 A game of pelota as played inUstaritz | |
| Highestgoverning body | International Federation of Basque Pelota |
|---|---|
| Nicknames | Pelota |
| First played | 13th century |
| Characteristics | |
| Contact | No |
| Team members | Single or doubles |
| Type | Hand sport,Racquet sport,Basket sport |
| Equipment | Basque pelota ball |
| Presence | |
| Olympic | Part of the Summer Olympic programme in 1900 Demonstrated at the 1924, 1968 and 1992 Summer Olympics Recognized as an Olympic sport |
Basque pelota (Basque:pilota,Spanish:pelota vasca,French:pelote basque) is the name for a variety of court sports played with a ball using one's hand, aracket, a wooden bat or a basket, against a wall (frontis orfronton) or, more traditionally, with two teams face to face separated by a line on the ground or a net. The roots of this class of games can be traced to the Greek and other ancient cultures.[1]
The termpelota probably comes from theVulgar Latin termpilotta (ball game). It is a diminutive form of the wordpila which may relate to a hard linen or leather ball filled withpilus (fur or hair)[2] or to the Latin words forstrike orspade and is related to the English wordpellet.[3]
Today, Basque pelota is played in several countries. In Europe, this sport is concentrated inSpain andFrance, especially in theBasque Country. The sport is also played in Latin American countries such asArgentina,Chile,Uruguay, andCuba. Operated as a gaming enterprise calledjai alai, it is seen in parts of the U.S. such asFlorida,Connecticut,Nevada, andRhode Island.
InValencia,Valencian pilota is considered the national sport; it is also played in Belgium, northern Italy, Mexico, and Argentina.
Since its creation, theInternational Federation of Basque Pelota has standardised the different varieties into four modalities and fourteen disciplines, with fixed ball weights, rules and court sizes. The four modalities—30 metres (33 yd) wall, 36 metres (39 yd) wall, 54 metres (59 yd) wall andtrinquete—admit fourteen disciplines, depending the use of bare hand, leather ball, rubber ball,paleta (pelota paleta), racket (frontennis) andxare. Two of the fourteen disciplines are played by both men and women (frontenis and rubber pelota in trinquete); the other twelve are played only by men. This allows championship play at the international level, and allows the participation of players and teams from around the world using the same rules. There is, however, criticism about this, since purists might argue that some of the original traits of each particular modality could be lost.
Even with protection, accidents do happen. With the ball easily travelling at 200 kilometres per hour (120 mph), pelota can kill if safety equipment is not used properly or at all; while rare, occasional deaths do occur.
The origin of this sport is tied to the decline of the ancientjeu de paume (jeu de paume au gant), ca. 1700. While the game evolved to the modern jeu de paume (with racquet, calledreal tennis in England) and eventually tolawn tennis, rural Alpine and Pyrenean communities kept the tradition.[citation needed]
In the Basque Country the "pasaka [eu]" and "laxoa [eu]", local versions of the paume evolved to the peculiar style of the pilota: instead of playing face to face, with a net in the midfield, the Basques began to fling the ball against a wall.[citation needed]
According to the Basque pilota historian Chipitey Etcheto, the first recorded matches took place in Napoleonic times; it is believed that the game was close to currently rare speciality of "rebot [eu]".
The mid-19th century saw the explosion of the "pelota craze". The player "Gantxiki" is considered the original "father" of the chistera, the basket-shaped racquet that can propel the ball at high speeds, introduced around 1850.[citation needed]
The top champions of the end of the 19th century, such as "Chiquito de Cambo", were immensely popular and the best-paid sportsmen of their time. The first official competitions were organized in the 1920s and led to the world championship in the 1950s.[citation needed]
In 1924, the United States built its first fronton, in Miami. During the '80s and '90s, Jai-Alai was especially popular in Miami and Florida, but with the growth of casinos and legalized betting in the United States, the popularity of jai-alai evaporated, and only one non-amateur fronton is still known to exist in the country.
Pelota is played all over theBasque regions of south-western France and northern Spain, where it originated. There are also federations of Basque ball in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Costa Rica, Cuba, the Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Greece, India, Italy, Mexico, the Netherlands, Paraguay, Peru, the Philippines, Sweden, the United States (including Puerto Rico), Uruguay and Venezuela. Due to the origin of the game, there are many good players who areBasques, either natives or from theBasque diaspora. The sport has been part of thePan-American Games since 1995, but was dropped at the 1999, 2007 and 2015 editions due to its low popularity in Brazil and Canada.
