| Battle of El Tor | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part ofOttoman–Portuguese conflicts (1538–1559) | |||||||
_-_btv1b8592964f.jpg) 16th century Portuguese sketch ofToro | |||||||
| |||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||
.svg) Portuguese Empire |  Ottoman Empire | ||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||
| Unknown | ||||||
| Strength | |||||||
| 255 soldiers[1] 17 oarships | 200 horsemen[2] | ||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||
| 3 wounded[3] | Over 20 dead[3] | ||||||
TheBattle of El Tor was a military engagement that took place in 1541, between Portuguese forces under the command of the Governor of India DomEstevão da Gama and those of the Ottoman Empire then in the city ofEl Tor, on theSinai Peninsula. The Turks were driven from the city, but at the request of Christian monks from theMonastery of Saint Catherine the Portuguese spared the city from being plundered, and celebrated a mass and a knighting ceremony therein.
It is among the most celebrated episodes of the history of Portugal, and considered one of the greatest achievements of chivalry of history; the event was later celebrated across Europe.[4]
In 1538, the Ottoman Empire had sailed a large armada toIndia andsieged the Portuguese fortress of Diu inGujarat, but failing to take it, returned toEgypt. Two years later, the Portuguese Governor of India Dom Estevão da Gama assembled a fleet of 80 ships to undertake a retaliatory campaign against the Ottomans within theRed Sea, as far asSuez. Along the way they called atMassawa,sacked Suakin and Qoseir before they headed towards El Tor, on the west coast of theSinai Peninsula. Most of the Portuguese fleet was ordered to return after Suakin loaded with spoil while Dom Estevão proceeded with a small strike force.[1]
Aware that there were Christians residing at El Tor, Dom Estevão sought to capture the town and obtain information regarding Ottoman forces at the port of Suez.
As the Portuguese approached the beaches on boats seeking to land, they were confronted by a squadron of 200 mounted Turkish gunners that appeared from the city, shouting and flying white and green banners.[3] The Portuguese came under fire immediately upon approaching the shore, but Dom Cristóvão pressed on and ordered a volley ofarquebus fire that killed 20 and forced the rest to retreat.[3] He then landed with a squadron of Portuguese infantry, and pressed on to the city, which was breached, causing the remaining garrison and most inhabitants to abandon the settlement.[2] As Portuguese were about to sack it, thefidalgo Tristão de Ataíde at the head of a squadron of infantry was confronted by two Greek monks, who pleaded with the Portuguese to spare the city. The monks were taken to Dom Estevão, who received them with tears of joy and ordered that fighting cease immediately.[5]
With the attack halted, the Portuguese were led into the church of a Christian monastery at El Tor in a procession, at the sound of psalms that the friars sung "in their fashion", the Portuguese taking a banner with theCross of the Order of Christ.[3] They were met at the door by twelve other monks who bore a wooden cross inlaid in silver.[3] Among other things, the monks were given by the Portuguese commander a banner made in white and green damask, bearing a Cross of the Order of Christ on one side and the arms of Portugal on the other.[3]
The novelty of the campaign, and the strangeness of the land and place, and the neighborhood of the glorious Virgin and Martyr Catherine thus led most of thefidalgos present to ask the Governor the honor and order of knighthood, which is usually asked under circumstances of great risk and renown; because in truth this was one of them.
— Luiz de Sousa inAnais de El-Rei Dom João III[2]
The ceremony was undertaken in the chapel of the monastery at El Tor. Among the knighted was DomLuís de Ataíde, who would travel to theHoly Roman Empire and fight with distinction in the service ofEmperor Charles V at theBattle of Muhlberg, and later serve as Viceroy of India.[6]
Governor Estevão da Gama would die in 1576 at the age of 71 or 72, and upon his tomb an epitaph was engraved that stated: "Here lies Dom Estevão da Gama, who armed knights at the foot of Mount Sinai".[7]