Top: View from Fort Louis Delgrès in Basse-Terre; Middle:Cathedral of Our Lady of Guadaleoupe, Monument to the dead of Basse-Terre; Bottom: Fort Delgrès, Basse-Terre Town Hall
Coat of arms
Location of the commune (in red) within Guadeloupe
Although it is the administrative capital, Basse-Terre is only the second-largest city inGuadeloupe, behindPointe-à-Pitre. Together with its urban area, it had 44,864 inhabitants in 2012 (11,534 of whom lived in the city of Basse-Terre proper).
Basse-Terre is located in the south-western corner of the Basse-Terre portion of the island of Guadeloupe which is itself located some 100 km north ofDominica and some 450 km south-east ofPuerto Rico. The commune is at the foot of theSoufrière volcano and is connected to the rest of the island by three main roads:
TheN1 [fr] which exits the commune in the south on the coast and continues inland toGourbeyre then all the way around the coast toPointe-à-Pitre onGrande-Terre.
TheN2 [fr] which goes north along the coast toVieux Habitants and continues all the way around the coast to join the N1 atBaie Mahault.
The N3 which traverses the length of the commune and continues toSaint-Claude inland.[4][5]
Basse-Terre has a maritime station that receives cruise ships and has a ferry service to theÎles des Saintes.
The commune is mostly urban with some farmland in the north-east and north-west.[4][5]
The different districts of Basse-Terre are: Agincourt (also Saint-Claude), Bas-du-Bourg, Carmel, Desmarais (also Saint-Claude) Guillaud, Morne-Chaulet, Morne-à-Vaches (also Saint-Claude), Petit-Paris, Pintade, Rivière-des-Peres, La Rue-Maillan, Saint-François, Sur-le Morne, and Versailles.
Basse-Terre lies at a transitional point between atropical rainforest climate and atropical monsoon climate. As is the norm with cities with these two climate types, Basse-Terre features relatively consistent temperatures throughout the year.
The name comes from the mariners' vocabulary of the 17th century which designated a land or coast sheltered from the wind, as opposed toCapesterre "Cape to the east of Land".[citation needed]
Before Basse-Terre became a French town it was a village ofAmerican Indian horticulturists and potters. The village was on the site of the presentBasse-Terre Cathedral where archaeological excavations found human remains and other evidence of occupation during the restoration of the cathedral.
In 2005 on the lower part of a Native American garbage dump, excavations have uncovered a new dump containing large amounts of archaeological material:food waste, ceramics, stone tools and shell tools, ornaments, charcoal and a tomb.[7]
In 1635, when it was part ofSaint Kitts and Nevis, an expedition was seeking a place of lasting presence in Guadeloupe. The operation was entrusted toCharles Liénard de l'Olive andJean du Plessis d'Ossonville together with 4 missionaries and 550 colonists. The landing took place on 28 June 1635, at Pointe Allègre, far from Basse-Terre. Famine pushed the party to the south near the present town ofVieux-Fort in early 1636. The relationship between Native Americans and colonists degraded quickly; Liénard then began a bloody war against the locals. In 1660 a treaty forced him to retreat toDominica and Saint Vincent. The war forced him to build a fort, todayFort Olive at Vieux Fort. In 1640Jean Aubert succeeded Liénard as the government of the island and he soon left the site to settle on the left bank of theGalion [fr], which is the currentGourbeyre marina. In 1643Charles Houël du Petit Pré replaced Aubert and, in 1649, he left the marina site for the right bank of the Galion and built a fort. Some religious built the first church, now theChurch of Our Lady of Mount Carmel [fr], shortly afterwards and the city was organized around the chapel and from the fort to the river of Herbs. This was the beginning of Basse-Terre.
Around 1680 on the right bank of theRivière aux Herbes [fr] (River of Herbs) theCapuchins built a chapel dedicated to SaintFrancis of Assisi where the presentGuadeloupe Cathedral is located and a second centre of population grew around this place of worship. The River of Herbs separated the two distinct villages: Basse-Terre and Saint Francis. In reality, people flocked to the new town because of raids by Englishprivateers who burned the town of Basse-Terre in 1691 and again in 1703. Following these raids the people thought that the fort was attracting foreign privateers and consequently moved to Saint Francis. A stone bridge was built in 1739 replacing a ford and a wooden bridge across the river of Herbs.
British occupation (1759–1763) and tentative revival (1763–1789)
On 23 January 1759, aBritish expeditionary forcecaptured the island. Guadeloupe was occupied by the British until 10 February 1763, when it was returned to France in theTreaty of Paris. Basse-Terre experienced a resurgence of activity despite the founding ofPointe-à-Pitre in 1764 – a town in a better position to receive the ocean swell – and despite a fire in September 1782. The town was partially redesigned around 1787.
