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A reproduction of aHilarri, a Basque gravestone, from 1736 with commonly found symbols. Translated from Latin, it reads, "Maria Arros Sagaray died on the 19th day of April, 1736".
Themythology of the ancientBasques largely did not survive the arrival ofChristianity in theBasque Country between the 4th and 12th century AD. Most of what is known about elements of this original belief system is based on the analysis of legends, the study ofplace names and scant historical references to pagan rituals practised by the Basques.[1]
One main figure of this belief system was the female deityMari. According to legends collected in the area ofAtaun, the other main figure was her consortSugaar. However, due to the scarcity of the material, it is difficult to say if this would have been the "central pair" of the Basquepantheon. Based on the attributes ascribed to these mythological creatures, this would be considered achthonic religion as all its characters dwell on earth or below it, with the sky seen mostly as an empty corridor through which the divinities pass.[citation needed]
various medieval sources making references to pagan rituals, including the records of theInquisition
19th and 20th century collections of myths and folk-tales, such as those collected byJosé Miguel Barandiaran, which comprise by far the largest body of material relating to non-Christian beliefs and practices
the modern study of place-names in the Basque Country
Urtzi may have been a Basque mythological figure—asky god—but may have been merely a word for the sky. There is evidence that can be read as either supporting or contradicting the existence of such a deity. To date, neither theory has been entirely accepted.[3]
^Anuntxi Arana: Mari, mairu eta beste - 1996 - Bulletin du musée basque n°146.
^Encarnação, José d’ (2015).Divindades indígenas sob o domínio romano em Portugal [Indigenous deities under Roman rule in Portugal] (in Portuguese) (Second ed.). Coimbra:Universidade de Coimbra.[page needed]
Arriaga, J. (1984). "Euskal mitologia" [Basque mythology].Gero (in Basque).
Barandiaran, Jose Migel (1996).Mitología Vasca [Basque mythology] (in Spanish). Txertoa.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
Baroja, Caro (1995). "Lamiak, sorginak eta jainkosak" [Lamias, witches and goddesses].Gaiak (in Basque) (Euskal mitologia).
CAMARENA, JULIO; Maxime CHEVALIER.Catálogo tipológico del cuento folklórico español (in five volumes). Madrid: Gredos y Centro de Estudios Cervantinos; I, cuentos maravillosos, 1995; II, cuentos de animales, 1997; III, cuentos religiosos, 2003; IV, cuentos-novela, 2003). (compiles tales from Spain, with references to Basque collections in some volumes).
