Russian forces initially captured several towns and cities,[50][51] but logistical and supply failures, stiff Ukrainian resistance, and subsequent poor morale caused the advance to stall. With heavy losses and the inability to make further progress, Russia withdrew its forces from Kyiv, Zhytomyr, Chernihiv and Sumy Oblasts in April 2022, and Ukrainian forces retook control.[52][53][54][3]
The attacks were unsuccessful[61] due to several factors, including the disparity in morale and performance between Ukrainian and Russian forces, the Ukrainian use of sophisticated man-portable weapons provided by Western allies, poor Russian logistics and equipment performance, the failure of the Russian Air Force to achieve air superiority, and Russian military attrition during their siege of major cities.[62][63][64] As Russian forces advanced towardsKyiv, Ukrainian PresidentVolodymyr Zelenskyy warned that "subversive groups" were approaching the city.[65][66]The Ukrainians also claimed that at the beginning of the invasion, just 30 SOF soldiers managed to halt the Russian attack. The Ukrainians ambushed the Russian convoy, guarded by some 2,000 troops, and destroyed three lead vehicles, attacked the rest of the convoy, destroying the bridges in the process. This engagement ended up temporarily stalling the entire Russian advance from Belarus, which consisted of 70,000 soldiers and 7,000 vehicles.[67]
Russian forces trying to capture Kyiv sent a probative spearhead on 24 February south from Belarus along the west bank of theDnieper River, apparently to encircle the city from the west, but it pulled back by 7 April to resupply and redeploy to the southeastern front. It was supported by two separate axes of attack from Russia along the east bank of the Dnieper: the western at Chernihiv, and the eastern at Sumy. These were likely intended to encircle Kyiv from the northeast and east.[69]
In the morning of 25 February, Ukraine's military saidits airborne forces were fighting in the settlements of Dymer and Ivankiv, where a large amount of Russian armored vehicles had advanced.[73][74] The Ukrainian forces destroyed Ivankiv's bridge over theTeteriv River, stopping the advance of the Russiancolumns.[74][75][76] Meanwhile, 80 Russian vehicles were reportedly moving through Dymer and the neighboring village ofKatiuzhanka [uk].[76]
On the morning of 27 February,a large convoy of Russian vehicles more than 4.8 kilometres (3 miles) long was seen on satellite images on a road near Ivankiv heading towards Kyiv.[77][78] By 28 February, the convoy had grown to around 64 kilometres (40 miles) long.[79]
The Russian advance was greatly hindered by logistical difficulties, partially caused by theBelarusian opposition, as dissident railway workers, hackers and security forces disrupted railway lines in Belarus. This operation, known as the2022 rail war in Belarus, was mainly organized by individuals and three larger networks known as "Bypol", the "Community of Railway Workers", and the "Cyber Partisans".[80]
The assault was an attempt to secure the site as anairbridge for Russian transport troops and heavy equipment (such as artillery andtanks) for an invasion on Kyiv proper.[82] The helicopter group was met by attacks from Ukrainian small arms andMANPADS. The attack eventually downed one to three helicopters, with their pilots ejecting.[83][84] Despite the attacks, the airport was ultimately captured on 25 February as the significantly outnumbered and outgunned members of theUkrainian National Guard withdrew.[85][86][87]
After the capture of the airport, Russian troops began to prepare for the arrival of 18Ilyushin Il-76 transport aircraft with reinforcements for the assault. However, local militias and troops from the3rd Special Purpose Regiment attacked the airport, hampering Russian efforts.[88] The Ukrainian4th Rapid Reaction Brigade, in a decisive counterattack, prevented the transport aircraft from landing at the airport, forcing it to return to Russia, and preventing further reinforcements.[89] With air support from theUkrainian Air Force, Ukrainian units managed to repel the airborne assault.[81][90] Russian forces also attempted landings at theKyiv Cistern.[91]
A renewed airborne assault was launched a day after the initial attack. With Russianmechanized units achieving breakthroughs at nearbyIvankiv, they were able to advance and capture the airport after a combined ground-based assault.[92] Despite their success, the airport was deemed inoperable,[89] ending chances for a swift Ukrainian capitulation via the capture of Kyiv.[93] During the clash at Antonov Airport, the only existingAntonov An-225 Mriya (the world's largest operational aircraft) was destroyed in its storage hangar.[44] TheRussian government claimed nearly 200 Ukrainian deaths in the assault with no losses of its own. However, according to both Western and Ukrainian sources, an estimated 300 Russian paratroopers were killed during the battle.[94]
After Ukrainianunmanned aerial vehicles discovered Russian positions near Hostomel, Ukrainian forces regrouped and launched a counterattack which destroyed a Russian armored column. After the counterattack, Hostomel was subjected to airstrikes and shelling, depriving residents of basic utilities.[99] Russian forces persisted inurban combat with Ukrainian soldiers,[100] and were eventually repulsed from the town's vicinity on 3 March.[101][102][103] They invaded Hostomel once more on 4 March,[104] suffering a retreat on the same day,[105] before mounting another assault and recapturing the town on 5 March.[106][105]