TheFrench Revolution reached the island and therefore Basse-Terre in September 1789. In 1793, counter-revolutionary plantersagreed to cede the island to the British. Theycaptured Guadeloupe, then governed byVictor Collot, on 22 April 1794 and appointedThomas Dundas as the new governor. As early as May 1794,Victor Hugues, sent by theNational Convention in Paris, managed to recapture the colony andabolish slavery. The French dislodged the cannon in December 1794 and installed a guillotine. The city was the scene of military operations conducted by GeneralRichepanse, who was sent byNapoleon to reestablish slavery, againstLouis Delgrès in 1802. Delgrès retreated to the fort on 20 May 1802 and abandoned it on 22 May.
The town was occupied from 6 February 1810 to 30 May 1814 and again from 10 August 1815 to July 1816. For over 20 years Basse-Terre suffered from the effects of these disturbances. Only after four hurricanes (in 1816, 1821, 1825, and 1844) did Basse-Terre think of rehabilitating the construction and development of the Champ d'Arbaud by building a Military Hospital (now Gerville-Réache High School), a bishopric, sanitation, and expansion of the city by creating new neighbourhoods such as Trianon, Versailles, Petite Guinée, and Petit-Paris but the situation remained unchanged, worsened more by acholera epidemic in 1865.
From 1870 the commune began to recover and inaugurated its town hall in 1899. It was the first city in Guadeloupe to be electrified in 1913. The impetus came fromAli Tur, who arrived after the cyclone of September 1928 and built the courthouse, the General Council, and a market in the 1930s. A port was built (as wooden quays had previously served as a port) from 1961 to 1964, the boulevard was built in 1962 to serve the port: it was extended in 1964 and again in 1965 along what was once a pebble and black sand beach that ran along the coast. On 26 November 1970, 1.5 inches of rain (38.1 mm) fell in a minute, the heaviest ever recorded. Cyclonic conditions repeatedly ravaged the development of this boulevard in 1989 withHurricane Hugo andHurricane Marilyn in 1995,Hurricane Lenny in 1999, andHurricane Omar in 2008.
In 1976 73,600 inhabitants of Guadeloupe were evacuated (from 15 August to 18 November 1976) due to the high activity of theSoufrière volcano. Some evacuees never returned and moved toJarry. For 20 years, the town centre was depopulated in favour of peri-urban areas or neighbouring towns suchBaillif,Saint-Claude, andGourbeyre despite attempts at renewal.
The commune of Basse-Terre has aCourthouse, which was built in 1934 by architect Ali Georges-Tur, and which also houses the Basse-Terre Court of Appeal, aTribunal d'instance, a High Court an Administrative Court, and an industrial tribunal.[9] The Bar Association of the Bar of Guadeloupe is also established in the commune. Basse-Terre benefits from the presence of a Chamber of bailiffs, a Chamber of Notaries, and a Chamber of Commerce. The prefecture is also present and the city is the seat of theUrban community of South Basse-Terre. There is a police station and a prison.
In 2017 the commune had 10,058 inhabitants. The total number of households in the commune in 2017 was 4,732.[11] Since 2007 the population has been in decline.
Medical institutions in Basse-Terre are among the largest on the island. In 2012 the hospital in Basse-Terre had 235 beds organized into four areas (emergency, surgery, enlarged internal medicine, obstetrics and pediatrics) and had a staff of 850 doctors, hospital and administrative staff.[17] The commune also has a Health Centre.
360º Panorama of the waterfront of Basse-Terre along the boulevard du Général-de-Gaulle
Over the centuries the commune spread along a street formerly named Grand Rue. The River of Herbs separates two early nuclei of houses which now correspond to the districts of Carmel and Saint Francis. The town developed on a narrow coastal strip between theCaribbean Sea and the first hills of the long mountain ridge that divides the island in two. The volcanic massif of the Soufrière is to the north-east and the mountains ofCaraïbes andHouëlmont are to the south-east, which enclose the commune in lush greenery. The city itself stretches over 3 km in spite of a rugged terrain intersected by ravines.
The boundaries of the commune have varied over the centuries. The colonial Decree of 20 September 1837 endorsed the creation of communes (endorsed on 12 November 1789) and set the powers of the mayor and city council. The territory of Basse-Terre was previously split into two:intra-muros which was the urban part and its inner periphery andextra-muros that extended to the slopes of the Soufrière (although this terminology is used, the city has never been surrounded by walls). In 1837 two new communes were created by cuttingextra-muros from Basse-Terre and the futureSaint-Claude andGourbeyre were created. A decision of the municipal council of 15 March 1839 specified the limits of the commune. By 16 October 1953, the commune has grown and included the neighbourhoods of Rivière-des-Peres by the sea as well as Pintade, Thillac, Morne-à-Vaches, Desmarais, Guillard, and Delille.
