| Battle of Monte Settepani | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of theItalian campaigns in theWar of the First Coalition | |||||||
 Monte Settepani as seen fromBric Gettina | |||||||
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| Belligerents | |||||||
 Habsburg Austria Kingdom of Sardinia |  Republican France | ||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||
| Joseph de VinsMichelangelo Colli | François Kellermann | ||||||
| Strength | |||||||
| 38,940 | 30,696 | ||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||
| Unknown | Unknown, 20 guns | ||||||
 | |||||||
TheBattle of Monte Settepani (24 June–7 July 1795) saw the Coalition armies ofHabsburg Austria led byFeldzeugmeister (FZM)Joseph Nikolaus de Vins and theKingdom of Sardinia-Piedmont led byFeldmarschall-Leutnant (FML)Michelangelo Alessandro Colli-Marchi attack theRepublican FrenchArmy of Italy led byGeneral of Division (GD)François Christophe de Kellermann during theWar of the First Coalition. The attack captured a few key positions though it was repulsed by most of the French defenses. After the French failed to recaptureMonte Settepani, Kellermann ordered a phased withdrawal to a more defensible position. By 7 July, the French army established itself in a new position running fromBorghetto Santo Spirito on the coast northwest to the crest of theLigurian Alps. The setback compelled the French to relinquish the territory captured in theFirst Battle of Dego.
The war between France and Sardinia-Piedmont began in the spring of 1792, but French troops did not invade theDuchy of Savoy until 21 September 1792. Savoy was rapidly overrun with little resistance. The French also invaded theCounty of Nice, occupyingNice on 29 September. The Sardinian army in the County of Nice withdrew to defenses in theMaritime Alps covering the keyCol de Tende.[1] Before the end of 1792, the French troops in Savoy were organized into theArmy of the Alps while the troops in the County of Nice became the Army of Italy.[2] In theFirst Battle of Saorgio on 12 June 1793, the Sardinians repulsed a determined French assault on the mountain barrier.[3] On 7 September 1793, the Sardinians launched a campaign to retake the County of Nice, but it was too late in the season.[4] The operation sputtered out after a drawn battle atUtelle on 21 October.[5]
On 1 January 1794, GDPierre Jadart Dumerbion assumed command of the Army of Italy.[6] In theSecond Battle of Saorgio in April 1794, the army succeeded in ousting the Sardinians from their defenses and capturing the Col de Tende. The battle plan was provided by the army's new chief of artillery,General of Brigade (GB)Napoleon Bonaparte.[7] Noticing that the Austro-Sardinian forces were preparing an attack, Dumerbion mounted an operation in September. Also planned by Bonaparte, the offensive drove back the Austrians and ended with theFirst Battle of Dego,[8] a French victory on 21 September 1794.[9] This triumph secured the port ofVado Ligure for the French.[10] On 21 November 1794, Dumerbion was replaced in command by GDBarthélemy Louis Joseph Schérer.[6] During the winter of 1794–1795, many French soldiers died oftyphus and other diseases.[11] On 6 May 1795, Schérer was replaced by Kellermann who was given command of both the Army of Italy and the Army of the Alps.[12]
On 20 June 1795, de Vins commanded an Austrian army composed of 23,380 infantry, 2,788 cavalry, and 772 artillerymen, a total strength of 26,940 men. Only the cavalry units from theKingdom of Naples were not Austrian soldiers. The army was organized into two divisions led by FML Johann von Wenckheim andGeneralmajor (GM) Karl von Türkheim. Wenckheim's division included four brigades led by GMMathias Rukavina (5 battalions and 2 squadrons), GM Michael von Ternyey (4 battalions), GMPhilipp Pittoni (5 battalions), and GMAnton Lipthay (6 battalions). Türkheim's division consisted of one infantry brigade led by GMJoseph Canto d'Irles (5 battalions), and two cavalry brigades led by GM Wilhelm Fischer (8 squadrons) and Alessandro Filangieri, Prince Cuto (12 Neapolitan squadrons).[13][note 1] Precise numbers are elusive, but there were 12,000 Sardinian troops opposing the Army of Italy in October 1795.[14] The Sardinians were commanded by Colli whose chief of staff wasColonel Joseph Henri Costa de Beauregard.[15]
