Battle Creek, Michigan | |
|---|---|
 View of Downtown Battle Creek | |
 Flag  Seal | |
| Nickname: "Cereal City"[1] | |
 Location of Battle Creek withinMichigan | |
  Battle Creek  Battle Creek | |
| Coordinates:42°18′44″N85°12′15″W / 42.31222°N 85.20417°W /42.31222; -85.20417 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Michigan |
| County | Calhoun |
| Settled | 1831 |
| Incorporated | 1840 (village) 1859 (city) |
| Founded by | Sands McCamly |
| Named after | Battle Creek River |
| Government | |
| • Type | Council-Manager |
| • Mayor | Mark Behnke[2] (R)[3] |
| • City Manager | Rebecca Fleury[4] |
| Area | |
• Total | 43.73 sq mi (113.27 km2) |
| • Land | 42.59 sq mi (110.30 km2) |
| • Water | 1.15 sq mi (2.97 km2) |
| Elevation | 840 ft (256 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
• Total | 52,721 |
| • Density | 1,238.0/sq mi (477.98/km2) |
| Demonym | Battlecreekite |
| Time zone | UTC−5 (Eastern) |
| • Summer (DST) | UTC−4 (Eastern) |
| ZIP Codes | 49014–49018, 49037 |
| Area code | 269 |
| FIPS code | 26-05920[6] |
| GNIS feature ID | 0620755[7] |
| Website | www.battlecreekmi.gov |
Battle Creek is a city in northwesternCalhoun County, Michigan, United States, at the confluence of theKalamazoo andBattle Creek rivers. As of the2020 census, the city had a total population of 52,731.[8] It is the principal city of the Battle Creekmetropolitan statistical area, which encompasses all of Calhoun County. Nicknamed "Cereal City", it is best known as the home ofWK Kellogg Co and the founding city ofPost Consumer Brands. In Battle Creek, the Kellogg brothers invented the first cereal by accident in an attempt to make granola.[9]
One local legend says Battle Creek was named after an encounter between afederal government land survey party led by ColonelJohn Mullett and twoPotawatomi in March 1824. The two Potawatomi had approached the camp asking for food because they were hungry as theU.S. Army was late delivering supplies promised to them under the1821 Treaty of Chicago. After a protracted discussion, the Native Americans allegedly tried to take food. One of the surveyors shot and seriously wounded one Potawatomi. Following the encounter, the survey party retreated toDetroit.[10] Early white settlers called the nearby streamBattle Creek River and the town took its name from that.[11][12][13]
Anotherfolk etymology is attributed to the local river, which was known asWaupakisco by Native Americans. TheWaupakisco orWaupokisco was supposedly a reference to a battle or fight fought between indigenous tribes before the arrival of Europeans. However, Virgil J. Vogel, professor emeritus of history and social science atHarry S. Truman College in Chicago, believes the native name has "nothing to do with blood or battle".[11][14]
In about 1774, thePotawatomi and the OttawaNative American tribes formed a joint village near the future Battle Creek, Michigan.[15] The first permanent European settlements in Battle Creek Township, after the removal of the Potawatomi to a reservation, began about 1831. Westward migration from New York and New England had increased to Michigan following the completion of theErie Canal in New York in 1824. Most settlers chose to locate on the Goguac prairie, which was fertile and easily cultivated. A post office was opened in Battle Creek in 1832 under Postmaster Pollodore Hudson.[16] The first school was taught in a smalllog house about 1833 or 1834. Asa Langley built the firstsawmill in 1837. A brick manufacturing plant, called the oldest enterprise in the township, was established in 1840 by Simon Carr and operated until 1903. The township was established by act of the legislature in 1839.[17]
In theantebellum era, the city was a major stop on theUnderground Railroad, used byfugitive slaves to escape to freedom in Michigan andCanada. It was the chosen home of noted abolitionistSojourner Truth after her escape from slavery.[18]
Battle Creek figured prominently in the early history of theSeventh-day Adventist Church. It was the site of a Protestant church founding convention in 1863. The denomination's first hospital, college, and publishing office would also be constructed in the city. When the hospital and publishing office burned down in 1902, the church elected to decentralize, and most of its institutions were relocated. The first Adventist church (rebuilt in the 1920s) is still in operation.
