TheBattle of Kota Bharu began just after midnight on 8 December 1941 (local time) before theattack on Pearl Harbor. It was the first major battle of thePacific War,[11] and was fought between ground forces of theBritish Indian Army and theEmpire of Japan.
Kota Bharu, the capital ofKelantan State on Malaysia's northeast coast, was, in 1941, theRoyal Air Force's (RAF) andRoyal Australian Air Force's (RAAF) base of operations in Northern Malaya. There was an airstrip at Kota Bharu and two more at Gong Kedak and Machang. Japanese losses were significant because of sporadic Australian air attacks,[12] Indiancoastal defences, and artillery fire.[13]
The Japanese invasion plan involved landing troops from the5th Division atPattani andSongkhla onThailand's east coast, and troops from the18th Division atKota Bharu on Malaya's northeast coast. The forces landing in Thailand were to push across to the west coast and invade Malaya through the northwesternstate ofKedah, while the eastern landing force would attack down the east coast from Kota Bharu and into the interior of Malaya.
The British plan for defending against an attack from Thailand into northwestern Malaya was a pre-emptive strike into southern Thailand, known asOperation Krohcol, to take strategically vital positions and delay the enemy attack. The British plan for the defence of the east coast of Malaya consisted of fixed beach defences by theIndian 9th Infantry Division along the northern stretch of coastline and two-thirds of theAustralian 8th Division defending the southern stretch of coastline (the other third was deployed toAmbon,[14]West Timor,[15] andRabaul[16])
The Japanese attack force was drawn from Lieutenant GeneralTomoyuki Yamashita's25th Army. It sailed fromSamah Harbour onHainan Island on 4 December 1941. Additional ships carrying more troops joined the convoy fromSaigon in southernVietnam,French Indochina. An RAAF reconnaissanceLockheed Hudson discovered the Japanese convoy.Admiral Sir Thomas Phillips, the British naval commander, Far East ordered thebattlecruiserHMS Repulse to cancel its trip toDarwin,Australia, and return to Singapore as quickly as possible.[17] The invasion force was spotted again on 7 December by aCatalina flying boat ofNo. 205 Squadron RAF, but the Catalina was shot down by fiveNakajima Ki-27 fighters before it could radio its report to air headquarters in Singapore.[18] Flying Officer Patrick Bedell, commanding the Catalina, and his seven crew members became the first Allied casualties in the war with Japan.[17]
Prior to the invasion the Japanese had recruited a small number of disaffected Malays into afifth column organization called the "Tortoise Society". The Malayan police were aware of the society's existence and had arrested a number of its leaders just prior to the Japanese landings. At Kota Bharu members of the society provided assistance to the invasion army and acted as guides.[19]
Air Marshal SirRobert Brooke-Popham, commanding officer of the British Forces in the Far East, fearing that the Japanese Fleet was trying to provoke a British attack and thus provide anexcuse to go to war,[20] hesitated to launchOperation Matador on 7 December.Matador was the British plan to destroy the invasion force before or during the landing. He decided to delay the operation, at least for the night. Shortly after midnight on 7/8 December, Indian soldiers patrolling the beaches atKota Bharu spotted three large shadows: the transport shipsAwazisan Maru,Ayatosan Maru, andSakura Maru, dropping anchor approximately 3 km (1.6 nmi; 1.9 mi) off the coast. The ships were carrying approximately 5,200 troops of the Takumi Detachment (Major-GeneralHiroshi Takumi, aboardAwazisan Maru). Most of these troops were veterans of the war inChina.[17]
The Japanese invasion force consisted of units from the 18th Division. The assault troops came from the 56th Infantry Regiment (Colonel Yoshio Nasu, aboardSakura Maru), supported by one mountain artillery battery of the 18th Mountain Artillery Regiment (Lieutenant Colonel Katsutoshi Takasu), the 12th Engineer Regiment (Lieutenant Colonel Ichie Fujii), the 18th Division Signal Unit, one company of the 12th Transport Regiment, one company of the 18th Division Medical Unit, and No. 2 Field Hospital of the 18th Division Medical Unit. They were escorted by a fleet (Kota Bharu Invasion Force) under the command of Rear-AdmiralShintaro Hashimoto, consisting of thelight cruiserSendai,destroyersAyanami,Isonami,Shikinami, andUranami,minesweepersNo. 2 andNo. 3, andsubmarine chaserNo. 9.[17]
The invasion began with a bombardment at around 00:30 local time on 8 December (2:00 local time in Tokyo on 8 December, 17:00 GMT on 7 December). The Japanese carrier planes flying towardPearl Harbor were about 50 minutes away from their destination. The attack on Pearl Harbor started at 01:48 Kelantan local time (3:18 Japanese time on 8 December, 18:18 GMT, 7:48 Hawaii time on 7 December). As a result, it is usually referred to as the 7 December attack in the USA. The loading of landing craft began almost as soon as the transports dropped anchor. Rough seas and strong winds hampered the operation and a number of smaller craft capsized.[12] Several Japanese soldiers drowned. Despite these difficulties, by 00:45 the first wave of landing craft was heading for the beach in four lines.[17]
