| Battle of La Favorita | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of theItalian campaign of 1796–1797 during theWar of the First Coalition | |||||||
.jpg) Battle of La Favorita, engraving byCarle Vernet | |||||||
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| Belligerents | |||||||
 French Republic |  Habsburg monarchy | ||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||
| Napoleon BonaparteAndré MassénaClaude Victor-PerrinJean Sérurier | Dagobert Sigmund von WurmserGiovanni Marchese di Provera (POW) | ||||||
| Strength | |||||||
| 28,000 in total[2] | 16,000[2]–19,000[3] | ||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||
| 1,200 killed or wounded[2] | 1,300 killed or wounded 8,700 captured, 40 guns[2] | ||||||
  Battle of La Favorita (Europe) Show map of Europe | |||||||
TheBattle of La Favorita was fought on 15–16 January 1797 between French forces of theArmy of Italy underNapoleon Bonaparte and Austrian troops commanded by Field MarshalDagobert Sigmund von Wurmser and GeneralGiovanni Provera. The engagement took place east ofMantua during the final phase of theItalian campaign of 1796–1797.[1]
The French victory eliminated the last Austrian attempt to relieve Mantua, sealing the fate of the fortress and effectively ending organized Habsburg resistance in northern Italy.
Following a succession of French victories in 1796, Napoleon Bonaparte had expelled Austrian forces from much of northern Italy, forcing theKingdom of Sardinia out of the war and capturingMilan. By late May, French forces had begun the siege of Mantua, the strongest Austrian fortress in the region and a key strategic position controlling access to the Po Valley.
Austrian efforts to relieve Mantua during the summer and autumn of 1796 had failed. Field Marshal Wurmser’s attempts were defeated atCastiglione andBattle of San Giorgio, after which he was forced to retreat into Mantua with a substantial portion of his army. Subsequent relief attempts underJózsef Alvinczi were repulsed atBattle of Arcole and decisively defeated at theBattle of Rivoli in January 1797.[4]
In a final effort to break the siege, the Austrian high command assigned Field MarshalJoseph Alvinczy the task of relieving Mantua.Paul Davidovich was to advance down theAdige valley, while Alvinczy would move through theVeneto.[5] Alvinczy was the first Austrian general to seriously challenge Napoleon: in the engagements atBassano andCaldiero, the Austrians were victorious and came very close to their objective. With one Austrian army in front and another approaching fromRivoli, Napoleon executed a bold maneuver over three days of fighting atArcole, striking at the rear of Alvinczy’s forces in an attempt to cut his lines of communication. On 17 November, the French captured Arcole, sending the Austrians into flight.[6]
Two months later, after reorganizing and preparing for a final offensive, the Austrians divided their forces: Provera and Bajalics were to provide a diversion for Alvinczy, attacking atLegnago andVerona respectively, while Alvinczy advanced down the Adige valley with the bulk of the army.[7] The plan might have succeeded if not for the forces underBarthélemy Joubert, who spotted the Austrian divisions moving toward Rivoli in advance. This gave Napoleon time to arrive in person and coordinate the defenses, routing the Austrian forces once again and capturing a significant number of troops in the following days.[8]
Napoleon barely had time to celebrate: on 14 January, Provera had constructed a bridge atAngiari and advanced toward Mantua with approximately 9,000 men, according toAugereau, who remained to protect the Adige line from attacks coming from the Veneto. Leaving Rivoli in the capable hands of Joubert, Napoleon took the divisions ofMasséna andVictor and raced south to confront Provera before he could coordinate withWurmser’s garrison.[9][10]
Provera had left 2,000 men to defend the bridge, hoping to retreat with Wurmser’s forces along the same route, but they were captured byLannes and Augereau the following day.[11] After destroying the bridge and confirming that no further Austrian reinforcements were approaching, the French generals moved in pursuit of Provera on 15 January, though they did not arrive in time for the battle.[10]
Provera reached Mantua around midday on 15 January and attempted to force entry at San Giorgio, one of the eastern suburbs connected to the city by a bridge over theMincio. He was repulsed by approximately 1,200 French troops under GeneralMiollis, who were entrenched in the village.[12]
Unable to break through, Provera shifted his attack north toward the Cittadella, advancing through the area between the villages of Sant’Antonio and the estate ofVilla La Favorita. French forces under Sérurier, numbering about 7,000 men, initially faced the attack without support. Poor coordination between Provera and Wurmser prevented the Austrians from exploiting their temporary numerical advantage.[12]
During the evening of 15 January, Napoleon and Masséna arrived at Rovabella with approximately 8,000 reinforcements, restoring numerical parity between the opposing forces.[13]
Fighting resumed on 16 January when Provera renewed his assault on La Favorita. French resistance, directed by GeneralAlexandre Dumas, temporarily halted the Austrian advance, though the defenders were eventually forced to abandon their forward positions. Hearing the engagement, Wurmser led a sortie from Mantua in an attempt to strike Sérurier’s forces from the rear.[14]
Napoleon responded by reinforcing Sérurier’s center against Provera while concentrating the remainder of his forces against Wurmser. Victor’s division, newly arrived from Rivoli, drove the Austrian sortie back into Mantua. The French then turned their full strength against Provera. Attacks from San Giorgio by Miollis, combined with pressure from Masséna’s troops, broke the Austrian line. With French forces underPierre Augereau andJean Lannes approaching from Legnago, Provera’s column was surrounded and compelled to surrender by mid-morning.[14][15]
The Battle of La Favorita resulted in a decisive French victory. French losses amounted to approximately 1,200 killed and wounded, while Austrian casualties totaled around 1,300 killed and wounded, with an additional 8,700 men captured from Provera’s force.[2][3]
With Provera’s army destroyed and Alvinczy defeated at Rivoli, Wurmser’s position in Mantua became untenable. After holding out for two more weeks, the Austrian garrison capitulated on 2 February 1797. Wurmser and 700 men were granted the honors of war and permitted to return to Austria, while the remainder of the garrison was taken prisoner.[16]
The fall of Mantua removed Austria’s last major stronghold in northern Italy. Napoleon soon resumed offensive operations, marching south against thePapal States and consolidating French control over the Italian peninsula.[17]