Both sides suffered heavy losses during the battle:[107] Russian forces lost over 21 lightinfantry fighting vehicles (IFVs) in two days;[108][104] Ukrainian intelligence claimed the 31st Guards recorded over 50 deaths.[105] Russian commanders were alsokilled in action, including Major generalAndrei Sukhovetsky (deputy commander of the Russian 41st Army) killed by a Ukrainian sniper on 28 February.[109][110][111]
It has been reported that, on 26 February 2022, Russian paratroopers began an assault onVasylkiv, 40 kilometres (25 mi) south of Kyiv, to capturea military airbase nearby. A large group of Russian paratrooper units were alleged to have landed near Vasylkiv, despite anti-aircraft fire. The units then advanced to the city and were involved in heavy fighting with the Ukrainian40th Tactical Aviation Brigade,[117][118] and were repulsed.[119] The city's mayor,Natalia Balasinovich [uk], claimed over 200 Ukrainians were injured during the fight.[120][121][122] TheNew York Times cited reports by unnamed Ukrainian officials, that at least part of the attackers weresleeper agents who had bought apartments in the city the month before the invasion.[123]
Claims have been made that Ukrainian aircraft shot down two RussianIlyushin Il-76 aircraft transporting assault troops.[33][124][34] However,The Guardian reports "no convincing public evidence has surfaced about the two downed planes, or about a drop of paratroopers in Vasylkiv".[125]Ukrainian territorial defense units have not found any evidence of wrecked planes in the surrounding area.[123]
In the early morning of 27 February, a Russian missile struck an oil depot in Vasylkiv, setting it ablaze.[126] On 12 March, a Russian rocket attack destroyed the air base.[127]
On 25 February,Russian fighter aircraft began bombarding central Kyiv.[128] A UkrainianSu-27 was then shot down.[43][129] Russiansaboteurs dressed as Ukrainian soldiers attempted to infiltrateObolon,[130][49] a suburb north of central Kyiv, just 10 kilometres (6.2 miles) from theVerkhovna Rada building (the seat of the Ukrainian parliament), but were all captured or killed by Ukrainian troops.[131]Army reserves were then activated to defend Kyiv. Gunfire, described by Ukrainian officials as clashes between Ukrainian and Russian troops, was heard in several wards of the city.[49][131] Zelenskyy urged residents to engage in urbanguerrilla warfare withMolotov cocktails against Russian forces.[132][133] Guns were distributed to civilian militias.[134] The Ukrainian government imposed a curfew on the city the next morning.[135] Ukrainian forces claimed to have killed around 60 Russian saboteurs in a single day.[31]
Simultaneously with the failed assault on Vasylkiv, Russian units began bombarding Kyiv on 26 February with artillery and organized attacks to capture theKyiv Hydroelectric Power Plant with muddled outcome.[136][137][138] Ukrainian forces regrouped and struck a counter-offensive on the power plant the next day, repulsing Russian forces from the site.[139][140] A separate attack on an army base in the city ended in failure.[141] Russian forces were reported to be 31 kilometres (19 mi) from central-Kyiv.[142]
Russian airstrikes were made on Vasylkiv and Kyiv on 27 February,[143][144] including one on a radioactive waste disposal site near Kyiv, albeit the site was unharmed.[145] Another Russian attack group began approaching Kyiv from the northeast after bypassing the city ofChernihiv.[77]Vitali Klitschko, themayor of Kyiv, told theAssociated Press that Kyiv had been "completely encircled". However, his remarks were retracted shortly after.[146] Missile attacks were reported atBrovary on 28 February,[147][148] but Kyiv was relatively free from direct combat.[149][150]
Ukrainian forces claimed the destruction of a Russian column inMakariv,[151] wherefighting had erupted one day earlier.[152] Russian strikes continued in early March. TheKyiv TV Tower was hit on 1 March.[153] Strikes were later reported atRusanivka,Kurenivka,Boiarka,Vyshneve,[154][155]Vorzel andMarkhalivka.[156][157] whileBorodianka wasextensively bombed, killing hundreds.[158][89] TheUkrainian Air Force claimed it had downed two RussianSukhoi Su-35 over Kyiv on 2 March.[35] Makariv was recaptured on 3 March.[159] Ukrainian reports from Kyiv believed the Russian army had begun to surround the city with tanks from Belarus,[160] in an attempt to enforce a blockade.[161]In early March 2022, the Ukrainians claimed the destruction of 120 tanks in one day, reportedly "when Russian tank columns stalled on roads to Kyiv, got hit with massed artillery barrages and modern anti-tank missiles dropped by plane-sized drones or fired by infantry teams."[162]
A Russian armored column near Kyiv, 7 March
Estonian intelligence estimated that the advancing Russian convoy would arrive at Kyiv in at least two days.[163] On 4 March, an armored Russian column from theSumy Oblast reportedly reached near Brovary.[164] Clashes remained throughout the Kyiv Oblast by 8 March.[165] Russian forces advanced on thehighway between Zhytomyr and Kyiv, threateningFastiv. Russian tanks reached within a few kilometres from Kyiv on 9 March,[166] but were attacked by Ukrainian forces during the night.[167]
On 25 February, due a lack of communications with the main invasion command, a convoy ofspecial police unitsOMON andSOBR from theKemerovo Oblast accidentally separated from the invasion forces and ended up charging and spearheading the attack at Kyiv by themselves. The convoy was spotted by local transit CCTV cameras and were ambushed by local Ukrainian forces using anti-tank missiles and mortars at a bridge over theIrpin River, and the unarmored and under-equipped units were completely destroyed. Reportedly, of the 80 soldiers in the convoy, only 3 survived.[10]