The defending force was the 8th Indian Infantry Brigade (BrigadierB. W. Key) ofIndian 9th Infantry Division (Major GeneralA. E. Barstow), supported by four3.7-inch Mountain Howitzers of the 21st Mountain Battery (IA) (Major J. B. Soper). The 3/17th Bn,Dogra Regiment, under the command of Lieutenant Colonel G.A. Preston,[21] had responsibility for the 10 mi (16 km) stretch of coast which was the chosen landing site. The British fortified the narrow beaches and islands withland mines,barbed wire, andpillboxes. They were supported by the 73rd Field Battery of the 5th Field Regiment,Royal Artillery, deployed adjacent to the nearby airfield.[22] The area defended by the 3/17th Dogras consisted of the narrow beaches of Badang and Sabak at Kota Bharu. The beaches were split by two estuaries that led to the mouth of the Pengkalan Chepa River through a maze of creeks, lagoons and swampy islands, behind which was the Kota Bharu airfield and the main road inland.[23]
The Dogras immediately opened intense fire on the invasion force with artillery and machine guns. By midnight, the first waves of Japanese troops were heading toward the beach front in landing craft. ColonelMasanobu Tsuji wrote in his book about the Malaya Campaign:
The enemy pillboxes, which were well prepared, reacted violently with such heavy force that our men lying on the beach, half in and half out of the water could not raise their heads.[24]
The first and second waves of Japanese soldiers were pinned down by the intense fire from the Dogra's pillboxes and trenches but after vicious hand-to-hand fighting a breach was made in the defences on the south bank of the estuary.[23] On the northern bank the Japanese were pinned down on an island where dawn found them trapped in the open. Allied aircraft from the nearby airfields began attacking the invasion fleet and the soldiers trapped on the island. Japanese casualties in the first and second waves were heavy.[25][page needed] The Japanese managed to get off the beach only after the two pill box positions and supporting trenches were destroyed. Despite their heavy resistance, the Dogras were forced to retreat to their defences in front of the airfield.[21] Brigadier Key brought forward his reserves; the2/12th Frontier Force Regiment and the1/13th Frontier Force Rifles to support the Dogras. At 10:30, Key ordered an attempt to retake the lost beaches with the 2/12th Frontier Force Regiment attacking from the south and the 1/13th Frontier Force Rifles attacking from the north. The fighting on the beaches was heavy with both sides suffering more casualties. The British forces made some progress but were unable to close the breach. In the afternoon, a second attack went in but failed again to close the breach.[23]
The airfield at Kota Bharu had been evacuated and by dusk on 8 December, with very low visibility, and Japanese troops were now able to infiltrate between the British units and with possible threats of landings further south, Brigadier Key asked for permission from Major-General Barstow (9th Division commander) and Lieutenant General Heath (III Corps commander) to withdraw if it became necessary.[23]
No. 1 SquadronRAAF based at RAF Kota Bharu launched 10Lockheed Hudson bombers to attack the Japanese transports, each loaded with four 250 lb (113 kg) bombs. In the 17 sorties flown, they lost two Hudsons shot down and three badly damaged. One Hudson, flown byFlight Lieutenant John Graham Leighton Jones, crashed into a fully laden landing craft after being hit while strafing the beachhead, killing some 60 Japanese soldiers on board. Only five Hudson bombers remained airworthy at the end of the battle.[27]
All three Japanese troopships were significantly damaged, but while theAyatosan Maru andSakura Maru were still able to sail, theAwazisan Maru was left burning and abandoned.[28] The attacks by No. 1 Squadron RAAF killed or wounded at least 110 of its crew.[28] The wreck later sunk on its own or wastorpedoed by the Dutch submarineK XII on 12 December.[29]
Despite the strong defence, Takumi had three full infantry battalions ashore by mid morning of 8 December. Counter attacks launched by Brigadier Key failed and the Japanese took Kota Bharu town on the 9th. After fierce fighting during the night, threatening the airfield, Lt ColArthur Cumming's 2/12th Frontier Force Regiment attempted to hold the airfield and put up a brilliant rearguard action.[30][page needed] Cumming would later receive theVictoria Cross during the fighting atKuantan. Key asked for and was given permission to withdraw from Kota Bharu.[22]
The Japanese claim that the landings at Kota Bharu were some of the most violent of the whole Malayan Campaign.[citation needed] It is estimated that they suffered an estimated 300 killed and 500 wounded.[citation needed]
Imperial Japanese surprise attacks and battles of December 1941 | ||
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