Battle of Baltimore
Part of theWar of 1812
The bombardment of Fort McHenry by the British, engraving by John Bower[1]
Date September 12–14, 1814 Location Baltimore,Maryland 39°15′48″N76°34′47″W / 39.26333°N 76.57972°W /39.26333; -76.57972 Result American victory
Belligerents
United States	United Kingdom
Commanders and leaders
Samuel Smith John Stricker George Armistead	Robert Ross † Alexander Cochrane Arthur Brooke
Strength
North Point: 3,200infantrymilitia Hampstead Hill 10,000 regulars 2,000–5,000 infantry militia, 100+guns Fort McHenry: 1,000 infantry militia 20 artillery pieces[2] Additional defense: 8,000 militia 150 artillery pieces Total: 22,000–25,000	Land: 5,000 infantry Sea: 19warships[3] Detachment of Chasseurs Britanniques at least a company
Casualties and losses
North Point & Hampstead Hill: 24 killed, 139 wounded, 50 captured Fort McHenry: 4 killed, 24 wounded Total: 28 killed, 163 wounded, 50 captured[4]	North Point & Hampstead Hill: 39–46 killed, 251–295 wounded[5][6][7] Fort McHenry: 1 wounded[8] Total: 39–46 killed, 252–296 wounded

TheBattle of Baltimore took place between British and American forces on September 12–14, 1814, during theWar of 1812. Defending American forces repulsed sea and land invasions off the busy port city ofBaltimore, Maryland, by British forces.

The British and Americans first met at theBattle of North Point.^[9] Though the Americans were defeated and forced to retreat, the battle was a successful delaying action that inflicted significant casualties on the British, halted their advance, and allowed the defenders at Baltimore to prepare for an attack.

The resistance of Baltimore'sFort McHenry during bombardment by theRoyal Navy inspiredFrancis Scott Key to compose the poem "Defence of Fort M'Henry", which later became the lyrics for "The Star-Spangled Banner," the national anthem of the United States.

Future U.S. presidentJames Buchanan served as a private in the defense of Baltimore.

Until April 1814,Great Britain was atwar against Napoleonic France, which limited British war aims in North America. Meanwhile, the British primarily used a defensive strategy and repelled American invasions of the Provinces ofUpper andLower Canada. The Americans gained naval control overLake Erie in 1813 and seized parts of western Lower Canada. In theMississippi Territory, in an area in modern centralAlabama, GeneralAndrew Jackson destroyed the military strength of theCreek nation at theBattle of Horseshoe Bend in 1814.^[10][11]

Although Great Britain was unwilling to draw military forces from the war with France, it still enjoyed a naval superiority on the ocean, and vessels ofNorth America and West Indies Squadron, based atBermuda,blockaded American ports on the Atlantic coast throughout the war, strangling the American economy. Initially, the northeastern ports were spared this blockade as public sentiments in New York andNew England were against the war.^[12] TheRoyal Navy andRoyal Marines also occupied American coastal islands and landed military forces for raids along the coast, especially around theChesapeake Bay, encouragingenslaved Blacks to defect to the Great Britain and recruiting them into theCorps of Colonial Marines.^[13][14][15]

Following the defeat ofNapoleon in early 1814, the British adopted a more aggressive strategy, intended to compel the United States to negotiate a peace that restored the pre-warstatus quo. Thousands of seasoned British soldiers were deployed toBritish North America. Most went to the Canadas to re-enforce the defenders. TheBritish Army, Canadianmilitias, and theirFirst Nations allies drove the American invaders back into the United States. Without naval control of theGreat Lakes they were unable to receive supplies, resulting in the British failure to capturePlattsburgh in theSecond Battle of Lake Champlain and their withdrawal from US territory.^[16]