World Heavyweight ChampionJack Johnson was once arrested here for marrying his White wife and transporting her across state lines. He was detained in Battle Creek, where he visited a former acquaintance, went for a sleigh ride and spent the night at the house of patrolman John Patterson, Battle Creek's first African American police officer. Federal authorities from Chicago took him into custody the next day.[19]
The city was noted for its focus on health reform during the late 1800s and early 1900s.The Battle Creek Sanitarium was founded by theSeventh-day Adventist Church and Dr.John Harvey Kellogg. In addition to some of his sometimes bizarre treatments that were featured in the movieThe Road to Wellville, Kellogg also funded organizations that promotedeugenics theories at the core of their philosophical agenda, which was seen as a natural complement toeuthenics.[20] TheRace Betterment Foundation was one of these organizations. He also supported the "separate but equal" philosophy and invitedBooker T. Washington to speak at the Battle Creek Sanitarium in order to raise money. Washington was the author of the speech "The Atlanta Compromise", which solidified his position of being an accommodationist while providing a mechanism for southern Whites (and their sympathizers), to fund his school (the Tuskegee Institute).
W. K. Kellogg had worked for his brother in a variety of capacities at the B.C. Sanitarium. Tired of living in the shadow of his brother John Harvey Kellogg, he struck out on his own, going to the boom-towns surrounding the oilfields inOklahoma as a broom salesman. Having failed, he returned to work as an assistant to his brother. While working at the sanitariums' laboratory, W. K. spilled liquefied cornmeal on a heating device that cooked the product and rendered it to flakes. He tasted the flakes and added milk to them. He was able to get his brother to allow him to give some of the product to some of the patients at the sanitarium, and the patients' demand for the product exceeded his expectations to the point that W. K. made the decision to leave the sanitarium. Along with some investors, he built a factory to satisfy the demand for his "corn flakes".
It was during this time of going their separate ways for good that Dr. John Harvey Kellogg sued his brother for copyright infringement. The U.S. Supreme court ruled in W. K. Kellogg's favor, due to the greater sales and public profile of W. K. Kellogg's company.
Inspired by Kellogg's innovation,C. W. Post inventedGrape-Nuts and founded his own cereal company in the town. Battle Creek has been nicknamed "the Cereal City."
In the turbulent 1960s, Battle Creek was not immune to the racial issues of the day. Dr.Martin Luther King spoke here, as did Sen.Hubert Humphrey, PresidentLyndon B. Johnson, and Heavyweight Champion of the worldMuhammad Ali. African Americans were subjected to "stop and frisk" procedures while walking, andhousing covenants were in full force. No Blacks worked in the school systems, and only a few Blacks held mid-level manager posts in the local corporate sector. The Federal government sector was better at the Federal Center, and less so at the local Veterans' Administration Hospital.
According to theUnited States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 43.73 square miles (113.26 km2), of which 42.61 square miles (110.36 km2) is land and 1.12 square miles (2.90 km2) is water,[21] making Battle Creek the third largest city in Michigan by area, and one of only threeincorporated municipalities in the state over 40 sq mi (100 km2) in size.