Basque pelota was an officialOlympic sport once, in the 1900 Paris Games, and ademonstration sport in1924 (men),1968 (men) and1992 (men and women). See alsoBasque pelota at the 1900 Summer Olympics.[4]
In the 1900 Paris Games, there were two teams entered, France and Spain, but the French team, Maurice Durquetty and Etchegaray, withdrew on the afternoon of the contest; therefore, the contest was scratched and the Spanish team, Amezola and Villota, were awarded the gold medal.
Basque pelota is usually played in a two walled court (Basque:frontoi orpilotaleku, French:fronton, Spanish:frontón). As seen in the picture, there are also courts with one wall, a modality prevailing on the French side of theBasque Country, some spots ofNavarre or at the highly exceptional court ofZubieta in provinceGipuzkoa. Yet they are not recognized by theInternational Federation of Basque Pelota for international tournaments, and usually reserved to joko-garbia and open-air grand chistera games.
The trinquet is a court in Pelota where there is a front wall, a glass wall on the right and a wall on the left that has a dugout built into it and lastly a wall at the back. Where the right wall and the front wall meet there is small 45-degree wall. The trinquet is 8.50 meters high, 28.50 meters long and 9.30 meters wide.[5]
The mur a gauche is French for 'wall on the left' which it truly is, as represented in the diagram below where there is a front wall called a frontis, a left wall and a back wall called a rebot. The mur a gauche is 36 meters long, 10 meters wide and 10 meters high.[6]
TheJai-Alai court has the same layout as the mur a gauche, but instead of being 36 meters long, it is 54 meters long.
The basic principle in hand-pelota is that there are two teams of two players each. The team to serve bounces the ball, then propels it towards the playing area of the narrow, front wall where it has to rebound between the low line demarcating the low off-area and the high line demarcating the high off-area.
The ball may either be played so it rebounds directly off the front wall onto the playing floor or onto the long side wall first. The opposing team may either play the ball immediately after rebounding from the front wall or side wall without rebounding from the playing floor or after having rebounded from the playing floor once.
A team scores by:
A team may also score by the opposing team:
The ball used to play pelota is calledpilota in Basque,pelote in French, andpelota in Spanish. There are different sizes, different weights and different materials for each discipline that is played.
The ball is made out of a boxwood core from 20–36 mm (0.79–1.42 in) in diameter. This is wrapped in a latex wire (for Hand Pelota, Grand Chistera, Jai-Alai, and open-air Pala). The core of the ball is different for individual age groups so that the weight limit is respected. The core can also be made from latex (for Cesta Punta, Xare, Pala Corta, and Remonte).
A wire of pure new wool is then carefully wrapped carefully around the core so that the ball is round and even throughout. A structure of cotton wire is sewed on the surface of the ball so that the wool stays in place. Number eight shapes are cut out from goat skin and are sewn together onto the ball in one or two layers.
Some of the disciplines in pelota require the use of a glove or Chistera.
The Palas and Paletas are wooden made rackets that are used to strike or hit the ball. The difference between them is their weight, length, and width.
This is the version knownoutside Europe asjai alai. It is calledzesta punta in Basque[7] andcesta-punta in Spanish (literally: 'edged basket'). It uses a special glove that extends into a long pointed curved basket (hence the name), circa 60 cm long in straight line and 110 cm by curved line. The basket (xistera in Basque andchistera in French) was introduced byGantchiqui Dithurbide fromSaint-Pée, France in 1860,[8] and its long version byMelchior Curuchage, from Buenos Aires in 1888.[8] The players use it to catch the rubber ball and propel it back against the main court. The Basque Government claims it as "the fastest game on Earth", the record being 302 km/h or 187.65 mi/h (José Ramón Areitio at theNewport Jai Alai, Rhode Island, USA on 3 August 1979[8]).
It is a modern Mexican fusion between tennis and Basque pelota. It uses tennis rackets in a short court, although the ball has a different surface to the tennis one. Men and women both play this game. It is played only in 30 meter courts.