Abrigade under the command ofMajor GeneralRobert Ross was sent in early July with several naval vessels to join the forces already operating from Bermuda. The combined forces were to be used for diversionary raids along the Atlantic coast, intended to force the Americans to withdraw forces from Canada. Some historians claim that they were under orders not to carry out any extended operations and were restricted to targets on the coast.^[16]

However, the British had launched three major operations targeting the three largest ports of the United States at Baltimore, New York City, viaLake Champlain and theHudson River, andNew Orleans from August 1814 to February 1815. Each of these three expeditions had over 10,000 British Army troops, many of them the best soldiers and officers from thePeninsular War, so they were not just minor diversionary raids. Britain had already captured most of modern-dayMaine and re-established theCrown colony ofNew Ireland in September 1814.^[17]

An ambitious raid was planned as the result of a letter sent to Bermuda on June 2 by SirGeorge Prévost,Governor General ofThe Canadas, who called for retaliation in response to the "wanton destruction of private property along the north shores of Lake Erie" by American forces under Colonel John Campbell in May, the most notable being theRaid on Port Dover.^[18] Prévost argued that,

... in consequence of the late disgraceful conduct of the American troops in the wanton destruction of private property on the north shores of Lake Erie, in order that if the war with the United States continues you may, should you judge it advisable, assist in inflicting that measure of retaliation which shall deter the enemy from a repetition of similar outrages.^[18]

The letter was considered by Ross and Vice-Admiral SirAlexander Cochrane, who had replaced SirJohn Borlase Warren earlier that year as the Commander-in-Chief of theNorth America and West Indies Station of the Royal Navy, headquartered atAdmiralty House in Bermuda, in planning how to use their forces. Cochrane's junior, Rear AdmiralGeorge Cockburn, had been commanding ships of the squadron in the operations on the Chesapeake Bay since the previous year.^[19]

On June 25 he wrote to Cochrane stressing that the defenses there were weak, and he felt that several major cities were vulnerable to attack.^[20] Cochrane suggested attacking Baltimore,Washington andPhiladelphia. On July 17, Cockburn recommended Washington as the target, because of the comparative ease of attacking the national capital and "the greater political effect likely to result".^[19]

On July 18, Cochrane ordered Cockburn that to "deter the enemy from a repetition of similar outrages ..." You are hereby required and directed to "destroy and lay waste such towns and districts as you may find assailable".^[21] Cochrane instructed, "You will spare merely the lives of the unarmed inhabitants of the United States".

In August, the vessels in Bermuda sailed from theRoyal Naval Dockyard andSt. George's to join those already operating along the American Atlantic coast. After defeating aUnited States Navygunboat flotilla, a military force totaling 4,370, composed of British Army, Royal Marines, and Royal Navy detachments for shore service, under Ross was landed in Virginia. After beating off an American force of 1,200 on the 23rd, on the 24th they attacked the prepared defenses of the main American force of roughly 6,400 US Army soldiers, militiamen, US Marines, and US Navy sailors in theBattle of Bladensburg.

Despite the considerable disadvantage in numbers, asstandard military logic dictates that a three-to-one advantage is needed in carrying out an attack on prepared defenses, and sustaining heavy casualties, the British force routed the American defenders and cleared the path into Washington, D.C.. PresidentJames Madison and the entire government fled the city, and went north, to the town ofBrookeville, Maryland.

On August 24, 1814, British troops led by Rear Admiral Cockburn and Major General Ross entered Washington and captured the city with a force of 4,500 "battle-hardened" men, during theburning of Washington. British troops, commanded by Ross, set fire to a number of public buildings, including theWhite House and theUnited States Capitol. Extensive damage to the interiors and the contents of both were reported.^[22] The British forces returned to their ships.^[23][24]

The British sent a fleet up thePotomac to cut off Washington's water access and threaten the prosperous ports ofAlexandria, just downstream of Washington, andGeorgetown, just upstream. The mere appearance of the fleet cowed American defenders into fleeing fromFort Warburton without firing a shot, and undefended Alexandria surrendered. The British spent several days looting hundreds of tons of merchandise from city merchants.

