| Battle of Grand-reng | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of theWar of the First Coalition | |||||||
 Flax field in countryside near Grand-Reng in 2007 | |||||||
| |||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||
 Habsburg Austria Dutch Republic |  Republican France | ||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||
| Graf von Kaunitz | Louis CharbonnierJacques Desjardin | ||||||
| Strength | |||||||
| 27,000 | 53,000 | ||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||
| 1,400–2,800 | 3,000–4,000, 12 guns | ||||||
TheBattle of Grand-Reng orBattle of Rouvroi[1] (13 May 1794) saw aRepublican French army jointly commanded byLouis Charbonnier andJacques Desjardin attempt to advance across theSambre River against a combinedHabsburg Austrian andDutch army underFranz Wenzel, Graf von Kaunitz-Rietberg. After winning crossings over the Sambre atThuin andLobbes on the 10th andMerbes-le-Château on the 12th, the French were defeated on 13 May atGrand-Reng and forced to retreat. TheWar of the First Coalition engagement marked the first of five attempts by the French armies to establish themselves on the north bank of the Sambre. Grand-Reng is now part of the village ofErquelinnes,Belgium, lying close to the border withFrance. Rouveroy (Rouvroi) is situated 3.8 kilometres (2.4 mi) north. Grand-Reng is located about 33 kilometres (21 mi) southwest ofCharleroi.
The spring of 1794 saw intense and continual fighting in theAustrian Netherlands between the French and First Coalition armies. While the Coalition army concentrated their main effort in the center againstLandrecies, the French directed their efforts against the flanks. On the eastern flank, the smallArmy of the Ardennes under Charbonnier joined with threeArmy of the North divisions led by Desjardin to threatenMons.
The two French forces failed to cooperate effectively; Desjardin's troops did all the fighting while Charbonnier's soldiers sat idle nearby. After the defeat at Grand-Reng, the French unsuccessfully tried to breach the Coalition defenses atErquelinnes between 20 and 24 May. The French would make three additional attempts to cross the Sambre atGosselies on 3 June andLambusart on 16 June before emerging victorious in the pivotalBattle of Fleurus on 26 June 1794.
After the Coalition success in theSiege of Landrecies in April 1794, French strategy changed. On the left wing of theArmy of the North,Jean-Charles Pichegru with 70,000 troops would captureYpres andTournai. Meanwhile, Jacques Ferrand with 24,000 men would hold the center of the line nearMaubeuge,Avesnes-sur-Helpe andGuise. The right wing of theArmy of the North underJacques Desjardin and theArmy of the Ardennes underLouis Charbonnier with a total of 60,000 men were directed to assemble atPhilippeville. From that town their combined forces would cross theSambre River nearThuin and move northwest towardMons. Pichegru, who commanded theArmy of the North, did not assign a single commander to direct the right wing. HistorianRamsey Weston Phipps noted that Pichegru's failure to ensure unity of command was in "defiance of common sense", all the more so because his own success depended on cooperation between the different wings of his army. In fact, Pichegru usually allowedJoseph Souham andJean Victor Marie Moreau to direct the activities of his left wing.[2]
On 4 May 1794 the Coalition forces were distributed as follows.Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany andFrançois Sébastien Charles Joseph de Croix, Count of Clerfayt commanded 30,000 troops of the right wing, spread fromNieuport toDenain. Overall commanderPrince Josias of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld led the 65,000-strong center with headquarters atLe Cateau-Cambrésis.Franz Wenzel, Graf von Kaunitz-Rietberg directed the 27,000-strong left wing. The extreme left was formed byJohann Peter Beaulieu's 8,000 men atArlon and Ernst Paul Christian von Blankenstein's 9,000 soldiers atTrier. From his headquarters atRouveroy, Kaunitz controlled 34 battalions, 20 companies and 39 squadrons. The bulk of the left wing was nearBettignies with a 2,000-man garrison inCharleroi and an observation force of 5,000 men under Karl von Riese watching the crossings of the Sambre andMeuse Rivers.[3]