Fighting nearedBucha on 27 February, as the36th Combined Arms Army and Russian special police forces approached the city.[169][170][171][172] Russian artillery began bombarding the city at the same time,[173][174] causing several civilian casualties, reportedly also wounding the mayor of Bucha,Anatoliy Fedoruk.[175][176] As fighting developed, Russian breakthroughs allowed units to advance toIrpin.[177][178]
Ukrainian forces used artillery to shell Russian convoys to halt the advance,[179] and destroyed a bridge linking Bucha and Irpin.[180][181] According to the mayor ofIrpin, Oleksandr Markushin, Russian forces were trapped and destroyed.[182] Ukrainian forces engaged and destroyed an armored column on 28 February.[183]
Irpin was struck by missiles on 2 March.[184] Russian forces attacked a Ukrainian checkpoint in Yasnohorodka on 6 March.[185] Markushin had refused requests by Russian forces to surrender the town.[186]
At the onset of the Russian invasion, Major GeneralViktor Nikoliuk, head of the UkrainianOperational Command North, ordered the1st Tank Brigade todefend Chernihiv, and sent the58th Motorized Brigade toBaturyn andHlukhiv in order to stop the Russian advance on themajor highway there. The 1st Brigade failed to reach a planned defensive line atRipky andHorodnia on time, though it still managed to stall the Russian advance north of Chernihiv and began to fortify the city. Meanwhile, the 58th Brigade was outnumbered and forced to retreat, first toKonotop and then toVertiivka [uk] andKipti [uk], where it took up the defense of the area south of Chernihiv.[188]
On 10 March,Chernihiv MayorVladyslav Atroshenko said that Russian forces had completed the encirclement of Chernihiv, adding that the city was completely isolated and critical infrastructure for its 300,000 residents was rapidly failing as it came under repeated bombardment.[194]
Acolumn of Russian military vehicles crossed the international border at theBachivsk [uk] checkpoint in theSumy Oblast around 5:00 on 24 February.[195][72] Units of Ukraine's58th Motorized Brigade engaged the Russians outside the city ofHlukhiv, halting the column.[195][196] The Ukrainian military claimed to have neutralized the column outside of Hlukhiv usingJavelin anti-tank missiles,[197][198] but by 14:30 on 24 February, the governor of the Sumy Oblast acknowledged that Russian forces were in control of the entire length of theKyiv-Moscow highway in the Sumy Oblast, up until Baturyn in the Chernihiv Oblast.[199][200] Due to the destruction of the bridge over theSeim River outside of Baturyn by Ukrainian forces,[201] Russian forces were forced to use alternative routes to Kyiv, taking a detour throughKonotop,Bakhmach, andPlysky.[202]
A separate Russian advance into Sumy Oblast on 24 Februaryattacked the city ofSumy, just 35 kilometres (22 mi) from theRusso-Ukrainian border. The Russian advance bogged down inurban fighting, and Ukrainian forces successfully held the city. According to Ukrainian sources, more than 100 Russian tanks, 20 Grad MLRs and eight tanker trucks were destroyed and dozens of soldiers were captured.[203]
Russian forces enteredSumy Oblast from Russia on the morning of 24 February. Two Russian tank columns crossing the border atGrayvoron andPopivka reachedVelyka Pysarivka at 08:00.[204] Clashes broke out in Okhtyrka between 12:00-14:00 as a Russiancolumn attempted to pass through the city.[205] Russian forcesattacked Okhtyrka by 14:25,[204] deployingthermobaric weapons;[206] Russian assaults on the city were repelled by territorial defense fighters and Ukraine's93rd Mechanized Brigade.[204][207][208] On the evening of February 24, two convoys of Russian soldiers coming from the cities ofNedryhailiv and Konotop made their way in the direction of Romny.[209]
Russia's4th Guards Tank Division first entered the city ofTrostianets in Sumy Oblast shortly after noon on 24 February.[210][211][212] There were no Ukrainian military units in the city,[213] and due to a lack of weapons, the localterritorial defense unit had elected to disperse and engage in partisan combat.[211][214] Russian tank columns moved westward through the city on their way towards Kyiv.[211][215]
In the early hours of 2 March, the Sumy administration claimed that about 100 Russian military vehicles, mainly tanks andarmored personnel carriers (APCs), had been destroyed in the village ofByshkin [uk].[216]
Russian forces moved west along highways from Sumy, reachingBrovary, an eastern suburb of Kyiv, on 4 March.[69] In an assessment of the campaign on 4 March,Frederick Kagan wrote that the "Sumy axis is currently the most successful and dangerous Russian avenue of advance onKyiv." He noted that the geography favored mechanized advances as the terrain "is flat and sparsely populated, offering few good defensive positions."[217] According to theInstitute for the Study of War, since Russian forces failed to secure any new territory in the theater after 8 March, it was possible that they had redeployed forces from easternKyiv to defend against Ukrainian counterattacks inSumy Oblast.[218]
Throughout the battle at Kyiv Oblast, theZhytomyr Oblast was also affected. Russian forces operating nearby Kyiv had advanced some 20 miles (32 km) into the oblast towardsBihun [uk] andOvruch as of 3 March. TheGeneral Staff of the Ukrainian Armed Forces claimed that two Russian BTGs were within the territory of Zhytomyr Oblast.[48]
Ukrainian forces repelled an attack by a column of up to 300 Russian vehicles onKonotop late on 24 February,[191][219] and Russian forces reportedly retreated from the city ofSumy in the early hours of the next day.[220] However, the Russian military claimed later on 25 February that it had encircled both cities.[221] Outside of Konotop, Ukraine's military said that Russian troops were experiencing "problems with fuel and supply" and had suffered heavy losses,[222] though later statements from Ukrainian officials suggested that Ukrainian forces lost control over the city later that day.[223][224]
