Battle of Castlehaven
Part of theNine Years' War andAnglo-Spanish War
Present-day view of Castlehaven Bay
Date 6 December 1601 Location Bay offCastlehaven,County Cork 51°30′45″N9°10′35″W / 51.512375°N 9.176331°W /51.512375; -9.176331 Result English victory[1][2][3]
Belligerents
England	Spain Irish Alliance
Commanders and leaders
Richard Leveson	Pedro de Zubiaur
Strength
4 warships 2 merchantman[4]	6 ships Numerous shore batteries
Casualties and losses
150 casualties[5][6]	2 ships sunk,[4] 4 driven ashore[3] 200 killed or wounded, 50 captured[5]

TheBattle of Castlehaven was a naval battle that took place on 6 December 1601 in the bay offCastlehaven on the south coast ofIreland during theNine Years' War during the4th Spanish Armada between a Spanish naval convoy of six ships and an English fleet, commanded by AdmiralRichard Leveson and consisting of four warships. The Spanish convoy was protected by fortified positions on shore, a castle, and 600 Spanish and Irish footmen. Five out of six Spanish ships, commanded by GeneralPedro de Zubiaur were either sunk, captured, or run aground in the battle, while the English fleet lost no ships.^[5][7]

On 23 September 1601, a Spanish Fleet under DonJuan del Águila arrived inKinsale harbour. Zubiaur with six ships became separated from the main fleet. Eventually Zubiar arrived with a total force of 2000 men near Castlehaven on 1 December. At that time Castlehaven Castle was held by the O'Driscoll clan and they welcomed the Spanish. On 2 December, a day after the Spanish arrived in Castlehaven,Lord Mountjoy was informed that six Spanish ships had entered the harbour of Castlehaven. On 4 December, Mountjoy received confirmation of the story. The danger posed by the Spaniards’ arrival was immediately realized, and Mountjoy took immediate steps to strengthen English defences.^[7] The commander of the English naval forces at Kinsale, Admiral Leveson, was ordered to "seeke the Spanish fleete at Castlehaven, to take them if he could, or otherwise to distresse them as much as he might."^[8] Leveson then left his vice-admiral Preston to guard Kinsale harbour and took the rest of the fleet heavily armed to Castlehaven.^[9]

Leveson had with him four naval vessels,Warspite,Defiance,Swiftsure, andMerlin, as well as amerchantman and acaravel. The following day, the wind was blowing inland, thereby preventing the English ships from leaving. Leveson had his vessels towed out of Kinsale harbour, and he then set off for Castlehaven.^[10]

At 10 o’clock the next morning, 6 December, Leveson’s fleet arrived off Castlehaven. Zubiaur however was ready for them with an eight-gun battery at the mouth of the harbour. A Captain Fleming commanding the 10-gunMerlin rowed through Spanish fire to make a channel for the 518-tonWarspite to follow.^[7] A heavy pounding from the Spanish shore batteries and the vessels ensued which Leveson said ‘much annoyed’ him.^[8] From then until four o’clock that afternoon the two sides battled. Zubiaur's flagshipgalleonMaria Francesca was sunk with most hands.^[2] Another 200-ton vesselCisno Camello was holed below the waterline and soon began to sink, and settled in shallow water.^[11] A French hire ship used for supplies was according to Leveson reduced tomatchwood.^[10] Two more Spanish vessels were pounded until their crews forced them onto the rocks after sustaining continuous fire particularly from the big galleonsDefiance andWarspite.^[5][12] Finally a Spanish merchant was boarded and captured and was found to have wheat and biscuits before being abandoned and it too being driven aground.^[1]

The Spanish were now being reinforced by more Irish foot men.^[3] Leveson's ships were running low on ammunition as they were continually returning fire.^[7] With all but one of the Spanish vessels neutralized, and with the wind blowing onshore, Leveson managed to withdraw his ships, being towed out under fire from the remaining shore batteries.^{[2][nb 1]}

The english fleet had suffered moderate damage.^{[nb 2]} Most of the time Leveson had to tow his ships to Kinsale as the wind never seemed to be in his favour. After returning,Warpsite was found to have nearly 209 cannonballs struck according to the ship's surgeon William Farmer.^[10]

Leveson had achieved a victory, neutralising Zubiaur’s naval potential.^[4][7][9] He would assist in Mountjoy'ssiege of Kinsale. He closed off the bay and blockaded it from the sea which was crucial to the English victory there.^{[nb 3]} The Spanish garrison at Castlehaven was now cut off but distributed themselves around the area at Baltimore (Donneshed Castle), but these soon surrendered when news of the defeat at Kinsale came through.^[4] Pedro De Zubiaur made his way back to Spain and was arrested for his responsibilities but later released.^[13]

• Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)
• Nine Years' War (Ireland)
• Siege of Kinsale

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• Childs, David (2014).Pirate Nation: Elizabeth I and her Royal Sea Rovers. Seaforth.ISBN 978-1-84832-294-3.
• Colm, Lennon (1995).Sixteenth Century Ireland — The Incomplete Conquest. Dublin: Gill & Macmillan Ltd.ISBN 0-312-12462-7.
• Ekin, Des (2014).The Last Armada: Siege of 100 Days: Kinsale 1601. O'Brien Press.ISBN 978-1-84717-699-8.
• McGurk, John (2009).The Elizabethan Conquest of Ireland: The 1590s Crisis.Manchester University Press.ISBN 978-0-7190-8051-7.
• Silke, John J (2000).Kinsale: the Spanish intervention in Ireland at the end of the Elizabethan war. Liverpool University Press.ISBN 978-1-85182-551-6.
• Thomas, Stafford (1896).A history of the wars in Ireland, during the reign of Queen Elizabeth Vol. II. Downy.ISBN 1-170-31027-3.{{cite book}}:ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
• Graham, Winston (2013).The Spanish Armadas. Pan Macmillan.ISBN 978-1-4472-5684-7.

• Conflicts in 1601
• 1601 in Ireland
• Battles of the Nine Years' War (Ireland)
• Naval battles involving Spain
• Naval battles involving England
• History of County Cork
• Naval battles of the Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)
• 1601 in the British Empire

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