Charbonnier had been appointed army commander on 5 February 1794.[4] When Charbonnier received Pichegru's new instructions on 6 May, he held a conference atSilenrieux with hischief of staffJean Victor Tharreau, Desjardin and his chief of staffHenri François Marie Charpentier, Jean Baptiste Augier andFrançois Séverin Marceau-Desgraviers.[5] The group planned to start the offensive on 10 May with Desjardin's corps crossing the Sambre to the west of Thuin. Leaving 5,000 troops to guard thePhilippeville toBeaumont road, Charbonnier's army was to march viaThuillies and cross the Sambre to the east of Thuin. Once across the river, theArmy of the North divisions would move throughMont-Sainte-Geneviève toward Mons. Meanwhile, theArmy of Ardennes would march via Leval (Leval-Trahegnies) while posting a flank guard to the east atFontaine-l'Évêque. Nevertheless, Charbonnier was hesitant about carrying out the plan and Desjardin had to remind his colleague that Pichegru's orders did not leave them any room to back out.[6]
In theArmy of Ardennes, Marceau was given tactical control over his own and Philippe Joseph Jacob's divisions. The two divisions would carry out the main thrust led by an advance guard underJean Hardy.[7] A detachment under Claude Vezú was directed farther east to observe the Le Tombe entrenched camp southwest of Charleroi.[8] The commandant ofMaubeuge, Jean Dominique Favereau met with Desjardin on 6 May and the two arranged forÉloi Laurent Despeaux's division to be shifted to a position betweenCerfontaine andColleret. WhileFrançois Muller's division remained at Maubeuge, Muller himself took command of Desjardin's division.Jacques Fromentin's division marched from Avesnes-sur-Helpe toJeumont, leaving one brigade underAnne Charles Basset Montaigu at Avesnes. At the end of these movements, threeArmy of the North divisions under Desjardin were massed between Maubeuge and Beaumont. On 9 May an advance guard of one cavalry regiment, five infantry battalions and a half company of light artillery was formed and assigned toGuillaume Philibert Duhesme.[9]
With everything in readiness, therepresentatives on missionLouis Antoine de Saint-Just andPhilippe-François-Joseph Le Bas decided that Pichegru had been too hasty in ordering the offensive. They wanted to pause several days in order to improve unit organizations and select commanders that had the confidence of the soldiers. In a conference atLa Capelle on 9 May, Desjardin convinced the two representatives that the army was ready to attack and that it was too late to cancel the orders. The officials reluctantly gave their assent to the military plan and wrote a letter to theCommittee of Public Safety explaining the decision.[10]
The 17,000-strong field force of theArmy of Ardennes had formerly consisted of Jacob's division and Hardy's advance guard. Charbonnier left Jacob's division intact and expanded the advance guard into a division, assigning it to Marceau. In addition a reserve detachment under Claude Vezú was created. The regular elements of Jacob's division were made up of the 26th Light and 172nd Line Infantry Demi Brigades, 2nd and 10th Hussar and 11th Chasseurs à Cheval Regiments. The volunteers were the 1stSarthe, 2nd, 3rd and 8thNord, 2ndFinistère, 2ndNational and 8thPas-de-Calais Battalions.[11]
The regulars in Marceau's division were the 1st Battalion of the 13th Line and the 3rd Battalion of the 9th Light, 16th Light Infantry Battalion, four companies of combined line grenadiers from Vezú's reserve, 5th and 10th Dragoons, 10th Chasseurs à Cheval and three companies of the 23rd Cavalry. The volunteers were the 4thManche and 9thSeine-et-Oise Battalions. Marceau's second-in-command was Jean-Louis Dessaubaz.[11]
