Battle of Emmendingen
Part of theWar of the First Coalition
Moreau's troops withdraw through theVal d'Enfer (Valley of Hell)
Date 19 October 1796 Location Emmendingen (now southern Germany) Result Austrian victory
Belligerents
Republican France	Habsburg Austria
Commanders and leaders
Jean Moreau Michel de Beaupuy †	Archduke Charles Wilhelm von Wartensleben †
Strength
32,000 available Unknown number engaged	28,000 available approx. 10,000 engaged
Casualties and losses
1,000 killed and wounded approx. 1,800 captured 2 artillery pieces	1,000 killed or wounded

At theBattle of Emmendingen, on 19 October 1796, the FrenchArmy of Rhin-et-Moselle underJean Victor Marie Moreau fought theFirst Coalition Army of the Upper Rhine commanded byArchduke Charles, Duke of Teschen.Emmendingen is located on theElz River inBaden-Württemberg, Germany, 9 miles (14 km) north ofFreiburg im Breisgau. The action occurred during theWar of the First Coalition, the first phase of the largerFrench Revolutionary Wars.

After a summer of parrying between the two sides, the French were already withdrawing through theBlack Forest to theRhine. In close pursuit, the Austrians forced the French commander to split his force so he could cross the Rhine at three points via the bridges atKehl,Breisach, andHüningen. By mid-September, though, the Austrians controlled the approaches to the crossings at Breisach and Kehl. Moreau still wanted half his army to approach the Austrians at Kehl. The rugged terrain at Emmendingen complicated fighting, making it possible for the Habsburg force to snipe at the French troops, and to block any passage toward Kehl; rainy and cold weather further hampered the efforts of both sides, turning streams and rivulets into rushing torrents of water, and making roadways slippery. The fighting was fierce; two generals died in the battle, one from each side.

Habsburg success at Emmendingen forced the French to abandon their plans for a three-pronged, or even a two-pronged, withdrawal. The French continued their retreat through the Black Forest mountain towns to the south, where the armies fought theBattle of Schliengen five days later.

Initially, the rulers of Europe viewed theFrench Revolution as a dispute between the French king and his subjects, and not something in which they should interfere. As revolutionary rhetoric grew more strident, they declared the interest of the monarchs of Europe as one with the interests ofLouis XVI and his family; thisDeclaration of Pillnitz (27 August 1791) threatened ambiguous, but quite serious, consequences if anything should happen to the royal family. The position of the revolutionaries became increasingly difficult. Compounding their problems in international relations, French émigrés continued to agitate for support of a counter-revolution. Finally, on 20 April 1792, theFrench National Convention declared war on Austria. In thisWar of the First Coalition (1792–1798), France ranged itself against most of the European states sharing land or water borders with her, plusPortugal and theOttoman Empire.^[1] Despite some victories in 1792, by early 1793, France was in crisis: French forces had been pushed out of Belgium, the French king had just been executed, and there wasrevolt in the Vendée over conscription and widespread resentment of theCivil Constitution of the Clergy. The armies of the French Republic were in a state of disruption; the problems became even more acute following the introduction of mass conscription, thelevée en masse, which saturated an already distressed army with thousands of illiterate, untrained men.^[2] For the French, theRhine Campaign of 1795 proved especially disastrous, although they had achieved some success in other theaters of war, including theWar of the Pyrenees (1793–1795).^[1]

The armies of theFirst Coalition included the imperial contingents and the infantry and cavalry of the various states, amounting to about 125,000 (including three autonomous corps), a sizable force by eighteenth century standards but a moderate force by the standards of the Revolutionary and Napoleonic wars. In total, the commander-in-chief Archduke Charles' troops stretched from Switzerland to theNorth Sea andDagobert Sigmund von Wurmser's, from the Swiss-Italian border to the Adriatic.Habsburg troops made up the bulk of the army, but the "thin white line"^[3] of Coalition infantry could not cover the territory fromBasel toFrankfurt with sufficient depth to resist the pressure of their opponents.^{[Note 1]} Compared to French coverage, Charles had half the number of troops to cover a 340-kilometer (340,000 m) front that stretched fromRenchen near Basel toBingen. Furthermore, he had concentrated the bulk of his force, commanded byCount Baillet Latour, betweenKarlsruhe andDarmstadt, where the confluence of the Rhine and theMain made an attack most likely; the rivers offered a gateway into eastern German states and ultimately to Vienna, with good bridges crossing a relatively well-defined river bank. To his north,Wilhelm von Wartensleben's autonomous corps^{[Note 2]} covered the line between Mainz andGiessen. The Austrian army consisted of professionals, many brought from the border regions in the Balkans, and conscripts drafted from theImperial Circles.^{[6][Note 3]}

