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| Battle of Marj al-Dibaj | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of theMuslim conquest of Syria (Arab–Byzantine wars) | |||||||
| |||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||
| Rashidun Caliphate | Byzantine Empire | ||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||
| Khalid ibn al-Walid | Thomas † | ||||||
| Strength | |||||||
| 4,000 cavalry | Estimated about 10,000[1] | ||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||
| Minimal | Heavy | ||||||
Battle of Marj al-Dibaj (Arabic:معركة مرج الديباج) was fought between theByzantine army, survivors from theconquest of Damascus, and theRashidun Caliphate army in September 634. It was a successful raid after three days of armistice, on theByzantine survivors of the conquest of Damascus.
Damascus was conquered by theRashidun army after a siege lasting about one month, from 21 August to 19 September 634 A.D. It was the first stronghold of theByzantine Empire conquered by Muslims during theMuslim conquest of Syria. The Byzantine commander Thomas, commander in chief and governor of Damascus and son in law ofEmperor Heraclius, after hearing that Muslim troops had entered Damascus at the Eastern gate, wisely tricked the Muslim corps commanders at the other gates by suing for peace. The peace offer then was accepted by them. After the trick was unveiled the Muslim commanders advisedKhalid ibn Walid that the peace agreement should be kept, because if the Romans in Syria heard that the Muslims had given a guarantee of safety and then slaughtered those whose safety had been guaranteed, no other city would ever surrender to the Muslims, and that would make the task of conquering Syria immeasurably more difficult. Khalid was not happy, but he agreed.[2] AGreek Muslim namedJonah suggested Khalid chase the Byzantines after the three days of armistice agreed upon was over. He gave his services to guide Khalid through a short cut route to reach them as soon as possible. According to Muslim chronicles this Greek man Jonah was in love with a girl who was his fiancé and was to be married with him but when the Muslim army launched the siege of the city, the marriage was postponed until peace was restored. Frustrated with the 13-month siege and delayed marriage Jonah came to Khalid and informed him about a weak post on the Wall of Damascus where that night security was to be weak. Khalid with other Muslim warriors climbed up the wall and opened the gates and the Muslim army positioned at the Eastern gate entered the city. Jonah's fiancé on hearing of his conversion toIslam broke the engagement and decided to move with the Byzantines toAntioch. This prompted Jonah once again to go to Khalid. The plan of Jonah was accepted by Khalid: they would launch a pursuit after three days, when the three days grace period was over. The Mobile Guard would dash out in pursuit and go at breakneck speed. On Jonah's suggestion it was decided that all would be dressed like local Arabs, so that any Roman units encountered on the way would mistake them for such and not intercept their movement.
The route taken by theMobile guard is not recorded. It is stated by the historianWaqidi that the Muslims caught up with the convoy a short distance fromAntioch, not far from theMediterranean Sea, on aplateau beyond a range of hills calledJabal Ansariya, in NorthernSyria.
Due to a heavy downpour, theByzantine convoy had dispersed on the plateau, seeking shelter from the weather, while their goods lay all over the place. So many bundles ofbrocade lay scattered on the ground that this plain became known as Marj-ud-Debaj, i.e. theMeadow of Brocade, and for this reason the action described has been named the Battle of Marj-ud-Debaj, or the Battle of Meadow of Brocade.Jonah and other scouts established the location of the convoy without being spotted and they brought back sufficient information for Khalid to plan his attack. Khalid arranged a skillful plan of attacking the Byzantines from four different sides. First a cavalry regiment of 1000 warriors would attack the Byzantines from their rear in the south, subsequently followed by an attack of a cavalry regiment 1000 warriors from the east, north (thereby blocking their retreat toAntioch) and finally from the west to encircle them completely.
It all happened as Khalid had planned. The Byzantines received their first indication of the presence of theMuslim army when a regiment of 1000 cavalry came charging at them from the south, along the road fromDamascus, led by theDhiraar ibn al-Azwar. Half an hour later another cavalry regiment of 1000 warriors led by Raafe bin Umair, appeared from the east and struck the Byzantine's right flank. Within the span of half an hour another cavalry regiment of 1000 warriors led byAbdu'l-Rahman ibn Abu Bakr (Son of CaliphAbu Bakr) from the north, struck the Byzantines at the rear thus blocking their way to retreat north towards Antioch. After about another half an hour later the final Muslim cavalry of 1000 warriors led byKhalid ibn Walid appeared from the west and attacked the Byzantine's left flank. Now the Byzantines were encircled by the Muslim's cavalry. Khalid personally killed Thomas (the son-in-law of Emperor Heraclius)[note 1] in aduel. After further fighting, Roman resistance collapsed. Since the Muslims were too few to completely surround theByzantine army and the fighting had become confused as it increased in violence, thousands of Byzantines were able to escape and make their way to safety. But all the booty and a large number of captives, both male and female, fell to the Muslims. According to a chronicle Jonah found his beloved. He moved towards her to take her by force; but she draw a dagger from the folds of her dress and killed herself. As she lay dying, Jonah sat beside her and swore that he would remain true to the memory of the bride he was not destined to possess, and would not look at another girl. When Khalid learned of this he offered Jonah the daughter ofEmperor Heraclius, the former wife of Thomas who died in the battle that day in a duel with Khalid. Jonah rejected the proposal. Jonah died a few years later in theBattle of Yarmouk.
The historianWaqidi writes that on their way back to Damascus,Emperor Heraclius sent an ambassador to ask Khalid to return his daughter.[note 1] The ambassador gave Khalid the letter from the Emperor which read as follows:[4]
'I have come to know what you have done to my army. You have killed my son-in-law and captured my daughter. You have won and got away safely. I now ask you for my daughter. Either return her to me on payment of ransom or give her to me as a gift, for honour is a strong element in your character.
Khalid said to the ambassador:
Take her as a gift, there shall be no ransom.
The ambassador took the daughter of Heraclius, and returned to Antioch. The return of the Mobile Guard loaded with spoils was greeted with joy by the Muslims at Damascus. The whole operation from pursuit to the return of theMobile guard had taken 10 days.[4] They returned on October 1, 634. Upon his return Khalid was informed of the death ofCaliphAbu Bakr and the succession ofUmar as the new caliph. Umar deposed Khalid from his command and appointedAbu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah as the new commander in chief.
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