Vezú's detachment was subdivided into three units. Formerly under Dessaubaz, the first unit included the 1st and 2nd Battalions of the 9th Line and the 12th Battalion ofFédérés. Formerly underJean Thomas Guillaume Lorge, the second unit comprised the 1stVendée,4th Aisne and 19thNational Volunteer Battalions. The third unit consisted of three companies each of the 23rd Cavalry and 10th Dragoons plus four8-pound cannons and one 6-inchhowitzer.[7]
In a 4 May 1794 return, the 31,736-man force led by Desjardin was organized into three divisions under Generals of Division Muller, Fromentin and Despeaux. Muller's 14,075-strong division was led by brigadiersAndré Poncet and Joseph Léonard Richard and included the 10th Light Infantry Battalion (753), 1st Battalions of the 18th Line (815), 49th Line (996), 68th Line (744) and 89th Line Infantry Demi Brigades (900), 2nd Battalions of the 68th Line (807),Calvados (960),Haut-Rhin (952),Mayenne-et-Loire (854) andNièvre (844), 3rd Battalions of theEure (950) andHaute-Marne (864), 4thChasseurs Francs (340), 5thSomme (789) and 6thOise (936) Battalions, 6th Cavalry (138), 7th Dragoon (459) and 16th Chasseurs à Cheval (285) Regiments, 3rd Artillery Regiment detachment (102) and 15th Light Artillery Company (87).[12]
Fromentin's 10,619-man division was led by brigadiers Duhesme and Guillaume Soland and consisted of the 32nd Light Infantry Battalion (753), 1st Battalions of the 47th Line (870), 56th Line (871),Orne (821) andSaint-Denis (912), 2nd Battalions of theVienne (926) andMeurthe (806), 5thVosges Battalion (899), 10th Battalions of theSeine-et-Oise (926) andParis (892), Gendarmerie (16), 22nd Cavalry (491), 4th Hussar (478) and 12th Chasseurs à Cheval (644) Regiments, 1st Light Artillery Company (91) and an artillery park (98).[12]
Despeaux's 7,042-strong division had Jean-Pierre de Ransonnet as brigadier and was made up of the 1st Battalions of the 17th Line (919), 25th Line (791),Chasseurs de Hainaut (889) andLoiret (783), 3rdMeurthe (865), 4thNord (816), 6thPas-de-Calais (875) and 9thNord (874) Battalions, 1st Squadron of the 6th Cavalry Regiment (127) and detachments from the 3rd (53) and 6th (30) Light Artillery Regiments.[12]
Duhesme's vanguard consisted of the 12th Chasseurs à Cheval, 10th and 32nd Light Infantry, 1stHainaut Chasseur, 2nd Grenadiers and 5thVosges Battalions and a half company of light artillery. Montaigu's 4,741-man brigade from Fromentin's division, which was not engaged, comprised the 1st Battalions of the 19th Line (873) and 45th Line (784), 2nd Battalion of the 74th Line (875), 5thOise (945) and 6thParis (942) Battalions and 34thGendarmes (322).[13]
On 26 March 1794, Kaunitz disposed of the following forces. From theDutch Republic there were 18 infantry battalions and 14 cavalry squadrons. The French Royalist troops included two squadrons each of theBercheny andSaxe Hussar Regiments and four weak companies and four weak squadrons of theBourbon Legion. The Austrian contingent consisted of Infantry RegimentsKlebeck Nr. 14 (two battalions),Hohenlohe Nr. 17 (two battalions),Gemmingen Nr. 21 (two battalions),Ligne Nr. 30 (one battalion),De Vins Nr. 37 (one battalion),Jellacic Nr. 53 (one battalion),Vierset Nr. 58 (three battalions) andSalzburg (one battalion), three grenadier battalions,CarnevilleFreikorps (three companies),Mahony Freikorps (10 companies),Slavonic Freikorps (two companies),KaiserChevau-légers Nr. 1 (two squadrons),Barco Hussars Nr. 35 (eight squadrons) andNassau Nr. 14Cuirassiers (six squadrons). Subordinate generals were Riese, Johann Gottfried Schröder,Adam Bajalics von Bajahaza,Prince Heinrich XV of Reuss-Plauen,Paul Davidovich, Franz Vincenz von Hoditz and Joseph Binder von Degenschild.[14]
Another source listed Kaunitz's forces at Grand-Reng as Infantry RegimentsBeaulieu Nr. 31 (one battalion),Esterhazy Nr. 34 (two battalions) andUlrich Kinsky Nr. 36 (two battalions) plus theBarco andNassau Regiments listed above.[1]
Kaunitz wanted to carry out the orders ofEmperor Francis to seize Beaumont andBoussu-lez-Walcourt, but he believed that he was facing 30,000 Frenchmen. In response to the Austrian general's request for reinforcements, Coburg sent him six battalions and eight squadrons led byFranz von Werneck plus 10 artillery pieces. With this addition of strength, Kaunitz planned to launch an attack on 12 May. In the coming operations, the Coalition would be outnumbered 53,000 to 24,000.[15]