In January 1796, the French and the members of the First Coalition called a truce, ending the Rhine Campaign of 1795; they understood it was temporary.^[8] This agreement lasted until 20 May 1796, when the Austrians announced that it would end on 31 May.^[9] The Coalition's Army of the Lower Rhine included 90,000 troops, mostly Habsburg andReichsarmee (Imperial) troops mustered from the states of theHoly Roman Empire. The 20,000-man right wing underDuke Ferdinand Frederick Augustus of Württemberg stood on the east bank of the Rhine behind theSieg River, observing the French bridgehead atDüsseldorf. The garrisons ofMainz Fortress andEhrenbreitstein Fortress counted 10,000 more. Charles posted the remainder of the Habsburg and Coalition force on the west bank behind the Nahe.^{[Note 4]} Dagobert Sigmund von Wurmser led the 80,000-strong Army of the Upper Rhine. Its right wing occupiedKaiserslautern on the west bank, and the left wing underAnton Sztáray,Michael von Fröhlich andLouis Joseph, Prince of Condé guarded the Rhine fromMannheim toSwitzerland. The original Coalition strategy was to captureTrier and to use the position on the west bank to strike at each of the French armies in turn. However, news arrived in Vienna of Bonaparte's successes. Reconsidering the situation, theAulic Council gave Archduke Charles command over both Austrian armies and ordered him to hold his ground and sent Wurmser to Italy with 25,000 reinforcements. The loss of Wurmser and his troops weakened the Coalition force considerably.^[8]

On the French side, the 80,000-man Army of Sambre-et-Meuse held the west bank of the Rhine down to theNahe and then southwest toSankt Wendel. On the army's left flank,Jean-Baptiste Kléber had 22,000 troops in an entrenched camp at Düsseldorf. The right wing of theArmy of Rhin-et-Moselle was positioned behind the Rhine from Hüningen northward, its center was along theQueich River nearLandau and its left wing extended west towardSaarbrücken.^[8]Pierre Marie Barthélemy Ferino led Moreau's right wing,Louis Desaix commanded the center andLaurent Gouvion Saint-Cyr directed the left wing. Ferino's wing consisted of three infantry and cavalry divisions underFrançois Antoine Louis Bourcier andHenri François Delaborde. Desaix's command counted three divisions led byMichel de Beaupuy,Antoine Guillaume Delmas andCharles Antoine Xaintrailles. Saint-Cyr's wing had two divisions commanded byGuillaume Philibert Duhesme, andTaponier.^[11]

The French grand plan called for two French armies to press against the flanks of the northern armies in the German states while simultaneously a third army approached Vienna through Italy. Jourdan's army would push southeast from Düsseldorf, intending to draw troops and attention toward themselves, which would allow Moreau's army an easier crossing of the Rhine betweenKehl andHüningen. According to plan, Jourdan's army feinted toward Mannheim, and Charles quickly reapportioned his troops. Moreau's army attacked the bridgehead at Kehl, which was guarded by 7,000 imperial troops—troops recruited that spring from theSwabian circle polities, inexperienced and untrained—which amazingly held the bridgehead for several hours, but then retreated towardRastatt. On June 23–24, Moreaureinforced the bridgehead with his forward guard. After pushing the imperial militia from their post on the bridgehead, his troops poured into Baden unhindered. Similarly, in the south, by Basel, Ferino's column moved speedily across the river and proceeded up the Rhine along the Swiss and German shoreline, towardLake Constance and into the southern end of theBlack Forest. Anxious that his supply lines would be overextended, Charles began a retreat to the east.^[12]

