | ||||||
The Battle of Prague also known as Battle of Štěrboholy was fought on 6 May 1757, during theThird Silesian War and the broaderSeven Years' War, between theKingdom of Prussia andHabsburg Austria. AlthoughFrederick the Great's army of 64,000 Prussians forced 60,000 Austrians to retreat, he lost 14,300 men and decided he was not strong enough to attackPrague.
The battle is mentioned in the famous German balladLenore written in 1773 byGottfried August Bürger.
After Frederick had forced the surrender ofSaxony in the 1756 campaign, he spent the winter devising new plans for a defence of his small kingdom. It was not in his nature, nor in hismilitary strategy, simply to sit back and defend. He began drawing up plans for another bold strike against Austria.
In early spring the Prussian army marched in fourcolumns over the mountain passes separating Saxony andSilesia fromBohemia. The four corps would unite at the Bohemian capital ofPrague. Though risky, because it exposed the Prussian army to a defeat in detail, the plan succeeded. After Frederick's corps united with a corps under PrinceMoritz, and GeneralBevern joined up withSchwerin, both armies converged near Prague.
Meanwhile, the Austrians had not been idle. Though initially surprised by the early Prussian attack, the able Austrian field marshalMaximilian Ulysses Count Browne had been retreating skillfully and concentrating his armed forces towards Prague. Here he established a fortified position to the east of the town, and an additional army underPrince Charles of Lorraine arrived, swelling the Austrian numbers to 60,000. The prince now took command.
The Austrian army under von Browne had taken up a near invincible position on the Ziska- and the Tabor mountains. The town was on their left flank, with a steep gorge to the north, and to the west by a marshy slope with a brook at the bottom. The two Austrian commanders were in disagreement about the course of action: von Browne wanted to attack, but Charles decided to wait for Konigseck, who had been defeated at theBattle of Reichenberg but was known to be retreating towards Prague, and possibly even for the arrival ofDaun.
On 6 May, around 5 am, the Prussian army assembled to the north on the Prosek heights, 115,000 men strong, and Frederick sentKeith with 30,000 to the west of the town to cut off any Austrian retreat. The Austrians drew up for battle facing north and east.
Frederick ordered an immediate assault, but Schwerin convinced him to make a reconnaissance around the Austrian right flank. He returned with the information that gradually sloping green meadows offered a better chance for attack at the Austrian rear. The Prussian army started marching around 7 am, and succeeded in staying largely out of sight till the Austrian generals noticed the movements around 10 am. Field Marshal von Browne shifted six infantry regiments to take up position to the south east.
Schwerin, accompanied by GeneralWinterfeldt, was finally prepared to attack. The attack was led by the infantry of Winterfeldt. The Prussian infantry soon found themselves not in meadows, but in the remains of fish ponds. While they struggled through, Winterfeldt was hit by a musketball. The Prussian infantry wavered and Schwerin rallied them, leading them from the front. He was hit several times by Austrian canister. Frederick, when he heard the news, ordered the assault to continue. Field Marshal Schwerin's death, however, had such an impact on King Frederick that eyewitness testimony, given byCount von Kalckreuth, indicates he suffered a nervous breakdown, appearing in a pitiful state before Prince Henry and Kalckreuth while lamenting the casualties suffered and barely being able to speak.[4]
The Austrian infantry smelled the Prussian confusion and started to press the Prussians back down the slope, opening a gap between themselves and the remainder of the Austrian line still facing north. At this time von Browne was mortally wounded by Prussian infantry fire and carried into Prague.
While King Frederick and Generalvon Zieten reorganised the Prussian infantry in the south for another attack, the generalsHautcharmoy and Bevern spotted the gap in the Austrian line and started to filter infantry into the gap. Austrian Croats had engaged Prussians to the north of the Austrian left flank, but with the gap in the Austrian line being exploited by a steady stream of Prussians he pulled back and formed a new line running south from the west end of the Tabor mountain.
The final phase of the battle started around 3 pm, with Prussians engaging the still-forming Austrian line and outflanking them from the south. Charles withdrew into the town, the retreat being covered by his cavalry.
King Frederick's exact whereabouts throughout the battle are, however, a matter of debate. The few recorded sightings of the King indicate he spent virtually the entire battle on the southern part of the field.[5] By King Frederick's own account, he claimed to have fallen ill with stomach pains as a means of explaining his frequent absences and seemingly deferred to Schwerin both on matters of reconnaissance and when the field marshal urged the necessity of an expedient attack at Sterbohol, a crucial village in the immediate vicinity of Prague, at the very onset of the battle.[6][7] As such, Schwerin's leadership and the independent initiative of regimental commanders following the field marshal's untimely demise should be hailed as chiefly contributing to the battle's victorious conclusion.[8]
The Prussian victory was at a high cost; Frederick lost over 14,000 men, and two of his best generals were out of action (Schwerin was killed by enemy fire and Winterfeldt was severely wounded). Prince Charles had also suffered heavily, losing 8,900 men killed or wounded and 4,500 prisoners.[9] Given the high casualties he had suffered, Frederick decided to lay siege rather than launch a direct assault on the walls of Prague. He calculated that 40,000 soldiers, in addition to 75,000 inhabitants, would soon consume the city stores.
His calculation, however, did not take into account the relief army Austria managed to field against him at theBattle of Kolin, and he was soon forced to abandon the siege.