On the evening of 9 May the French marched to their assembly areas in heavy rain. TheArmy of the North divisions camped near Beaumont while Marceau's two divisions bivouacked to the northeast between Ossogne and Cour-sur-Heure. Vezú was at Pry nearWalcourt.[16] Early the next morning the French moved north in seven columns on a front of 20 kilometres (12 mi). From left to right, these were Despeaux moving on Hantes (Hantes-Wihéries), Muller on Valmont (Fontaine-Valmont), Fromentin onLobbes, Duhesme and Hardy converging on Thuin, Jacob onAulne Abbey and Dessaubaz (leading Marceau's division) onMontigny-le-Tilleul.[17] On the 10th, the French closed up to the Sambre. After some brisk clashes, footholds were seized on the north bank by Duhesme's and Hardy's columns at Thuin and by Fromentin's division at Lobbes.[18]
In the evening the Coalition still held the entrenched camps of Hantes, Labuissière and La Tombe Marcinelle. The next day, Charbonnier and Desjardin held acouncil of war near Montigny-le-Tilleul. This is the probable occasion of a bizarre conversation between the two generals.[19] The balloonist and chemist Joseph de Montfort overheard Charbonnier complain that his soldiers were starving in their camps. He wished to cross the Sambre in order to feed his troops. Desjardin agreed but pointed out that it would be a good idea to organize the crossings in proper military fashion. Charbonnier responded as follows.[20]
Do you think so? Good, you arrange things militarily; you take charge of that. For me, I'm going to take charge of eating vegetables and pumping oils. –Louis Charbonnier[20]
The embarrassed balloonist slipped out of the room.[20] On 6 May, tworepresentatives on mission had written to the government that Charbonnier was incompetent and asked that he be replaced by a more experienced officer.[21]
Kaunitz cancelled his 12 May attack plan and sent three columns to hold the line of the Sambre. Three Austrian and two Dutch battalions and theLobkowitz Chevau-légers Nr. 28 under Degenschild were sent toward Lobbes. Davidovich was sent along the southern edge of the Bienne-lez-Hapart Wood while Prince Reuss was directed to the Sambre near Sars-la-Buissière. Franz von Reyniac covered Fontaine-l'Évêque with two battalions and one squadron, while Jean Charles Pierre Hennequin de Fresnel heldMont-sur-Marchienne near Charleroi.[22]
At noon on 11 May, the Austrians attacked Fromentin's leading formations in the Bienne-lez-Hapart Wood, where the main fighting took place during the day. At first, Fromentin's men were forced back almost to the bridge at Lobbes. Duhesme's advance guard, which was advancing north on the Thuin toAnderlues road, turned back when the sounds of battle were heard to its rear.[22] Together, Duhesme and Fromentin cleared the Coalition forces out of the woods after an all-day struggle in a persistent rain that caused many muskets to misfire. Farther to the east Jacob's attack failed. Kaunitz found from prisoners that he was facing 45,000 Frenchmen and elected to withdraw to the heights of Rouveroy.Michael von Kienmayer was detailed to cover the retreat with seven squadrons of theBarco Hussars Nr. 35 and three battalions of grenadiers.[23]
That night French supply convoys caught up and each soldier received two rations of bread and 60 cartridges. Desjardin issued orders for a renewed advance at noon on 12 May. Marceau was to march to Fontaine-l'Évêque while Jacob moved to Mont-Sainte-Geneviève.[24] The columns of Duhesme, Fromentin and Muller were directed to converge on Merbes-le-Château while Despeaux would seize Hantes. On the extreme right, Vezú took position at Montigny-le-Tilleul. Kaunitz massed his forces in three main bodies at Merbes-le-Château, Rouveroy and Péchant (Peissant) while directing Kienmayer to slow the French advance. Faced by as many as 15,000 troops on the eastern flank, Reyniac and Fresnel determined to fall back on Charleroi while delaying their enemies as much as possible.[25]