On 19 June 1795, Kellermann's French army was organized into a strong Right Wing commanded by GDAndré Massena, a Center Division led by GDFrançois Macquard (6,397 men), and a Left Division directed by GDPierre Dominique Garnier (4,367 men). Massena's Right Wing was subdivided into three divisions led by GD François Xavier Jacob Freytag (9,476 men), Massena (5,308 men), and GDJean-Mathieu-Philibert Sérurier (5,148 men). Freytag's division was made up of two large brigades under GBAmédée Emmanuel François Laharpe (4,637 men) and GBJean-Baptiste Cervoni (4,839 men). The troop strength in the Army of Italy's active divisions was 30,696 men.[16]
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Kellermann's new chief of staff was GBLouis-Alexandre Berthier who had been dismissed in July 1793 and only recalled to duty on 14 March 1795. Kellermann'saide-de-camps were his sonFrançois Étienne de Kellermann andAntoine Charles Louis de Lasalle. The Army of Italy's strategic situation was very awkward. It occupied narrow strip of coastline with its back to a sea usually controlled by the BritishRoyal Navy. The army defended a chain of mountainous terrain with its base located on its left flank. Kellermann's two armies facing the Kingdom of Sardinia-Piedmont counted 45,000 effectives, of which 15,000 belonged to the Army of the Alps. Previously, the Sardinians had been weakly supported by their Austrian allies. However, by 1795 the Austrians fielded a full army in the Italian theater. De Vins exercised authority over both the Austrian and Sardinian armies.[17]
The French right flank rested on theLigurian Sea atSavona. From this place, the French defenses stretched west to include the Colle di San Giacomo, Monte Alto, Monte Settepani, andColle del Melogno. The center division of the Army of Italy held the Col de Tende and the upper basin of theRoya River while the left division extended as far asBelvédère. To defend this line, Kellermann ordered fortifications to be constructed. Apparently, this order was carried out except on Massena's sector, so that the commanding general felt it necessary to write on 16 June, "Think once for all, my dear General, that the slightest negligence in war may have the greatest consequence." Massena began seriously fortifying only when the Austrians began massing in front of his positions on 18 June.[18]
The port of Savona belonged to theRepublic of Genoa which was neutral. Kellermann was convinced that the Austrians were going to seize the fortress of Savona, so he ordered GB Laharpe to storm the place. Laharpe and his superior GD Freytag believed that an assault would be repulsed, so a different strategy was tried. Laharpe stationed a French regiment in the suburb of Savona and was given permission by the Genoese fortress commander for French soldiers to take shelter in the covered way if threatened by the Austrians. Laharpe hoped that the Austrians might make a serious attack and thus allow the French to retreat into the fortress itself. In this way, they might gain control of the fortress. On the very early morning of 22 June, the regiment moved close to Savona, but was not attacked, so it returned to its own defenses. Laharpe ordered the regiment's commander to repeat the operation the next day and this time get his soldiers into the covered way. Accordingly, on 23 June the regiment moved close to the fortress and began skirmishing with the Austrians. The French soldiers retreated into the covered way where they were fired on by part of the garrison. Other Genoese fired on the Austrians, who did not press their attack. The French regiment remained in the covered way until 26 June when it was evacuated by sea to Vado. In any case, the Austrians were prevented from seizing Savona's fortress.[19]
On 24 June 1795, de Vins mounted a major assault on the French defenses. From 24–26 June, Laharpe's brigade succeeded in repelling every Austrian attack in the coastal sector. Inland, the Austrians captured Monte Alto and the Colle di San Giacomo from Cervoni's brigade on 25 June, possibly because the French defenses had not been fully constructed. Cervoni's counterattack to recapture the Colle di San Giacomo failed. However, the Austrian soldiers got drunk on alcohol left by the French, panicked, and decamped. This allowed the French to briefly reoccupy the position before abandoning it to the Austrians on 26 June.[20]
