| Battle of Madras | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part ofFirst Carnatic War | |||||||
 Surrender of The City of Madras 1746, byJacques François Joseph Swebach-Desfontaines | |||||||
| |||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||
 Nicholas Morse |  Bertrand-François Mahé de La BourdonnaisJoseph François Dupleix | ||||||
| Strength | |||||||
| 300 | |||||||
TheBattle of Madras orFall of Madras took place in September 1746 during theWar of the Austrian Succession when aFrench force attacked and captured the city ofMadras from itsBritish garrison.[1]
French forces occupied Madras until the end of hostilities when it was exchanged for the British conquest ofLouisbourg inNorth America as part of theTreaty of Aix-la-Chapelle. One of the British defenders,Robert Clive made his name by escaping from the French captors and carrying news of the city's fall to his superiors atFort St David.
Since the 1720s the colonial rivalry between Britain and France in India had been growing in intensity. Following the French decision to join theWar of the Austrian Succession on the opposing side to Britain, the British despatched aRoyal Navy squadron under CommodoreCurtis Barnett to raid and harass French settlements in India.[2] During 1745 this force attacked a number of French ships, disrupting commerce, and ruining several leading French merchants.
In response the French despatched a similarly-sized fleet under theBertrand-François Mahé de La Bourdonnais. After fighting an inconclusive battle the two fleets withdrew to repair, with the British retreating toCeylon and the French using their base atPondicherry. Wary of fighting another major naval battle – the British commander,Edward Peyton, chose to stay away from theCoramandel coast and withdrew to the safety ofBengal, leaving the British settlements on the Coramandel badly exposed to the French.[3]
The French Governor of Pondicherry Dupleix authorised an attack onMadras. To gain local Indian approval for this he promised the Nawab of the Carnatic that he would hand over Madras to him once he had captured it from the British.
On 7 September 1746 the inhabitants ofMadras woke to find a French fleet sitting offshore – and an expedition of soldiers being landed on the shore. The French ships opened fire on the town – but with little effect, struggling to find the correct range and by nightfall a large portion of the garrison had been lulled into a false sense of security.[4]
The following morning the French resumed their bombardment from both land and shore, this time with much more accuracy. The fortifications of Madras had been poorly constructed and were largely unable to resist such an attack. As the number of British casualties grew, the morale of the discipline of the troops collapsed. After a direct strike on the liquor stores, a number of soldiers abandoned their posts and drank themselves into a stupor. Civilians from the town took their places manning the defences – but it was clear resistance was collapsing.[5]
On 9 September the Governor ofMadras,Nicholas Morse sued for peace. The terms offered to him by La Bourdonnais were surprisingly generous – the French were to take over the fort and warehouses, but the rest of the town would remain under British control. The British troops who had surrendered would be petitioned. This caused a dispute with his superiorJoseph François Dupleix who favoured total French annexation of Madras. La Bourdonnais insisted on honouring the peace terms – and for a month the peace agreement he had signed held.[6]
However, when a violent storm blew up in October, La Bourdonnais and his fleet were forced to withdraw and sail for the safety ofPondicherry – a third of his ships were lost in the storm and Dupleix was now in full command ofMadras. Dupleix revoked the previously lenient terms and locked up a number of the garrison and civilians. He then set about looting and preparing to destroy Fort St George.[7]
A handful of these prisoners led byRobert Clive, a young clerk, dressed up as natives and managed to slip out of their prison. Once outside they were challenged by real Indians, who spoke to them in languages they didn't understand. Clive and his companions hurried on before they could be exposed. After a three-day journey, made mostly by night, they reachedFort St David hundred miles away carrying news of the disastrous French attack on Madras.[8] The story of Clive's escape was the first to bring him wider attention.
The French occupied the town for the duration of the war. Despite Dupleix's promise earlier to hand the territory over to the Nawab of the Carnatic, Dupleix refused to do so.[9] A force of 10,000 sent by the Nawab to enforce the agreement was routed by a small French force led by Captain Louis Paradis at thebattle of Adyar on 24 October 1746. The French subsequently tried to takeFort St David but found the resistance much tougher, and were ultimately forced to withdraw.
TheTreaty of Aix-la-Chapelle that ended the war made provision forMadras to be returned to the British in exchange forLouisbourg inAcadia which had beencaptured by British forces in 1745.[10] The Frenchbesieged Madras again in 1759, this time without success.