Charbonnier and representative René Levasseur accompanied Dessaubaz's brigade. This unit occupied Fontaine-l'Évêque without much trouble and began to forage for food. Jacob halted at Mont-Sainte-Geneviève. After some skirmishing, Duhesme and Fromentin pressed back Kienmayer to the west and uncovered the river crossings in front of Muller's division. Under fire, some grenadiers of Muller's 49th Line Infantry swam the Sambre and secured a foothold. Using captured supply barges, Poncet's brigade built a bridge at Labuissière while Richard's brigade crossed at Valmont. With their left flank turned, the Austrians abandoned the camp at Hantes. In the evening the French overran the Merbes-le-Château camp with a bayonet charge. Kienmayer's losses were 150 killed and wounded plus 100 men, one cannon and seven caissons captured. French losses were 1,400 killed, wounded or prisoners and three cannons dismounted. That evening, Despeaux was at Solre-le-Sambre, Muller at Labuissière, Fromentin at the western edge of the Saliermont Woods and Duhesme near theBonne-Espérance Abbey Woods.[26]
That night Desjardin received intelligence that his enemies were being reinforced by 25,000 foot and 5,000 horse, yet he still planned to attack the next day. In fact, the information was wrong and the worried general commanded an army twice the size of his opponents. In the Grand-Reng-Rouveroy position, Kaunitz had only 17,823 Austrians and 4,530 Dutch troops, or a total of 22,353 including 4,357 cavalry. To replace Werneck's division at Bettignies, Prince Coburg reluctantly sentMaximilian Anton Karl, Count Baillet de Latour with six battalions and eight squadrons.[27]
Desjardin planned to send the left divisions under Muller and Despeaux against Grand-Reng, the center division under Fromentin against Rouveroy and Duhesme's advance guard against Péchant on the right. Drawing from all his divisions, Desjardin formed a four-regiment cavalry division including a battery of light artillery and placed it under Soland. Jacob's division was posted at Mont-Sainte-Geneviève and Buvrinnes while Marceau's was baking bread at Fontaine-l'Évêque with Charbonnier and Levasseur. Charbonnier hoped to march on Charleroi within a day if his colleague Desjardin was victorious. From Maubeuge Favereau would mount a diversionary attack onAssevent by a 1,200-man column.[28]
The French moved out at 5:00 AM and occupied lightly held Péchant before continuing toward Croix-lez-Rouveroy. Muller's division advanced toward Grand-Reng with Despeaux following in a second line. Soland's cavalry covered the left flank of the battle line. Kaunitz massed the bulk of his troops on a ridge 800 metres (875 yd) southwest of Rouveroy with a battalion of theUlrich Kinsky Regiment Nr. 36 on the right flank at Grand-Reng. The better part of the numerically and qualitatively superior Austrian cavalry was posted to the northeast between Croix-lez-Rouveroy and Haulchin. Degenschild held the left flank near Binche with four battalions and theLobkowitz Chevau-légers.[29]
On the French left, the divisions of Muller and Despeaux carried some outer defenses east of Grand-Reng, but were unable to capture the village itself. Supported by Soland's cavalry, they attacked three times, making use of heavy skirmish lines, but each time they were repulsed with heavy losses by Coalition artillery fire. Due to the bad condition of the roads, the heavier French cannons were unable to get forward quickly enough to suppress the enemy bombardment. Commanding the right brigade, Poncet particularly distinguished himself during the attacks.[30]
In the center, Fromentin's horse was killed and he was so badly bruised that he turned over his division to Duhesme. The Austrian cavalry attacked near Péchant and cut the 10th Light Infantry to ribbons.[31] The attack on Croix-lez-Rouveroy was repulsed and Fromentin's lines began to crumble in the face of enemy cavalry attacks. Using his best troops, Duhesme covered the withdrawal and prevented a rout. Duhesme's and some of Fromentin's men retreated to the same place that they camped the night before.Michel Ney with a squadron of French hussars struck back and captured a number of Coalition troops.[32]