At this point, the inherent jealousies and competition between generals came into play. Moreau could have joined up with Jourdan's army in the north, but did not; he proceeded eastward, pushing Charles into Bavaria. Jourdan also moved eastward, pushing Wartensleben's autonomous corps into the Ernestine duchies, and neither general seemed willing to unite his flank with his compatriot's.^[13] There followed a summer of strategic retreats, flanking, and reflanking maneuvers. On either side, the union of two armies—Wartensleben's with Charles' or Jourdan's with Moreau's—could have crushed the opposition.^[14] Wartensleben and Charles united first, and the tide turned against the French. With 25,000 of his best troops, the Archduke crossed to the north bank of theDanube atRegensburg and moved north to join his colleague Wartensleben. The defeat of Jourdan's army at the battles ofAmberg,Würzburg andAltenkirchen allowed Charles to move more troops to the south. The next contact occurred on 19 October at Emmendingen.^[15]

Emmendingen lies in theElz valley, which winds through the Black Forest. The Elz creates a series ofhanging valleys which challenge the passage of large bodies of troops; the rainy weather further complicated the passage through the Elz valley. The area aroundRiegel am Kaiserstuhl is noted for itsloess and narrow transition points, which greatly influenced the battle.^[15]

The better part of the French army debouched through the Höll valley. Desaix's left wing included the nine battalions and 12 squadrons of the Division St. Suzanne by Riegel, straddling both shores of the Elz. To the right, betweenMalterdingen and Emmendingen, Beaupuy commanded a division of 12 battalions and 12 squadrons. Further to the right, by Emmendingen itself, and in the heights by Heimbach, stood Saint-Cyr; around this stretched the Duhesme's Division (12 battalions and eight squadrons). Further to the right of these, in the Elz valley by Waldkirch stood Ambert's division and the Girard brigade; byZähringen, about a mile away, Lecourbe's brigade stood in reserve, and, stretching northward from there, a mounted division of 14,000 roamed the vicinity of Holzhausen (nowadays part ofMarch, Breisgau). These positions created a line about 3 mi (5 km) long. On the far side of Lecorbe's brigade stood Ferino's 15 battalions and 16 squadrons, but these were well to the south and east ofFreiburg im Breisgau, still tramping through the mountains. Everyone had been hampered by heavy rains; the ground was soft and slippery, and both the Rhine and Elz rivers had flooded, as had the many tributaries. This increased the hazards of mounted attack, because the horses could not get a good footing.^[16]

Against this stood the Archduke's force. Upon reaching a few miles of Emmendingen, the Archduke split his force into four columns. Column Nauendorf, in the upper Elz, had eight battalions and 14 squadrons, advancing southwest to Waldkirch; Wartensleben had 12 battalions and 23 squadrons advancing south to capture the Elz bridge at Emmendingen. Latour, with 6,000 men, was to cross the foothills via Heimbach and Malterdingen, and capture the bridge of Köndringen, between Riegel and Emmendingen, and columnFürstenberg held Kinzingen, about 2 mi (3.2 km) north of Riegel. Frölich and Condé (part of Nauendorf's column) were instructed to pin down Ferino and the French right wing in the Stieg valley.^[16]

The first to arrive at Emmindingen, the French secured the high point at Waldkirch, which commanded the neighboring valleys; it was considered, at the time, a maxim of military tactics, that command of the mountains gave control of the valleys. By 19 October, the armies faced each other, on the banks of the Elz from Waldkirch to Emmendingen. By then, Moreau knew he could not proceed to Kehl along the right bank of the Rhine, so he decided to cross the Rhine further north, atBreisach. The bridge there was small, though, and his whole army could not pass over without causing a bottleneck, so he sent only the left wing, commanded by Desaix, to cross there.^[17]