| Climate data for Battle Creek, Michigan (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1895–present) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °F (°C) | 68 (20) | 70 (21) | 84 (29) | 90 (32) | 95 (35) | 101 (38) | 104 (40) | 103 (39) | 99 (37) | 91 (33) | 80 (27) | 68 (20) | 104 (40) |
| Mean daily maximum °F (°C) | 32.4 (0.2) | 35.7 (2.1) | 46.7 (8.2) | 60.0 (15.6) | 71.5 (21.9) | 79.9 (26.6) | 83.1 (28.4) | 81.3 (27.4) | 74.4 (23.6) | 61.7 (16.5) | 48.2 (9.0) | 36.8 (2.7) | 59.3 (15.2) |
| Daily mean °F (°C) | 24.8 (−4.0) | 26.9 (−2.8) | 36.7 (2.6) | 48.4 (9.1) | 59.7 (15.4) | 68.3 (20.2) | 71.5 (21.9) | 69.9 (21.1) | 62.9 (17.2) | 51.7 (10.9) | 39.9 (4.4) | 29.7 (−1.3) | 49.2 (9.6) |
| Mean daily minimum °F (°C) | 17.2 (−8.2) | 18.1 (−7.7) | 26.6 (−3.0) | 36.9 (2.7) | 47.9 (8.8) | 56.8 (13.8) | 59.9 (15.5) | 58.4 (14.7) | 51.3 (10.7) | 41.7 (5.4) | 31.6 (−0.2) | 22.6 (−5.2) | 39.1 (3.9) |
| Record low °F (°C) | −20 (−29) | −24 (−31) | −11 (−24) | 5 (−15) | 22 (−6) | 30 (−1) | 42 (6) | 37 (3) | 25 (−4) | 16 (−9) | −6 (−21) | −18 (−28) | −24 (−31) |
| Averageprecipitation inches (mm) | 2.09 (53) | 1.58 (40) | 1.90 (48) | 3.23 (82) | 3.95 (100) | 3.67 (93) | 3.38 (86) | 3.52 (89) | 3.07 (78) | 3.66 (93) | 2.55 (65) | 1.84 (47) | 34.44 (875) |
| Average snowfall inches (cm) | 18.1 (46) | 15.6 (40) | 6.0 (15) | 2.1 (5.3) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.5 (1.3) | 5.9 (15) | 16.4 (42) | 64.6 (164) |
| Average precipitation days(≥ 0.01 in) | 14.0 | 10.8 | 9.7 | 12.4 | 13.0 | 11.1 | 9.3 | 10.2 | 9.9 | 12.9 | 10.8 | 13.5 | 137.6 |
| Average snowy days(≥ 0.1 in) | 12.8 | 10.3 | 5.0 | 1.9 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.3 | 4.3 | 10.6 | 45.2 |
| Source:NOAA[23][24] | |||||||||||||
| Census | Pop. | Note | %± |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1840 | 993 | — | |
| 1850 | 1,064 | 7.2% | |
| 1860 | 3,509 | 229.8% | |
| 1870 | 5,838 | 66.4% | |
| 1880 | 7,063 | 21.0% | |
| 1890 | 13,197 | 86.8% | |
| 1900 | 18,563 | 40.7% | |
| 1910 | 25,267 | 36.1% | |
| 1920 | 36,164 | 43.1% | |
| 1930 | 45,573 | 26.0% | |
| 1940 | 43,453 | −4.7% | |
| 1950 | 48,666 | 12.0% | |
| 1960 | 44,169 | −9.2% | |
| 1970 | 38,931 | −11.9% | |
| 1980 | 35,724 | −8.2% | |
| 1990 | 53,540 | 49.9% | |
| 2000 | 53,364 | −0.3% | |
| 2010 | 52,347 | −1.9% | |
| 2020 | 52,721 | 0.7% | |
| U.S. Decennial Census[25] | |||
In 1982, at the insistence ofKellogg's, the city annexed Battle Creek Township, nearly doubling the city's population. Kellogg's even went so far as to threaten to move their headquarters if the annexation failed to occur.[26]
As of thecensus[6] of 2000, there were 53,364 people, 21,348 households, and 13,363 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,246.0 inhabitants per square mile (481.1/km2). There were 23,525 housing units at an average density of 549.3 per square mile (212.1/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 74.7%White, 17.8%Black or African American, 1.9%Asian, 0.8%Native American, <0.1%Pacific Islander, 2.1% fromother races, and 2.7% from two or more races. 4.6% of the population wereHispanic orLatino of any race.
In the 21,348 households 32.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 41.9% weremarried couples living together, 16.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 37.4% were non-families. 31.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.43 and the average family size was 3.04.
In the city, 27.2% of the population was under the age of 18, 8.7% from 18 to 24, 29.5% from 25 to 44, 21.0% from 45 to 64, and 13.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females, there were 91.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87.2 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $35,491, and the median income for a family was $43,564. Males had a median income of $36,838 versus $26,429 for females. Theper capita income for the city was $18,424. About 10.7% of families and 14.4% of the population were below thepoverty line, including 17.5% of those under age 18 and 11.8% of those age 65 or over.
As of thecensus[27] of 2010, there were 52,347 people, 21,118 households, and 12,898 families residing in the city. Thepopulation density was 1,228.5 inhabitants per square mile (474.3/km2). There were 24,277 housing units at an average density of 569.7 per square mile (220.0/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 71.7%White, 18.2%African American, 0.7%Native American, 2.4%Asian, 2.7% fromother races, and 4.3% from two or more races.Hispanic orLatino people of any race were 6.7% of the population.