On 25 February, battles began in the outskirts of Okhtyrka around 7:30 from the direction of the village ofVelyka Pysarivka.[225] Russian forces were unable to occupy Okhtyrka, and retreated the following day, leaving behind tanks and equipment.[226]
On 26 February, clashes occurred inSumy between Russian forces andTerritorial Defense Forces throughout the day.[227] Russian forces reportedly managed to capture half of the city during the day, butUkrainian forces repelled the attackers according to a Ukrainian official.[228] Three civilians were reportedly killed in shelling onSumy.[229]Dmytro Zhyvytskyi, the governor ofSumy Oblast, stated that six civilians were killed and 55 wounded in Russian shelling onOkhtyrka.[230] Russian forces west ofSumy reportedly advanced further westwards by the night, and were apparently 150 kilometres (93 mi) fromKyiv.[231]BM-27 Uragan missiles hit a school inOkhtyrka,[232] killing a guard and injuring an unknown number of children and a teacher. However,Ukrainian forces put up heavy resistance, forcing the Russians to retreat.[233]
Between February 26 and 27, more Russian vehicles headed towards Romny fromKrasnopillia, bypassing Sumy. A second convoy was bombed by Ukrainian forces before it reached Romny.[234] Ukrainian forces allegedly destroyed some Russian tanks outside of Trostianets on 27 February.[235]
Also on 27 February, a number of Russian vehicles advanced intoSumy from the east, while two women were reportedly killed around theSumy Airport.[236] On 28 February, Russian forces bombed and destroyed an oil depot inOkhtyrka.[237] More than 70Ukrainian soldiers were killed when their base in Okhtyrka was struck by athermobaric bomb.[238][239] Russian forces also attacked the Romny Correctional Colony. Meanwhile that same day, Russian forces crushed a civilian in the village ofPohozha Krynytsia [uk] when he attempted to use his car to block Russian tanks passing through.[240] On the same day, a local man died inShtepivka [uk] attempting to enter an abandoned military vehicle that had been mined.[241] The next day, the Ukrainians claimed to have destroyed 80 units of Russian equipment near the village of Pustoviitivka, half of which wereGrad MLRS.[242]
In the Sumy Oblast, the Russian offensive began to stall due to Ukrainian resistance west and southwest of Trostianets, and the detonation of a bridge south of the city.[212][214][215] As a result, Trostianets, which was first envisioned as "little more than a speed bump" in Russian plans to swiftly take Kyiv, was occupied by a garrison of Russian troops on 1 March.[215][243]
On the same day, the Sumy Oblast territorial defense was reported to have erected roadblocks and checkpoints on some parts of theKipti-Bachivsk highway, a major road which had been one of the main routes of the Russian invasion.[244] Meanwhile, Russian forces captured the villages of Bilovods'ke and Bobryk, just south of Romny, which had been contested in previous days.[245][246][247][248]
On 2 March, Russian forces gave Konotop's mayor an ultimatum to surrender the city, threatening to bombard it with artillery; an "angry crowd" of locals "overwhelmingly" refused to surrender.[249][250][251] A compromise was reached under which Russian forces agreed not to interfere with the city's government or deploy troops in return for the residents not attacking them.[252][253] The territorial council of theKruty rural hromada in Chernihiv Oblast claimed that nearly 200 Russian soldiers were killed in clashes with Ukrainian armed forces and the Territorial Defense Forces in the village ofKruty on 2 March.[254] On the same day, it was reported that the Ukrainian military andborder guards of the 5th Detachment had returned the border with Russia in some areas of Sumy Oblast.[255][256]
On 3 March, five people were reportedly injured from shelling on buildings of the27th Artillery Brigade and the military department atSumy State University.[257] Elsewhere in the Sumy Oblast, an escalation in Russian artillery shelling led to the bombardment of the localities of Nedryhailiv, Okhtyrka,Boromlia,Bezdryk and Lebedyn.[258] The same day, Ukraine's93rd Mechanized Brigade announced that Ukrainian artillery had destroyed a Russian column near the village ofMoskovskyi Bobryk [uk].[259] During their stay in the village, the Russians had looted the local shops and burnt the car of the head of the village, according to residents.[260]
On 3 March, Russian troops shelled Lebedyn during the bombardment across Sumy Oblast.[261]
The next day, civilians from the village of Spartak attempted to block Russian vehicles passing from Nedryhailiv to Romny. They succeeded in blocking the road, although an ensuing attack by the Russians resulted in one civilian dying.[262] During the night between March 4 and 5, Russian soldiers occupied a poultry farm inVilshana, Sumy Oblast, killing around 100,000 poultry and causing an estimated one millionhryvnias worth of damage.[263]
On March 5, three out of four hostages who were taken by Russian troops were released, according to the head of theRomny Raion, Denys Vashchenko. That same day, Russian soldiers standing on the road fired at UkrainianTDF troops at a gas station, leaving one Ukrainian soldier killed and two wounded.[264] On the evening of March 5, Russian soldiers fired at two cars traveling from Sumy to Romny, in the village of Pustoviitivka. 3 civilians were wounded, and one civilian was killed in the shooting.[265] Later that evening, in the village of Skrypali in Romny raion, Ukrainian forces destroyed a Russian column, and killed an unspecified number of soldiers.[266] In the evening between March 5 and 6, shots were fired in Pustoviitivka and Romny, with no injuries. The shooting in Romny, however, knocked out electricity for parts of the town.[267]