At dawn, Saint-Cyr (French right) advanced along the Elz valley. Nauendorf prepared to move his Habsburg forces down the valley. Seeing this, Saint-Cyr sent a small column across the mountains to the east of the main valley, to the village of Simonswald, located in aside valley. He instructed them to attack Nauendorf's left, and to force him to withdraw from Bleibach. Anticipating this, though, Nauendorf had already posted units on the heights along the Elz valley, from which Austrian shooters ambushed Saint-Cyr's men. On the other side of the Elz valley, more Habsburg gunmen reachedKollnau, which overlooked Waldkirch, and from there they could fire down on the French force. The fighting was swift and furious. The superior Austrian positions forced Saint-Cyr to cancel his advance on Bleibach and withdraw to Waldkirch; even there, though, Nauendorf's men continued to harass him, and Saint-Cyr retreated another 2 mi (3 km) to the relative safety of Denzlingen.^[17]

The fighting went no better for the French on their left. Decaen's advanced guard proceeded forward, albeit cautiously. Austrian marksmen fired down upon the column, and Decaen fell from his horse, injured. Beaupuy took Decaen's place with the advance guard.^[18] At midday, Latour abandoned his customary caution and sent two columns to attack Beaupuy between Malterdingen andHöllental (Val d'Enfer), resulting in a fierce firefight. After giving an order to retreat along the Elz, Beaupuy was killed and his division did not receive an order to retreat, causing additional losses for the French.^[19]

In the center, French riflemen posted in theLandeck wood, 2 mi (3 km) north of Emmendingen, held up two of Wartensleben's detachments while his third struggled over muddy, nearly impassable, roads. Wartensleben's men needed all day to fight their way to Emmendingen, and during the shooting, Wartensleben's left arm was shattered by a musket ball. Finally, late in the day, Wartensleben's third column arrived and threatened to outflank the French right; the French retreated across the Elz river, destroying the bridges behind them.^[20]

At the close of the day's fighting, Moreau's force stood in a precarious position. Left to right, the French were stretched along a jagged, broken line of about 8 mi (13 km). Decaen's division stood at Riegel andEndingen, at the north-eastern corner of the Kaiserstuhl, no longer of any assistance to the bulk of Moreau's force; Moreau had also lost an energetic and promising officer in Beaupuy. On the right, Saint-Cyr's division stood behindDenzlingen, and the left stretched toUnterreute, a thin line also separated from the center, at Nimburg (near Tenningen and Landeck), halfway between Riegel and Unterreute. The French line faced north-east towards the Austrians; despite Habsburg successes throughout the day, the Coalition forces were unable to flank the French line, and the French consequently were able to withdraw in reasonably good order to the south.^[20]

Both sides lost a general: Wartensleben was shot with a musket ball and died of his wounds (eighteen months later in Vienna)^[21] and General of Division Michel de Beaupuy was hit by a cannonball and died immediately.^[22] Out of approximately 32,000 troops who could have participated, the French lost 1,000 killed and wounded, and close to 1,800 captured, plus the loss of two artillery pieces. The Austrians sent 10,000 out of 28,000 troops available (36%), and lost about 1,000 killed, wounded or missing (10%). Smith estimates the French troop count based on united count of Ferino and Moreau at theBattle of Schliengen, four days later.^[23]

The only way to reacquire the crossing at Kehl, Moreau needed to send a sizeable force againstFranz Petrasch, who had held the approaches sinceSeptember, and this force was no longer available after Emmendingen. By controlling the eastern access to the Kehl/Strasbourg crossing, Petrasch forced Moreau to march south; any retreat into France would have to occur via the bridges at Hüningen, a longer march, not at Kehl and Strasbourg.^[24]

The lack of bridges did not slow the Coalition's pursuit. The Coalition forces repaired the bridges by Malterdingen, and moved on Moreau at Freiburg im Breisgau within 24 hours. On 20 October, Moreau's army of 20,000 united south of Freiburg with Ferino's column. Ferino's force was smaller than Moreau had hoped, bringing the total of the combined French force to about 32,000. Charles' combined forces of 24,000 closely followed Moreau's rear guard from Freiburg, southwest, to a line of hills stretching betweenKandern and the Rhine.^[24] Skirting the mountain towns, Moreau next engaged the Archduke at the Battle of Schliengen.^{[23][Note 5]}

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• 1796 in France
• Emmendingen (district)
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• Military history of Baden-Württemberg
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