In the 21,118 households 33.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 37.1% weremarried couples living together, 18.5% had a female householder with no husband present, 5.5% had a male householder with no wife present, and 38.9% were non-families. 32.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.41 and the average family size was 3.04.
The median age in the city was 36.3 years. 26.1% of residents were under the age of 18; 9% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 25.9% were from 25 to 44; 25.5% were from 45 to 64; and 13.4% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 47.9% male and 52.1% female.
As of April 2013, Battle Creek had the fifth largestJapanese national population in the state of Michigan, with 358.[28]
Nick Buckley wrote in theBattle Creek Enquirer: "The 2020 Census is critical for Battle Creek. Falling below the 50,000-resident threshold would mean a change from "urbanized area" to "urban cluster" and a loss of federal entitlement funding."[29] Between the 2010 and 2020 censuses, Battle Creek's population grew from 52,347 to 52,731.[8] There were 20,690 households and 2.40 residents per house, giving Battle Creek apopulation density (per square mile) of 1,228.6. 89.0% of those households had a computer and 82.8% had broadband internet connection. The city's racial makeup was 68.2%White, 17.3%African American, 0.6%Native American, 3.7%Asian, 8.1% from two or more races, and 7.9%Hispanic orLatino.
The median age in the city was 36.3 years. 7.0% of residents were under the age of 5; 25.8% were under 18; 15.2% were 65 and older. 51.5% of residents were female and 6.6% were foreign-born. 10.8% of people ages 5 and up speak at least one language other thanEnglish at home. Of persons 25 and up, 89.9% had ahigh school degree and 21.1% had abachelor's degree or higher. Of those under 65, 11.2% had a disability and 6.1% lacked health insurance.
Median household income in 2020 dollars was $42,285, which works out to a $25,270per capita income. 22.7% of the population lives inpoverty. Median gross rent was $770 and the median value of the houses occupied by people who owned them was $91,700.
The City of Battle Creek has a commission-manager form of government. Cities that follow this plan of government have an elected commission (or council) that appoints a professionally trained and experienced manager to administer the day-to-day operations of the city and to make recommendations to the city commission. Battle Creek also appoints a City Attorney, who provides legal counsel to the city manager and City Commission.
The City Commission makes all policy decisions, including review, revision, and final approval of the annual budget, which is proposed annually by the City Manager. The City Manager serves as an "at-will" employee and they work under an employment contract with the commission. All other city employees, except for the City Attorney's staff, are under the supervision of the City Manager.
There are five ward commissioners. Residents cast votes for a ward representative, who must live within the area they are representing, as well as for four at-large commissioners. These candidates may live anywhere in the city. All commissioners serve two-year terms and all terms begin and end at the same election.
The position of mayor was voted on by the electorate until 1961, then was switched to the elected commissioners choosing from amongst themselves as to who would serve as the mayor and vice mayor for the next year.[30] In March 2020, a majority of Battle Creek voters approved an amendment to the city charter to allow residents to directly vote for the mayor; the first general election for mayor, since 1961, was held in November 2020.[31] The mayor presides over the commission meetings and appoints commissioners and residents to special committees. He may also form special committees to explore community challenges or potential policies. The vice mayor stands in if the mayor is unavailable.[32]
As of 2017[update], the city levies an income tax of 1 percent on residents and 0.5 percent on nonresidents.[33]
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As of October 2023[update], according to a Battle Creek Unlimited report, the twenty largest employers in the city are:[34]
| Employer | Industry | Staff |
|---|---|---|
| Denso Manufacturing Michigan, Inc. | Auto parts | 2,500 |
| WK Kellogg Co[a] | Foods | 2,000 |
| FireKeepers Casino Hotel | Casino | 1,730 |
| Veterans Administration Medical Center | Medical services | 1,670 |
| Hart–Dole–Inouye Federal Center | Government | 1,500 |
| Bronson Battle Creek | Medical services | 1,360 |
| Fort Custer Training Center | Government | 825 |
| Duncan Aviation, Inc. | Aircraft refurbishing | 761 |
| Kellogg Community College | Education | 709 |
| Michigan Air National Guard | Government | 650 |
| TRMI | Electronics | 617 |
| Calhoun County | Government | 614 |
| II Stanley Company, Inc. | Lights and equipment | 609 |
| Post Consumer Brands | Foods | 600 |
| City of Battle Creek | Government | 532 |
| Magna Cosma Castings | Auto parts | 450 |
| Battle Creek Public Schools | Education | 433 |
| Musashi Auto Parts, Inc. | Auto parts | 425 |
| Lakeview School District | Education | 395 |
| Adient | Auto parts | 334 |
The following school districts include portions of the city limits:[35]
The Battle Creek Japanese School (バトルクリーク補習授業校Batoru Kurīku Hoshū Jugyō Kō), asupplementary weekend Japanese school, holds its classes at theLakeview School District building.[50]
In 1980 theWestern Michigan University Center for International Programs developed a program for Japanese expatriate K-12 students that was sponsored by Battle Creek Unlimited (BCU); the classes were held in the company facility at Fort Custer Industrial Park.[51]
FM radio stations that originate or can be heard over the air in Battle Creek:
AM radio stations that originate or can be heard over the air in Battle Creek:
Battle Creek is home to the Music Center,[58] which serves South Central Michigan.