Lebedyn was completely cut off from electricity for the 4 and 5 of March. On 5 March at 7 a.m., civilians heard an air raid alarm in Lebedyn as the Russians began shelling the city.[268] The explosions blew out windows in multistoried buildings. The artillery shelling went on all day long.[269] An electric substation, the Lebedyn bakery, and a gas station were destroyed by Russian shelling.[270]
According to the Military Administration, Russian artillery shelling and the airstrikes of 6 March left many inhabitants of Lebedyn without electricity. The prosecution launched a pre-trial investigation into the destruction of the Lebedyn bakery by the strikes of Russian military planes.[269]
On 7 March, the electricity supply to Lebedyn was partially restored.[269]
On the night of 8 to 9 March, the Russian air forces attacked Lebedyn. Two houses in Shevchenka Street were ruined. Five people, two children among them, were retrieved from the debris. The officers of the 5th State Fire and Rescue Brigade, who were in charge that night, worked at the site from 01:45 on 9 March.[271]
According to Yuriy Bova, the mayor of Trostianets, Russian forces were planning to capture Lebedyn on 12 March, Okhtyrka on 13 March, and Sumy on 14 March, but were prevented from doing so by Ukrainian resistance.[272] Members of the2nd Guards Motor Rifle Division were reportedly told on 11 March that they would storm the city of Sumy, but after a company in the division rebelled two days later, all conscripts serving in its ranks were sent back into Russia.[273] The Ukrainian General Staff claimed on 19 March that units of Russia's1st Guards Tank Army were focused on surrounding Sumy, while preparing offensive operations in the areas of Trostianets, Okhtyrka, and Poltava. Some of the units were claimed to be planning offensives the direction ofPryluky and Kyiv.[274]
On the night of 11 March, the Russian troops shelled houses inKerdylivshchyna [uk] killing two locals – Vasyl Masliuk and Valeriy Sukhanov.[271]
As of 13 March, 22,500 civilians in Sumy Oblast had no electricity. According to the Military Administration, shelling damaged the power lines in Okhtyrka, Trostianets, Lebedyn and Sumy.[275]On March 11, Vashchenko reported that Ukrainian forces unblocked the road between Romny andLokhvytsia, allowing civilians to flee southwards. That morning near Romny, police and Ukrainian TDF discovered and detained 29 Russian soldiers in a field, all of whom claimed to be lost.[276][277][278] Between 11 and 12 March, the Ukrainians claimed to have destroyed a column of 80 military vehicles belonging to the 228th Motorized Rifle Regiment of the 90th Tank Division in the Chernihiv Oblast.[279]
Stalemate (11–15 March)
Russian soldiers showcase captured UkrainianJavelin ATGMs in the village ofHuta-Mezhyhirska, March 2022A Russian checkpoint in the Kyiv region, March 2022
By early March, Russian advances along the west side of the Dnieper were limited, after setbacks from Ukrainian defences.[69] As of 5 March,a large Russian convoy, reportedly 64 kilometres (40 mi) in length, had made little progress toward Kyiv.[280] The London-basedthink tankRoyal United Services Institute (RUSI) assessed Russian advances from the north and east as "stalled".[281] Advances along the Chernihiv axis had largely halted as asiege there began. By 11 March, it was reported that the lengthy convoy had largely dispersed, taking up positions under tree cover. Rocket launchers were also identified.[282]
By 11 March, some elements of theRussian Kyiv convoy broke off and deployed into firing positions. While the bulk of the convoy remained on the road, some parts, including artillery, left the main column, and took up positions near Hostomel.[286] Some elements of the convoy took up positions inLubianka and nearby forests.[287] An assessment of the offensive at this date by the Institute for the Study of War said that Russian ground forces attempting to encircle Kyiv had paused to resupply and refit their combat units, having failed in their attacks from 8 to 10 March.[288]
On 12 March, theSecurity Service of Ukraine said that seven civilians were killed after Russian forces shot at an evacuation column in the village of Peremoha,Brovary Raion, and forced it to turn back.[293]
An overnight barrage of missile attacks had destroyed theVasylkiv Air Base along with its airstrip. In addition, the ammunition depot and an oil depot in the town and an oil depot in the village of Kriachky were set ablaze as well. Shelling on the village of Kvitneve at 03:40 set a frozen goods warehouse on fire.[294][295][296] Russian Defense Ministry spokesmanIgor Konashenkov stated that long-range high-precision missiles were used to destroy the military airfield in Vasylkiv and the "main center of radio and electronic intelligence of Ukrainian forces" in Brovary.[297]
On 13 March, the UK'sMinistry of Defence reported that Russian forces were 25 kilometres (16 mi) from the center of Kyiv.[298]
That day American journalistBrent Renaud was killed and two other journalists were wounded at a checkpoint in Irpin when Russian forces reportedly shot at a car carrying non-Ukrainian journalists.[299] Ukrainian forces prevented an attempt by Russian forces to advance further on Kyiv by blowing up apontoon bridge on the Irpin river near Hostomel and 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) north of the main bridge on the river.[300] Russian advances across the Irpin were also hindered by flooding caused by their own attack on theKozarovychi dam, which regulates flow from theKyiv Reservoir.[301]