Farther west, GMEugène-Guillaume Argenteau and 4,000 troops captured Monte Settepani though the Colle del Melogno defenses proved to be too strong. Kellermann and Massena conferred at Melogno, after which an unsuccessful attempt to recapture Monte Settepani was made. Kellermann then departed forFinale Ligure to meet with his chief of staff Berthier. Massena wished to draw reinforcements from the right flank to recapture Monte Settepani, but Kellermann refused. As historianRamsay Weston Phipps pointed out, the Army of Italy's magazines were on the coast, and if these were captured, it meant the soldiers would starve. Massena pulled troops from his left flank forces and launched an assault on Monte Settepani on the afternoon of 27 June. This was carried out by three columns, one of which was led byAdjutant GeneralBarthélemy Catherine Joubert. The Austrian and Hungarian defenders were fully prepared to receive the attack and a fog confused the French, so that it was repulsed.[21]
On 27 June, Colli's Sardinian troops drove Massena's center division fromMonte Spinarda, which is betweenGaressio andCalizzano. This was the only other Coalition success because Colli's operations were not well-coordinated with de Vins and the French were fully entrenched near the Col de Tende.[22] Kellermann ordered Massena's right wing to withdraw in two phases. The supply dumps at Vado and Finale were evacuated by sea while the one atLoano was also transferred farther west. By 5 July, the French right wing established its new defenses from Borghetto on the coast toMonte Galero[note 2] on the crest of the Ligurian Alps. Massena's two right flank divisions, 14,000 strong, held this line while Sérurier's 6,000-man division guarded the area aroundOrmea. The Army of Italy's center and left divisions held the same positions as before.[23]
Also on 5 July, Sérurier with Massena's left division reported that the Colle dei Termini was partially captured and that his troops might have to retreat. Kellermann quickly called acouncil of war atAlbenga with Massena, Laharpe, Berthier, and others to decide what to do if the Coalition forces seized Ponte di Nava. In that case, the Army of Italy might have to make a deep withdrawal toSanremo orVentimiglia, and contingent orders were drawn up. By some mistake, this message was dispatched to theCommittee of Public Safety, leading that body to distrust Kellermann. In fact, late on 5 July, GB Louis Pelletier's brigade ousted its foes from their foothold, and Sérurier announced that the Colle dei Termini position was saved.[24]
The Coalition allies were exhausted by the fighting. They slowly followed the French withdrawal and immediately fortified their new positions. Kellermann stated that his troops showed "truly Republican courage" and believed that they inflicted more losses on the enemy than they sustained. He declared that he had merely "drawn in" his forces and was miffed that the operation was criticized by some persons as a retreat. The only Coalition trophies were 20 iron guns that the French left behind.[25] Kellermann was not pleased at the way Garnier handled the left division, so he was replaced by Sérurier.[26]
In May 1795, Bonaparte was transferred from his post as chief of artillery of the Army of Italy to command an infantry brigade in theArmy of the West engaged in theWar in the Vendée. Bonaparte had no intention of fighting in a counter-insurgency campaign and sent in his resignation. The French government reacted to its loss of territory in Italy by reappointing Bonaparte to his former rank and assigning him to theBureau Topographique at the War Ministry. From his new post, Bonaparte soon produced a flow of strategic advice for the Army of Italy.[27]
ThePeace of Basel, signed on 22 July 1795, ended theWar of the Pyrenees and released the French troops fighting against theKingdom of Spain. A force of 10,000 troops led by GDÉtienne Charlet, GDPierre Augereau, GB Philippe Romain Ménard, and GB François Gilles Guillot was sent from theArmy of the Eastern Pyrenees. However, local authorities retained many of these soldiers and the Army of Italy received only a fraction of this force, which arrived in October. An earlier batch of soldiers from the Army of the Eastern Pyrenees led by GBClaude Perrin Victor arrived in September. Another contingent of 5,000 infantry and 2,000 cavalry was sent to the Army of Italy from theArmy of the Rhine and Moselle. On 29 September 1795, Kellermann was replaced in command of the Army of Italy by Schérer.[28]