The Battle Creek Symphony Orchestra is based at the W. K. Kellogg Auditorium in downtown Battle Creek.[59] The symphony is conducted by Anne Harrigan. It is Michigan's longest-running symphony orchestra.[60]
The Brass Band of Battle Creek is composed of 31 brass players and percussionists from around the United States and Europe. "Created in 1989 by brothers Jim and Bill Gray, podiatrists and amateur brass players from Battle Creek, MI, the BBBC has grown to cult status in Battle Creek, where BBBC concerts are regularly sold out and waiting lists are created weeks in advance."[61] The Brass Band of Battle Creek's Christmas concerts features many different songs ranging from modern hits to classical Christmas songs.[62]
Leilapalooza - TheLeila Arboretum Music Festival is a free summer music festival held at the Leila Arboretum. Proceeds benefit the Leila Arboretum Society andKingman Museum.[63]
Battle Creek hosts the annualMichigan High School Athletic Association team wrestling,volleyball,baseball, andsoftball state championships. The town receives quarterly boosts to its economy from the fans who flock there to follow their teams.[64]
Each year, Battle Creek hosts theSandy Koufax 13S World Series, for 13-year-old baseball players.
In August 2010, Battle Creek was host to the eighth edition of the International H.K.D. Games.
In June 2024, the mens 4x800m relay team from Saint Philip Catholic Central High School took third place at the MHSAA Track and Field State Championship.[65]
TheBattle Creek Battle Jacks (formerly Bombers) are a collegiate baseball team, a member of theNorthwoods League, who began play in 2007. After a last-place finish in 2010, the Bombers went 47–26 in 2011 and won their firstNWL championship.[66] It was the first championship in Battle Creek since 2000, when theMichigan Battle Cats won theMidwest League championship. The team's home isC.O. Brown Stadium. In 2011, the team signed a five-year lease, which guarantees the team's ten-year anniversary in Battle Creek in 2017. ActorTyler Hoechlin, who starred alongsideTom Hanks in the critically acclaimed filmRoad to Perdition, previously played for the Battle Creek Bombers.
| Club | Sport | League | Venue |
|---|---|---|---|
| Battle Creek Battle Jacks | Baseball | Summer Collegiate Baseball,Northwoods League | C. O. Brown Stadium |
TheMichigan Battle Cats/Battle Creek Yankees/Southwest Michigan Devil Rays were a Class Aminor league baseball team that played in theMidwest League from 1995 through 2006. The team's home wasC.O. Brown Stadium.
TheBattle Creek Crunch were a member of theGreat Lakes Indoor Football League (GLIFL), that began play in 2006. They played one season in Battle Creek before ceasing operations due to financial trouble. The team's home wasKellogg Arena.
TheBattle Creek Belles, a member of theAll-American Girls Professional Baseball League, played two seasons, 1951 and 1952, before relocating toMuskegon.
TheBattle Creek Revolution were a member of theAll American Hockey League, a low-level professional minor league, from 2008 to 2011. The team's home wasRevolution Arena. The organization also started ajunior hockey team called theBattle Creek Jr. Revolution in 2010. The junior team was sold renamed to theWest Michigan Wolves in 2014 before relocating to Lansing in 2017.
