| Karo | |
|---|---|
| Cakap Karo | |
| Native to | Indonesia |
| Region | Karo Regency,North Sumatra |
| Ethnicity | |
Native speakers | 500,000 (2010)[1] |
| Batak Latin | |
| Official status | |
| Regulated by | Badan Pengembangan dan Pembinaan Bahasa |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | btx |
| Glottolog | bata1293 |
| ELP | Batak Karo |
 The distribution of Batak languages in northern Sumatra. Karo is represented by the yellow shade. | |
Karo, referred to in Indonesia asBahasa Karo (Karo language), is anAustronesian language that is spoken by theKaro people ofIndonesia. It is used by around 600,000 people inNorth Sumatra. It is mainly spoken inKaro Regency, southern parts ofDeli Serdang Regency and northern parts ofDairi Regency,North Sumatra,Indonesia. It was historically written using theBatak script which is descended from theBrahmi script of ancient India by way of thePallava andOld Kawi scripts, but nowadays only a tiny number of Karo can write or understand the script, and instead theLatin script is used.
Karo is a NorthernBatak language, and is closely related toPakpak andAlas–Kluet.[2] It is mutually unintelligible from the Southern Batak languages, such asToba,Angkola, andMandailing.[2]
There are several dialects within Karo. A major dialect boundary exists between the dialects spoken in the east and the dialects spoken in the west.[2] These are largely distinguished according to phonological and lexical differences. Vowels in the eastern dialect are lowered and fronted in the western dialect. Similarly,diphthongs in the eastern dialect are realised asmonophthongs in the western dialect.[2]
| Eastern dialect | Western dialect | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| /waluh/ | /waloh/ | eight |
| /sitik/ | /sitek/ | a little |
| /məlɯhe/ | /məlihe/ | hungry |
| /dʒauŋ/ | /dʒoŋ/ | corn |
Karo has 17 consonant phonemes and 10 vowel phonemes.[2]
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| High | i | ɯ⟨ë⟩,u | |
| Mid | e⟨é⟩ | ə⟨e⟩ | o |
| Low | a |
| Labial | Alveo- dental | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | ŋ⟨ng⟩ | |||
| Plosive | voiceless | p | t | c | k | |
| voiced | b | d | ɟ⟨j⟩ | ɡ | ||
| Fricative | s | h | ||||
| Lateral | l | |||||
| Vibrant | r | |||||
| Semivowel | j⟨y⟩ | w | ||||
Batak Karo has productivereduplication. Full reduplication occurs mainly with open word classes and exhibits a wide range of different functions. For instance, reduplication of nouns can signify plurality (tulan 'bone' →tulan-tulan 'bones') and imitation and similitude (berku 'coconut shell' →berku-berku 'skull'). Reduplication of verbs can encode repetition (nungkun 'ask' →nungkun-nungkun 'keep asking'), duration (ngukiri 'think' →ngukur-ngukuri 'ponder') or imitation (medem ‘sleep’ →medem-medem ‘lie down, rest’).[2]
Batak Karo has a binary contrast between actor voice and patient voice for transitive verbs and can be classified as anIndonesian-type language. Actor voice is marked with the inflectional prefixN-. The prefixN- assimilates to the place of articulation of the stem that it is attached to, and is realised as [m] before bilabial stops, [n] before dental, alveolar and palatal stops and fricatives and [ŋ] before velar stops. Patient voice is marked with the inflectional prefixi-. Like other Indonesian-type languages Batak Karo also hasapplicatives (the suffixes-ken as a general applicative, and-i as a locative applicative).[2]
Batak Karo often alternate between subject-initial and predicate-initial word orders for transitive clauses, although the preference is for Actor Voice clauses to be subject-initial. Predicate-Undergoer-Actor is a common word order when the undergoer is replaced by an interrogative pronoun. In contrast, while it is possible for patient voice clauses to place the subject (the undergoer in patient voice clauses) in the initial position, predicate-initial word orders are more frequent, with the undergoer subject placed after both the predicate and the actor.[2]
Embun
cloud
me-kapal
matawari.
sun
Embun me-kapal N-tutup-i matawari.
cloud ADJ-thick AV-cover-APP.LOC sun
'Thick cloud obscured the sun.'
Matawari
sun
embun
cloud
me-kapal.
Matawari i-tutup-i embun me-kapal.
sun PV-cover-LOC.APP cloud ADJ-thick
'The sun was obscured by thick cloud.'
Raja
Raja
Acéh
Aceh
denga
still
Putri
Putri
Hijau.
Hijau
I-tima-i Raja Acéh denga Putri Hijau.
PV-wait-LOC.APP Raja Aceh still Putri Hijau
'Raja Aceh still waited for Putri Hijau.'
Karo
Ope denga ijadiken Dibata doni enda Kata e enggo lit. Kata e ras Dibata, janah Kata e me Dibata
English translation
In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God.