They then turned their attention north to Baltimore, where they hoped to strike a powerful blow against the demoralized Americans. Baltimore was a busy port and was thought by the British to harbor many of theprivateers who were raiding British shipping. The British planned a combined operation, with Ross launching a land attack atNorth Point, and Vice-Admiral Cochrane laying siege toFort McHenry, which was the point defensive installation inBaltimore Harbor.

Baltimore's defenses had been planned and overseen by the state militia commander, Major GeneralSamuel Smith.

• Brigadier General William Winder, U.S. Army

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• North America and West Indies Station: Vice AdmiralAlexander Cochrane
• Rear-AdmiralPulteney Malcolm
• Rear-AdmiralEdward Codrington - Captain of the Fleet

The British landed a force of 5,000 troops who marched toward Baltimore and first met heavy resistance at theBattle of North Point, which was fought on September 12 about 5 miles (8.0 km) from the city. The city's defense was under the overall command of Major General Smith, an officer of the Maryland Militia. He dispatched roughly 3,000 men under the command of GeneralJohn Stricker to meet the British in a forward engagement. General Stricker was to stall the British invasion force to delay the British advance long enough for Major General Smith to complete the defenses in Baltimore.

The land invasion force for the British was led by Ross, who was killed in the second shift of the American defense by an American sharpshooter. It has been suggested that either Daniel Wells or Henry McComas of Captain Aisquith's rifle company, of the5th Maryland Militia regiment was responsible, and both were killed shortly afterwards.^[33]

After Ross's death, command of the British Army fell to ColonelArthur Brooke. The Americans had already begun to form an organized retreat back to the main defenses of Baltimore, where they awaited a British assault.

Rodgers Bastion, also known as Sheppard's Bastion, located on Hampstead Hill, now part ofPatterson Park, was the centerpiece of a 3-mile (4.8 km)-wideearthworks from the outer harbor inCanton, north toBelair Road, dug to defend the eastern approach to Baltimore against the British. Theredoubt was assembled and commanded by United States Navy CommodoreJohn Rodgers, with General Smith in command of the overall line. At dawn on September 13, the day after the Battle of North Point, some 4,300 British troops advanced north onNorth Point Road, then west along the Philadelphia Road (nowMaryland Route 7) toward Baltimore. U.S. troops were forced to retreat to the main defensive line around the city. The British commander, Colonel Brooke, established his new headquarters at the Sterret House on Surrey Farm, now calledArmistead Gardens, about two miles east-northeast of Hampstead Hill.

When the British began probing actions on Baltimore's inner defenses, the American line was defended by 100cannons and more than 10,000 regular troops, including two shadowing infantry regiments commanded by general officers Stricker andWilliam H. Winder as well as a few thousand local militia and irregulars. The defenses were far stronger than the British anticipated. The American defenders at Fort McHenry successfully stopped British naval forces but a few ships were still able to provide artillery support.^[34][35][36]

Once the British had taken the outer defenses, the inner defenses became the priority. The British infantry had not anticipated how well defended they would be, so the first attack was a failure. However, Brooke's forces managed to outflank and to overrun American positions to the right. After a discussion with lower ranking officers, Brooke decided that the British should bombard the fort instead of risk a frontal assault and, at 3:00 a.m. on September 14, ordered the British troops to return to the ships.^[34][35][36]

AtFort McHenry, some 1,000 soldiers under the command ofMajorGeorge Armistead awaited the British naval bombardment. Their defense was augmented by the sinking of a line of American merchant ships at the adjacent entrance to Baltimore Harbor in order to further thwart the passage of British ships.