With Fromentin's troops falling back, the Coalition forces tried to exploit the resulting gap by attacking Muller's exposed right flank. Desjardin committed Soland's cavalry to the fray, but after a successful charge, the horsemen were compelled to rally behind Poncet's brigade. Muller and Despeaux's troops were able to break into Grand-Reng. A sudden charge by Austrian cavalry broke Poncet's 2ndCalvados Battalion but the 49th Line and 2ndMaine-et-Loire held firm. Meanwhile, Werneck's division arrived near the battlefield but was held atVieux-Reng to observe Favereau's 1,200 men atBoussois.[33]
By this time it was 5:00 PM and Kaunitz wanted to win the battle before nightfall. Accordingly, he formed a cavalry force under Kienmayer consisting of theBourbon Legion, one squadron each of theKinsky Chevau-légers Nr. 7 andNassau Cuirassiers Nr. 14 and four squadrons of theBarco Hussars Nr. 35. After an intense artillery bombardment, Kaunitz hurled the horsemen at the French left wing. Having shot away most of their ammunition, the tired and hungry French soldiers began to give way in disorder and Desjardin issued orders to retreat. Probably the onset of darkness prevented a complete rout.[33]
Despeaux's men retreated by the Solre-le-Sambre bridge, Muller's men by the Labuissière and Valmont bridges and some of Fromentin's men by the Lobbes bridge. Duhesme's and the rest of Fromentin's soldiers remained on the north bank[33] until the morning of 14 May, allowing most of the French artillery to escape. Jacob's troops recrossed the Sambre at Thuin and Marceau's at Aulne Abbey. By the evening of 14 May, the French lined the southern bank of the river fromMarpent on the west to Landelies (near Montigny-le-Tilleul) on the east.[34]
The French suffered 4,000 casualties and lost 12 guns.[35][1] Coalition losses amounted to 2,800 killed, wounded and missing.[1] In the combats between 10 and 13 May, Desjardin admitted 3,000 French losses while Kaunitz reported 1,400 losses. Two more casualties were the destruction of Lobbes and Aulne Abbeys. These institutions were ordered to be burned by Saint-Just on the afternoon of the 14th in order to deny the enemy the food that was stored in the buildings. Ironically, both places remained under French control. The abbot of Aulne later described Saint-Just as a "monster with a human face".[36]
Historian Victor Dupuis attributed the French defeat to the inactivity of theArmy of the Ardennes and to Desjardin's mistaken belief that he was outnumbered when he actually had a superiority of 35,000 to 22,000 men over Kaunitz. While Charbonnier was busy baking bread, Desjardin's shoeless and badly-clothed men, lacking heavy artillery and with damp gunpowder were making a frontal attack on a well-organized defensive position covered by the repeated charges of the Austrian cavalry.[37] Duhesme wrote that Jacob's division might have been used to turn the Coalition flank but instead it remained inert.[38]
We were all in our infancy in the military art. –Guillaume Duhesme[37]
Kaunitz tried to exploit his victory by an advance at mid-morning on 15 May. Three columns tried to force their way across the Sambre at Thuin, Lobbes and Labuissière. At the latter place there was a three-hour artillery duel starting at 11:00 AM between Muller's guns and the Coalition artillery. From cover, the French infantry laid down such an effective fire that the opposing foot soldiers were unable to gain a foothold on the south bank. The 68th Line and the 3rdHaute-Marne especially distinguished themselves. Since the long-awaited pontoons never arrived, Kaunitz called off his attack and gave up his plan to reoccupy the Hantes camp. The Coalition corps withdrew into defensive positions. During the affair, five Austrian artillery pieces were dismounted against four French guns put out of action.[38]