The Battle Creek Blaze is a not-for-profit, adultfootball team that playsNFL rules football as a member of the IFL (Interstate Football League). The Blaze organization raises funds and community awareness in the fight against cancer. They are in their sixth season of operation, and won the IFL North Division Championship in 2010.[67]
TheBattle Creek Cereal Killersroller derby team began in 2011.[68]
TheBattle Creek Knights are a minor leaguebasketball team. They were a charter member of theInternational Basketball League (IBL) and went 21-0 during the league's first season in 2005, winning the championship. The team's home isKellogg Arena. After announcing in July 2009 that they would sit out the 2009 season, that October the team announced that they would return to play in the International Basketball League.[69]
In June 2019, theFederal Prospects Hockey League (FPHL) announced it had added a tenth team for the 2019–20 season and it would be in Michigan.[70] On July 23, the Battle Creek Rumble Bees were announced[71] with Adam Stio as the general manager after previously serving in the same role with theSouthern Professional Hockey League'sEvansville Thunderbolts.[72] The FHL had played multiple neutral site games in Battle Creek over the previous seasons before placing an expansion team there. The Rumble Bees hired Clint Hagmaier as their first head coach,[73] however, he was released after a 0–9 start to the season with Stio taking over as interim head coach.[74] The Rumble Bees had a 1–45–0–2 record when the league's 2019–20 season was cancelled due to thecoronavirus pandemic. Their losing streak led to them being named "the worst team in professional hockey".[75] After the season, the team's players went to different teams in the FPHL as part of a dispersal draft.
Disc Golf
Battle Creek is home to 9 disc golf courses. The city of Springfield, an enclave within Battle Creek, has 2 additional courses that are readily accessible to players in the area.
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Founded in 1917,Camp Custer, as it was then known, served over the next decades as a training ground, fromWorld War I until the present. Parts of the base were spun off and developed as the Battle Creek Veteran's Hospital,Fort Custer National Cemetery,Fort Custer Recreation Area and Fort Custer Industrial Park. This industrial park contains more than 90 different companies.
TheUnited States Government still owns the land, under an arrangement by which the state of Michigan administers and manages the property. The base, which is still mostly undeveloped, wooded land, takes up a sizable portion of Battle Creek's land area. The part of the base in Battle Creek that is now the industrial park measures 4.69 square miles (12.15 km2) in area, which is approximately 10.6% of the city's area. A much larger part of the base lies inKalamazoo County. The adjoiningW. K. Kellogg Airport is a joint civilian-Air National Guard facility. Battle Creek is also home to Fort Custer Recreation Park, a state park located in the Battle Creek-Springfield Area.
Battle Creek is situated onInterstate 94 (I-94) midway betweenDetroit andChicago.
The Battle Creek Amtrak Station servesAmtrak trains on the south end of the station andGreyhound andIndian Trails bus lines on the north side of the station. TheCanadian National Railway andNorfolk Southern Railway provide freight service to the city.
Battle Creek Transit provides public transit services to Battle Creek area residents. Regular route bus service is provided throughout the City of Battle Creek.
Kalamazoo'sKalamazoo-Battle Creek International Airport serves Battle Creek. Locally,W. K. Kellogg Airport serves the general aviation needs of the community. The airport is also home toWestern Michigan University's College of Aviation, Duncan Aviation,WACO Classic Aircraft Corp. a bi-plane manufacturer,[84] and formerly, the MichiganAir National Guard's 110th Attack Wing, which flies theMQ-9 Reaper UAV.
See alsoPeople from Battle Creek, Michigan
Battle Creek hassister city relationships withSanto André, Brazil andTakasaki, Japan.
Since 1981, Battle Creek and Takasaki have organized annual summer exchange programs for junior high and high school students and teachers.[87]
[note: For the Battle Creek entry, Romig sources Peirce's History of Calhoun County, Michigan 1830–1877, in addition to United States Post Office records]
[note: Willard librarian Ratner's "Thumbnail..." is a Non-circulating Item archived at the Willard Library, per wlrd.ent.sirsi.net/client/en_US/default/search/results/?ln=en_US&q=thumbnail+history]
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: publisher location (link)In Michigan, 22 cities currently have an income tax on those who live and work within their borders. Of those, 18 cities… [including] Battle Creek… levy an income tax of 1 percent on residents and 0.5 percent on nonresidents.
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| Footnotes | ‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties | |
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