On 14 March,Fox News reporterBenjamin Hall was wounded in the village ofHorenka while reporting on the conflict near Kyiv. Cameraman Pierre Zakrzewski and Oleksandra Kuvshynova, a Ukrainiannews producer andfixer, were killed in the same attack.Anton Herashchenko, an adviser to the Ukrainian Minister of Internal Affairs, stated that the deaths were caused by Russian shelling.[302][303] Russian forces meanwhile had captured Bucha and half of Irpin by 14 March.[304]
On 15 March, a new military headquarters responsible for the defense of Kyiv was established. Zelenskyy appointed acting Commander of the Joint ForcesOleksandr Pavliuk as head of the "Kyiv Regional Military Administration" and Eduard Koskalov the new Commander of the Joint Forces.[118] TheNational Police of Ukraine stated that one civilian was killed and two others wounded in Hostomel when Russian troops fired at evacuation buses.[305] In Bucha, Russian troops captured volunteers and employees of the city council, although they released them the next day.[306]
Ukrainian counteroffensive (16 March – 4 April)
Ukrainian police entering Bucha on 2 April
On 16 March, the Ukrainian government announced that its forces had begun a counter-offensive to repel Russian forces approaching Kyiv. Fighting took place in Bucha, Hostomel, and Irpin.[307] Russian forces conducted only limited attacks northwest of Kyiv.[308]
On 17 March, Ukraine's Defense Ministry announced that Russian forces had made "no significant advances around Kyiv in the past 24–48 hours" and had resorted to "chaotic" shelling. A British military intelligence report added that Russian forces suffered "heavy losses" while making "minimal progress".[309]
On 18 March, Ukraine blocked Russia's two main routes for attacking the capital city as the latter was abandoning "offensive actions" around Brovary andBoryspil. Ukraine worked on strengthening a third line of defense around the capital, while Russian forces were "cynically shooting" at infrastructure facilities.[310]
By 19 March, Russia was attempting to consolidate control over the area they occupied, while more efforts were made to resupply and reinforce units' static positions. Maxar imagery showed Russian forces digging trenches andrevetments in Kyiv Oblast.[311]
On 20 March, Russian missiles struck a number of areas in the capital and what Russia described as a "Ukrainian special forces training center" inZhytomyr Oblast.[312]
On 21 March, Ukraine halted a Russian attack on Brovary, while Russia claimed to have captured a Ukrainian command bunker in Mykolaivka. However, Russian forces were still reportedly struggling to organize the sufficient logistical support needed for major operations in the northwest of Kyiv.[313]
Unable to achieve a quick victory in Kyiv, Russian forces switched strategies and began using standoff weapons, indiscriminate bombing, andsiege warfare.[314][315]
Between 22 and 24 March, Ukrainian forces retook the strategically important town ofMakariv (22 March), the village ofMoshchun (23 March), and the small settlement ofLukianivka (24 March). It was claimed that three Russian tanks and nine infantry fighting vehicles were destroyed at Lukianivka, as well as some armor captured, while Ukrainian troops were reportedly working on the encirclement of Russian units in nearby villages. Irpin was reportedly 80% controlled by Ukrainian forces, while Russia launched rocket attacks against the town.[316][317][318]
On 23 March, reports arose that Russian soldiers were starting tomutiny against their leaders. Colonel Yuri Medvedev was fighting in Makariv when a soldier from the37th Guards Motor Rifle Brigade was reported to have deliberately rammed into the colonel, breaking both his legs, allegedly killing him. This was because the 37th Brigade, which he was commanding, was reported to have lost close to 50% of its men while fighting in Makariv.[319][320] Dan Sabbagh wrote inThe Guardian that while the attack most likely occurred, little evidence existed confirming that Medvedev had indeed died.[321]
By 25 March, Ukrainian counterattacks in Kyiv Oblast had retaken several towns to the east and west of Kyiv, includingMakariv.[322][323] Under attack by the Ukrainian military, Russian troops in the Bucha area began to retreat north at the end of March. Ukrainian forces entered the city on 1 April.[324] A British Ministry of Defence intelligence assessment reported that, as Russian forces were falling back on overextended supply lines, Ukraine recaptured towns and defensive positions up to 35 kilometers (25 miles) east of Kyiv. The assessment concluded that Ukrainian forces were likely "to continue to attempt to push Russian Forces back along the north-western axis from Kyiv towards Hostomel Airfield."[325] The Russian military also withdrew from the village ofMalyi Vystorop [uk] in Sumy Oblast on the same day.[326]
On 26 March, additional Russian forces from theEastern Military District (EMD) were reportedly being sent into the Kyiv-Chernihiv axis. The ISW assessed that Ukraine created a "Russian salient" at Hostomel that is "exposed from several directions and apparently under continued pressure".[327] The Ukrainian military said that its forces had retaken the villages ofLukyanivka andRudnytske [uk], 40 kilometers east of Brovary, on 26 March, forcing Russia's30th Separate Motor Rifle Brigade [ru] to retreat.[328]
Wreckage from a Russiancolumn destroyed near Trostianets on 17 March