The total number of dwellings in the commune is 6,143 (2017). 77.0% are primary residences. The number of second homes is 80.8% and the number of vacancies is 22.2% which is above the national average of 8%.[11]
The area of the commune has been greatly reduced since the end of the 19th century and its mountainous terrain does not allow it to develop large-scale farming.[citation needed]Only the Bologne distillery, a rum producer, remains significant and is one of the jewels of local production shared with the commune of Baillif.[citation needed]The city, as capital of the department, hosts major administration establishments as well as the Chamber of Commerce and Industry of Basse-Terre.[citation needed]
There has been development of the economic sector through improving the reception of cruise ships and passengers in the port of Basse-Terre.[18] The first stone for the ferry terminal was laid on 27 December 2013. The modern terminal has a capacity of 100 people with areas for ticketing and restaurants was opened on 2 October 2015.[19]
The commune has a very large number of buildings and sites that are registered as historical monuments.[20] Some of the most interesting are shown below.
Fort Delgrès (formerly Fort Saint-Charles), built by Charles Houël in 1649; thereafter many governors expanded it and made substantial changes. It was taken and retaken several times. It had several names: Fort Houël (1650–1794), renamed Fort Matilda by the British (1794), Fort Richepanse (30 March 1803 – 1810), again Fort Matilda (1810–1814 and 1815–1816), again Fort Richepanse (1816–1960), Fort Saint Charles (1960), and Fort Delgrès (since 1989). Classified as an historical monument by order of 21 November 1977.[21]
TheGerty Archimede Museum opened in 1984 in the house where the lawyer and politicianGerty Archimede lived.
TheTown hall was built in 1889. For the Tercentenary celebrations of linking theWest Indies to France Georges Rohner made ??seven paintings to decorate the building, between 1934 and 1936.[22] The seven paintings in the town hall are registered as historical objects:
A Painting: Portrait of Victor Schoelcher (1937)[23]
A Painting: Horseman talking to a woman and small boy (1937)[24]
A Painting: Workman carrying a hand of bananas (1937)[25]
A Painting: Two fishermen shaking their nets with a woman (1937)[26]
A Painting: Two fishermen shaking their nets (1937)[27]
TheCourthouse buildings were all built by Ali Tur.[30] It is used for all of the courts of the prefecture including theCourt of Appeal and High Court. It is classified as historical monuments by order of 15 December 1997.[31]
TheMarket Clock located inside the City spice Market dates from 1932 and is also the work of architect Ali Tur.[30]
TheLycée général et technologique Gerville-Réache was built in the 1st quarter of the 19th century when it housed a military hospital. In the 1950s this was converted into the school. It was classified as an historical monument by order of 15 January 1979.[32]
TheRegional Council of Guadeloupe was recently built (1991–1993) and houses the offices of regional councilors and the President of the Regional Executive.
TheGeneral Council of Guadeloupe was built on the site of the former General Council building. It has been listed as an historical monument since 1997.[33]
ThePrefecture of Guadeloupe on the site of the former military hospital destroyed by fire in 1794. It was a military district which was formerly called the "Barracks of Orleans" in the 19th century. The current building was built by Ali Tur between 1932 and 1935[30] and was called the "Palace of Orleans" or the "Palace of the Governor". It was not until 1951 that the prefectural administration settled there. It was classified as an historical monument by order of 15 December 1997.[34]
TheCathedral of Our Lady of Guadeloupe was built over a wooden chapel that was built in the 18th century when it was called Saint Francis Church. It was not until 1877 that it was dedicated to Our Lady of Guadeloupe. The cathedral was listed as an Historical Monument (MH) on 17 June the 1975.[35] Its annex buildings are the seat of theDiocese of Basse-Terre and Pointe-à-Pitre.
TheBell Tower of the Cathedral was built in 1837 and recently renovated recently and is separated on the back of the cathedral without. It was classified as a historical monument on 19 May 2006.[36]
TheChurch of Our Lady of Mount Carmel was built by the first colonists and more precisely by monks in the 17th century. It marked foundation of Basse-Terre. It was classified as an historical monument on 20 April 2006.[37] The church contains several items that are registered as historical objects:
TheSaint Antoine Monastery was founded in 1897 as a charitable hospice and property of theSaint Vincent de Paul congregation. It was listed in 2007 as an historical monument.[44]
Antoine Richepanse, born atMetz on 25 March 1770, named chief of the expedition toGuadeloupe byNapoléon Bonaparte, he embarked in 1801 with order to quell the uprising ofLouis Delgrès. He succeeded but, having contractedyellow fever, he died on 3 September 1802 at the age of 32 years at Basse-Terre. He is buried in Fort Delgrès.
Gerty Archimede, born on 26 April 1909 atMorne-à-l'Eau (Guadeloupe), died at Basse-Terre on 15 August 1980, the first woman admitted to the bar in Guadeloupe in 1939 and deputy to Mayor Élie Chauffrein (1953–1956)
Paul Niger, real name Albert Béville; writer, administrator, and militant; born on 21 December 1915 at Basse-Terre and died on 22 June 1962 in an air accident atDeshaies
^Marie-Emmanuelle Desmoulins,The Guadaloupen interlude of Georges Rohner: the paintings in the Town Hall of Basse-Terre (1934–1936), In Situ – Revue of Heritage, No. 6, 2005Read online(in French)
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