The attack began on September 13, as the British fleet of some nineteen ships began pounding the fort withCongreve rockets (fromrocket vesselHMS Erebus) andmortar shells (frombomb vesselsTerror,Volcano,Meteor,Devastation, andAetna). After an initial exchange of fire, the British fleet withdrew to just beyond the range of Fort McHenry's cannons and continued to bombard the American redoubts for the next 25 hours. Although 1,500 to 1,800 cannonballs were launched at the fort, damage was light because of recent fortification that had been completed prior to the battle.^[37]

After nightfall, Cochrane ordered a landing to be made by small boats to the shore just west of the fort, away from the harbor opening on which the fort's defense was concentrated. He hoped that the landing party might slip past Fort McHenry and draw Smith's army away from the main British land assault on the city's eastern border. That gave the British a good diversion for half an hour and allowed them to fire again and again.

On the morning of September 14, the 30 ft × 42 ft (9.1 m × 12.8 m)oversized American flag, which had been made a year earlier by local flagmakerMary Pickersgill and her 13-year-old daughter, was raised over Fort McHenry, replacing the tattered storm flag which had flown during battle. It was responded to by a small encampment of British riflemen on the right flank, who fired a round each at the sky and taunted the Americans just before they too returned to the shore line. Originally, historians said that the oversized Star Spangled Banner Flag was raised to taunt the British, but that is not the case. The oversized flag was used every morning forreveille, as was the case on the morning of September 14.

Brooke had been instructed not to attack the American positions around Baltimore unless he was certain that there were fewer than 2,000 men in the fort. Because of his orders, Brooke had to withdraw from his positions and returned to the fleet, which would set sail for New Orleans.^[38]

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Colonel Brooke's troops withdrew, and Admiral Cochrane's fleet sailed off to regroup before his next (and final) assault on the United States, at the Battle of New Orleans. Armistead was soon promoted tolieutenant colonel. Much weakened by the arduous preparations for the battle, he died at 38, only three years after the battle.

Three active battalions of the Regular Army (1-4 Inf, 2-4 Inf and 3-4 Inf) perpetuate the lineages of the old 36th and 38th Infantry Regiments, both of which were at Fort McHenry during the bombardment. The lineage of the 5th Maryland Infantry Regiment, which played a major role in the Battle of North Point, is perpetuated by the Maryland Army National Guard's175th Infantry Regiment.

The battle is commemorated in theFort McHenry National Monument and Historic Shrine.

An American lawyer and amateur poet,Francis Scott Key, was on a mercy mission for the release of Dr.William Beanes, a prisoner of the British. Key showed the British letters from wounded British officers praising the care that they received from Dr. Beanes. The British agreed to release Beanes, but Key and Beanes were forced to stay with the British until the attack on Baltimore was over.

Key watched the proceedings from a truce ship in thePatapsco River. On the morning of the 14th, Key saw the American flag waving above Fort McHenry. Inspired, he began jotting down verses on the back of a letter he was carrying. Key's poem, originally named "Defence of Fort M'Henry", was printed on pamphlets by theBaltimore American.

Key's poem was later set to the tune of a British song called "To Anacreon in Heaven", the official song of theAnacreontic Society, an 18th-century gentlemen's club of amateur musicians in London. The song eventually became known as "The Star-Spangled Banner". The US Congress made it the national anthem of the United States in 1931.

• Defenders Day
• The Dawn's Early Light
• Bombardment of Lewes
• List of conflicts in the United States

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• Hildebrand, David K. "Bicentenary Essay: Two National Anthems? Some Reflections on the Two Hundredth Anniversary of 'The Star-Spangled Banner' and its Forgotten Partner, 'The Battle of Baltimore'."American Music 32.3 (2014): 253–271.online
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• Leepson, Marc.What So Proudly We Hailed: Francis Scott Key, A Life, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014.ISBN 978-1137278289
• Leepson, Marc. "Flag: An American Biography", New York: Thomas Dunne Books, 2005.ISBN 978-0312323080
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• Marine, William M. (1913).The British invasion of Maryland, 1812–1815. Baltimore: Society of the War of 1812 in Maryland
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