Following several days of Ukrainian artillery shelling and drone strikes, Trostianets was abandoned by Russian troops over the night of 25-26 March, and Ukraine's 93rd Mechanized Brigade retook the city on the 26th.[215][211][212]Associated Press reporters in the city said it was "not clear" where the Russian forces had gone.[329] The recapture of the city was expected to open up supply routes to relieve thebesieged city of Sumy, and "seriously restrict" the Russian military's ability to maneuver in the region.[330][331] On the same day, Ukrainian forces also took the neighboring city ofBoromlia,[332] and Russian troops withdrew from the villages ofVelykyi Bobryk [uk] andSteblianka [uk], which are also in theSumy Oblast.[333][334] Russian forces destroyed a bridge over thePsel River after withdrawing from villages near the city of Sumy.[335] On 27 March,Slavhorod [uk] andKrasnopillia were retaken.[201]
On 27 March, Russia's35th Combined Arms Army reportedly rotated damaged units into Belarus under cover of airstrikes and shelling, while it was claimed that Russia established a command post for all EMD-forces operating around Kyiv in the Chernobyl area. The ISW assessed that the EMD Commander Colonel-GeneralAleksandr Chaiko "may be personally commanding efforts to regroup Russian forces in Belarus and resume operations to encircle Kyiv from the west".[4]
On 28 March, Ukrainian forces reportedly retook Irpin, with the city's mayor saying the city would be a staging ground for the recapture of Bucha, Hostomel, and Vorzel.[336][337]
On 29 March, the RussianDeputy Ministry of DefenceAlexander Fomin announced a withdrawal of Russian forces from the Kyiv and Chernihiv areas.[338] Ukrainian forces stormed the village ofDmytrivka, about 35 km west of Kyiv, on 29 March.[339] Between 30 and 31 March, Ukrainian forces reportedly recaptured the settlements of Dmytrivka,Kopyliv [uk],Kapitanivka [uk],Lisne [uk],Buzova, all near Kyiv. Near Brovary,Ploske [uk],Svitylnia [uk], andHrebelky [uk] were reportedly recaptured on 30 March, with Ukrainian forces reportedly enteringNova Basan on 31 March.[340]
Between 30 and 31 March, Russian forces shelled the eastern and northern suburbs of Kyiv where Ukrainian forces had regained territory in recent days, as well as Irpin and Makariv. At the same time, there were battles reported around Hostomel amidst Ukrainian counterattacks and some Russian withdrawals around Brovary. According to the Britain's Defense Ministry, "Russian forces continue to hold positions to the east and west of Kyiv despite the withdrawal of a limited number of units" and projected that heavy fighting would likely take place in the suburbs of the city in coming days.[341][342]
After several weeks of attacks, and a month under siege, Ukrainian forces managed to break the encirclement ofChernihiv on 31 March by recapturing a main road connecting Kyiv with the regional capital.[12]
Bucha was retaken by Ukrainian forces on 31 March, according to its mayor Anatolii Fedoruk. Ukrainian troops recaptured Hostomel and Borodianka by 1 April, and some Russian units withdrew from Chernihiv Oblast. Ivankiv was also captured by 1 April, as Ukrainian forces advanced fromZhytomyr Oblast, and some reports suggested that they had conducted counterattacks inDytiatky andOrane [uk].[343][344] According to a Ukrainian official, reconnaissance indicated that Russian forces had left the Chernobyl area by 1 April.[339] Amid a withdrawal of Russian troops into Belarus, the Ukrainian military announced that its forces had retakenDemydiv,Dymer,Lytvynivka [uk],Havrylivka [uk],Kozarovychi [uk],Zhovtneve [uk],Hlibivka [uk],Yasnohorodka [uk],Tolokun [uk],Sukholuchchia [uk],Lypivka,Havronshchyna [uk],Makovyshche [uk],Mykolaivka [uk] andKhmilna [uk].[345]
Subsequent artillery strikes were supposed to cover the start of a Russian retreat fromKyiv Oblast. Russian forces also mined areas as they pulled back. Ukrainian forces responded to the withdrawal by continuing their counter-offensive; as a result, the Russian retreat was disorderly in some areas, and some Russian troops were left behind.[347]
By 1 April, Russian forces had "almost left" the entire Brovary district. Ukrainian forces subsequently engaged in "mopping up" operations,[348] involving the clearing of barricades, ammunition and suspected booby traps. Zelenskyy warned for "a potentially catastrophic situation for civilians" due to mines left by Russian forces around "homes, abandoned equipment and even the bodies of those killed".[349] That day, Ukrainian journalistMaks Levin was found dead near the village ofHuta-Mezhyhirska after going missing for more than two weeks. Ukraine's prosecutor's office claimed that the journalist was killed by "two shots" from the Russian military.[350]
On 2 April, Ukrainian forces retook control over all of Kyiv Oblast including Irpin, Bucha, Hostomel,[53] and Brovary.[351] Visual confirmation of Ukrainian forces retakingPripyat district and the border area with Belarus was released on 3 April.[352] Ukraine said it uncovered evidence ofwar crimes in Bucha.[353]
Aftermath of clashes in Shestovytsia village,Chernihiv Oblast, 19 April 2022
Russian forces began to withdraw from Romny raion on April 1, through a corridor fromKyiv and Chernihiv oblasts through Romny towards the Russian state border. The withdrawal ended on April 4.[354][355] On the evening of 2 April, amid their withdrawal from the Sumy Oblast, Russian forces destroyed theP44 highway's bridge over theSeim River near the village ofChumakove [uk], after crossing the river in the direction of Russia. The retreating Russian columns withdrew through the villages ofVolyntseve [uk] andYuryeve [uk] towards the international border.[356][357] In Chernihiv Oblast,Horodnia,Shestovytsia [uk], andNovyi Bykiv were recaptured between 1 and 2 April.[358]