A single wall version played by hand, created in 2008 by FIPV.[9]
Hand-pelota (Basque:esku huska oresku huskako pilota, Spanish:pelota a mano) is played barehanded (or with minimal protections) and with a traditional ball made of wool around a hard core and covered with leather. The standard ball should weigh 92–95 grams. It is played in the short court either individually (one vs. one) or by pairs (two vs. two). Traditionally and professionally it is reserved for men. Players can be distinguished by the swelling of their hitting hand.It was originally played in the 13th century in the Basque region of Spain and France, and has been played for a long time in Mexico, South America, Cuba, Italy and many US states, including Florida.[citation needed] The sport is similar tosquash orfives, players hit the ball against the end wall, trying to get the ball out of the opponent's reach.[10]
Also called "Argentine paleta goma", this is played with a short and broad wooden bat, calledpaleta in both Spanish and Basque, and a gas-filled rubber ball.The ball is neither solid nor hollow. It is made from two-halves glued together. Before being glued, the core is filled with a special gas which gives the ball firmness and bounce, and thus greater speed.Paleta goma can be played by either men or women. This version of paleta was invented inArgentina and is widely played there. The Argentine malepelotaris are used to dominating international competitions.
This variant is played with a bat similar to the previous one but with a traditional leather ball. This game is mainly played by men.
This is played with somewhat shorter but thicker and much narrower bat (pala ancha). The ball is leather or rubber. It is reserved, in principle, for men.
Is played with a longer bat (pala larga), again thick and not much wide. Leather or rubber ball in the long court. In principle, this game is reserved for men.
This version of the sport is played essentially in France by 2 teams of 3 players on an outside court referred to asplace libre, meaning "free space" in French, orCancha, meaning "court" in Spanish. The court is 16 m wide and 100 m long with the limit for play being at 80 m from the wall orFronton and has no side walls. The sport is played with the same glove as the zesta punta.
A variant of the above. The basket-glove is shorter and less deep and it is allowed to retain the ball only momentarily.The Basque namejoko garbi means "pure game", in opposition to the abuse ofatxiki (unfair retention of the ball), typical of the late 19th century style of playing, dubbedjoko zikin ("dirty game").
This game is for men only.
Similar to joko-garbi, but the xistera is flatter and doesn't allow the atchiki foul. It can be played by individuals or teams of two players.This game is still performed by professionals in several Jai-Alai frontons in northern Spain.
Xare orsare (from name of the racket, which means "net" in Basque;[11] also spelledshare in Spanish) is played with a wooden ring strung with a net, meaning that the ball is thrown instead of hit.[12] It is played only on thetrinquet court.[11] Xare is known for the quick, precise and sharp movements of thepelotaris who are capable of reaching balls considered impossible forpelotaris of other specialties. Bicycle-like helmets are also worn.[13] It is traditionally strong in South American countries, especiallyArgentina, as a result of which it is also known asraqueta argentina andraquette argentine in Spanish and French.[11][14][15]
Paleta frontón is a Peruvian variant. The sport is similar tosquash but is played on an open court, with a wooden, carbon fiber or glass fiber paddle and a black rubber ball.
Professional competitions and exhibitions in the Basque Country are organized byAsegarce andASPE for the discipline of handball, Orriamendi for Remonte, Inpala for Pala Larga. Various tournaments exist for Cesta Punta professional players in France and Spain.
In the United States pelota was mainly a professional sport, strongly tied to betting and thepari-mutuel system.
In professional environment is common to play special plays called "quinielas" well adapted to thebetting needs.
In 1994, the production companyAsegarce started painting the courts green so that the ball would be more visible on TV.[16]
Professional games are open tobetting on the results, as usual in most traditional Basque competitions. In the US and Macau it is mainly this aspect of the competition that has given it some popularity. Besides the federations, there are professional competitions such as theLeague of Companies of Basque Pilota. TheInternational Jai-Alai Players Association is a union defending the players ofJai Alai.
TheInternational Federation of Basque Pelota has organized theBasque Pelota World Championships since 1952.
The current medal table from 1952 to 2018 is as follows:[17][18][19][20][21][22]
| Rank | Nation | Gold[a] | Silver | Bronze[b] | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 |  Spain | 69 | 75 | 39 | 183 |
| 2 |  France | 68 | 65 | 44 | 177 |
| 3 |  Mexico | 50 | 41 | 32 | 123 |
| 4 |  Argentina | 48 | 25 | 18 | 91 |
| 5 |  Uruguay | 4 | 30 | 15 | 49 |
| 6 |  Cuba | 3 | 5 | 16 | 24 |
| 7 |  United States | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 |
| 8 |  Chile | 0 | 0 | 6 | 6 |
Other modalities
| Federations |  | |
|---|---|---|
| Companies | ||
| Fronton grounds | ||
| Tournaments | ||
| Notable Pelotaris | ||
| Pelota at the Olympics | ||
| Defunct frontons | ||
| Related articles | ||
Authority control databases: National |
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