Ukrainian forces recaptured almost the entirety of Chernihiv Oblast and much of Sumy Oblast on 3 April.[359] On 4 April, the Zhytomyr Oblast was declared liberated.[3] Also on 4 April, GovernorDmytro Zhyvytskyi stated that Russian troops no longer occupied any towns or villages inSumy Oblast and had mostly withdrawn, while Ukrainian troops were working to push out the remaining units.[359] Governor Chaus stated that the Russian military pulled back from the regional capital ofChernihiv, while "some troops" remained in the province.[360]Russian forces reportedly planted mines in many areas where they retreated from.[361] On 6 April, thePentagon confirmed that the Russian army leftChernihiv Oblast, whileSumy Oblast remained contested.[362] On 8 April, GovernorZhyvytskyi stated that all Russians troops leftSumy Oblast. He added that the territory of the region was still unsafe due to rigged explosives and other ammunition left behind byRussian troops.[363]
Aftermath
After Ukraine had fully retaken Kyiv Oblast, its military began to mop up pockets of isolated Russian troops who had been left behind in the retreat. TheInstitute for the Study of War assessed that these remnant groups did not offer organized resistance. The Institute for the Study of War also said that some of the Russian units that were pulled back to Belarus and western Russia would "remain combat ineffective for a protracted period".[347]
On 6 April 2022, NATO secretary generalJens Stoltenberg said that the Russian "retraction, resupply, and redeployment" of their troops from the Kyiv area should be interpreted as an expansion of Putin's plans for his military actions against Ukraine, by redeploying and concentrating his forces on Eastern Ukraine and Mariupol within the next two weeks, as a precursor to the further expansion of Putin's actions against the rest of Ukraine.[364]
Ukrainian border guards returned to border regions of Kyiv, Chernihiv, and Sumy Oblasts by 11 April. A large concentration of Russian forces remained near Sumy Oblast.[365]
Russian helicopter recovered from theKyiv Reservoir, May 2022
As the second phase of the invasion began, Kyiv was left generally free from attack apart from isolated missile strikes, one of which occurred during the 28 April 2022 visit of UN Secretary-GeneralAntónio Guterres, who met with Zelenskyy to discuss the fate of survivors at the siege of Mariupol.[366]
On 14 June 2024Russian PresidentPutin claimed that "Russian troops were near Kyiv in March 2022", but "There was no political decision to storm the three-million-strong city; it was acoercive operation to establish peace."[367]
Ukrainian authorities said that more than 300 civilian inhabitants of Bucha had been summarily executed in what would be known as theBucha massacre. The bodies were discovered after the Russians withdrew.[368] In total, 458 civilian deaths were recorded in Bucha,[369][370] along with 1,300 deaths in Russian-occupied areas ofKyiv Oblast.[371]
A Russian airstrike on the local power plant on 3 March 2022 cut off the electricity and heating supply in the city ofOkhtyrka.[372] On 9 March, inVelyka Pysarivka, three civilians were killed due to Russian bombing according toZhyvytskyi.[373]
After 01:30 on 10 March, Russian airstrikes destroyed a gas pipeline in Okhtyrka. According to governorDmytro Zhyvytskyi, Russian shelling on the territory of the former Elektrobutprilad plant inTrostianets had killed three civilians.[373] At 14:20,Russian forces shelled the city ofNizhyn usingBM-27 Uragan, reportedly killing two civilians.[374] On 11 March, two civilians were reportedly killed overnight due to Russian shelling in the village ofKerdylivshchyna inSumy Oblast.[375]
^Gogarty, Conor (12 March 2022)."Russian commanders killed in Ukraine including 'brutal warlord'".WalesOnline.Archived from the original on 13 March 2022. Retrieved12 March 2022.General Magomed Tushaev died when his Chechen special forces column, including 56 tanks, was obliterated near Hostomel.
^1,500+ killed in Kyiv Oblast, in formerly Russian-controlled areas,[1]Archived 14 June 2022 at theWayback Machine while 89 were killed inKyiv city.[2]Archived 7 April 2022 at theWayback Machine Total of 1,589 civilians reported killed.
^Doucet, Lyse (25 February 2022)."Ukraine conflict: Kyiv braces for Russian assault".BBC News.Archived from the original on 25 February 2022. Retrieved26 February 2022.On Friday afternoon, Russia's defence ministry announced it had captured the Antonov airport, using 200 helicopters and a landing force in order to take the base to the north of Kyiv from Ukraine. Western intelligence officials warned earlier that Russia was building an "overwhelming force" to take control of the city.
^Schwirtz, Michael; Troianovski, Anton; Al-Hlou, Yousur; Froliak, Masha; Entous, Adam; Gibbons-Neff, Thomas (16 December 2022)."Putin's War".The New York Times. Retrieved14 May 2023.
^"На Донбасі збили російський вертоліт і штурмовик" [A Russian helicopter and an attack aircraft were shot down in Donbas].portal.lviv.ua (in Ukrainian). 26 February 2022.Archived from the original on 27 February 2022. Retrieved26 February 2022.
Cooper, Tom; Fontanellaz, Adrien; Crowther, Edward; Sipos, Milos (2023).War in Ukraine: Russian Invasion, February 2022. Helion & Company.ISBN978-1804512166.
Harrel, John S. (2024).The Russian Invasion of Ukraine, February - December 2022: Destroying the Myth of Russian Invincibility. Pen & Sword Military.ISBN978-1399031769.
Lawrence, Christopher A. (2024).The Battle for Kyiv: The Fight for Ukraine's Capital. Frontline Books.ISBN978-1399048484.
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Media related toNorthern front of the Russian invasion of Ukraine at Wikimedia Commons
Russian forces approach Ukraine's capital Kyiv atWikinews
