The name "Bashkortostan" derives from the name of theBashkir ethnic group. While theendonym having various theories on its meaning, the most prominent is being a combination ofTurkic wordsbaş, meaning 'head', 'chief', 'main', 'principal' andqurt meaning 'wolf' (one of the animals regarded as sacred toTurkic peoples);[26] the suffix-stan isPersian, commonly used for many Eurasian territorial names. Bashkirs speak theBashkir language, which belongs to theKipchak branch of theTurkic language group.[27]
The first settlements in the territory of modern Bashkortostan date from the earlyPaleolithic period, but theBronze Age spurred an upsurge in the population of this territory.[28] When people of theAbashevo culture started settling here, they possessed high skills in manufacturing bronze tools, weapons and decorations. They were the first to establish permanent settlements in the SouthernUrals.
Bashkortostan takes its name from its native people, theBashkirs. The Slavonic name of the country, Bashkiriya, formed at the end of the 16th century. Originally it appeared in the formsBashkir land,Bashkir,Bashkirda andBashkir horde. The ethnonymBashkirs first became known in the 7th century. In the 10th century,Al-Balkhi wrote about Bashkirs as a people, divided into two groups, one of which inhabited the Southern Urals, while the other lived near the Danube River, close to the boundaries of Byzantium. His contemporaryIbn-Ruste described the Bashkirs as "an independent people, occupying territories on both sides of the Ural mountain ridge between Volga, Kama, Tobol and upstream of Yaik River".
ARed Army cavalry unit made up of Bashkirs, likely taken between 1924 and 1927.
After the early-feudalMongolian state had broken down in the 14th century, the territory of modern Bashkortostan became divided between theKazan, theSiberia Khanates and theNogai Horde. The tribes that lived there were headed bybi (tribal heads). AfterKazan fell toIvan the Terrible in 1554–1555, representatives of western and northwesternBashkir tribes approached theTsar with a request to voluntarily joinMuscovy.[citation needed] TheBashkir rebellion of 1662–1664 and theBashkir rebellion of 1704–1711 were primarily caused by the Russian government's violations of the terms and conditions previously agreed between the Bashkirs and the Russian authorities. Bashkirs were also largely involved in thePugachev Rebellion (their leaderSalawat Yulayev, currently considered a national hero of the Bashkirs, was one of Pugachev's closest aides).
Starting from the second half of the 16th century, Bashkiria's territory began taking shape as a part of the Russian state. In 1798, the Spiritual Assembly of Russian Muslims was established, an indication that the tsarist government recognized the rights of Bashkirs,Tatars, and other Muslim nations to profess Islam and perform religious rituals.Ufa Governorate (guberniya), with a center inUfa, was formed in 1865—another step toward territorial identification.
After theRussian Revolution of 1917 were the All-Bashkir Qoroltays (conventions), which required a decision on the need to create a national federal republic within Russia. As a result, on 28 November 1917, the Bashkir Regional (Central) Shuro (Council) proclaimed the establishment of territorial and national autonomy in areas of Orenburg, Perm, Samara, and Ufa provinces with a predominantly Bashkir population.
In December 1917, delegates to the All-Bashkir (constituent) Congress, representing the interests of the population edge of all nationalities, voted unanimously for the resolution (Farman #2) of the Bashkir regional Shuro for the proclamation of national-territorial autonomy (of the Republic) Bashkurdistan. The congress formed the government of Bashkurdistan, the Pre-parliament—Kese-Qoroltay and other bodies of power and administration, and decisions were made on how to proceed.
In March 1919, based on the agreements of the Russian Government, theBashkir Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was formed. During the Soviet period, Bashkiria was granted broad autonomous rights, the first among other Russian regions. The administrative structure of the Bashkir ASSR was based on principles similar to those of other autonomous republics of Russia.
On 31 March 1992, aFederative Compact "On separation of authorities and powers among federal organs of power of the Russian Federation and the organs of power of the Republic of Bashkortostan" was signed. On 3 August 1994,[31] a Compact "On separation of authorities and mutual delegating of powers among the organs of power of the Russian Federation and the organs of power of the Republic of Bashkortostan" was signed, granting the republic autonomy. This agreement was unilaterally abolished on 7 July 2005.[32]
There are over 13,000 rivers in the republic. Many rivers are part of the deep-water transportation system of European Russia; they provide access to ports of theBaltic andBlack seas.
The Republic of Bashkortostan is one of Russia's most mineral-rich territories. With a large share ofRussian oil reserves, the region is a principal site of extraction. Other major resources arenatural gas,coal, ferrous metalores,manganese,chromite, and more.
The republic has enough mineral resources to provide its own power and fuel. Additionally, the region has enough raw materials to support a variety of industries, from metallurgy to glass-making.
Bashkortostan is a major source of materials used in non-ferrousmetallurgy. The republic has good deposits oflignite with a high degree ofbitumen. This lignite can be used for obtaining a variety of different chemical products like resins, surface-active substances, gummyfertilizers, and other stimulants for plant growth. Deposits of raw materials used in mining are also significant in the region.
Bashkortostan is also rich in woodlands. Over one-third of its territory, or 62,000 square kilometres (24,000 sq mi), is wooded. The following types of trees dominate:birch,conifers,lime,oak, andmaple. The general stock of timber has been estimated as 717.9 million m3. Bashkortostan forests have special sanctuaries and national parks. They cover more than 10,000 square kilometres (3,900 sq mi).
Bashkortostan is also rich in springs that provide drinking water.
TheAsselian Age at the start of thePermian Period of geological time is named after the Assel River in Bashkortostan.[33]
The head of thegovernment of the Republic of Bashkortostan is called theHead (before 1 January 2015 the title was "President"[35]). According to theConstitution, the Head of the Republic of Bashkortostan guarantees rights and liberties to the country's people and citizens, protects the economic and political interests of the Republic of Bashkortostan, and secures legitimacy, law, and order within its territory.
The Republic'sConstitution was adopted on 24 December 1993. Article 1 of the Constitution stipulates that Bashkortostan is a sovereign state within Russia, it has state power beyond the limits of the authority of the Russian Federation and the powers of the Russian Federation concerning the aspect of the joint authority of the Russian Federation and the Republic of Bashkortostan. The Republic of Bashkortostan is a full-fledged subject of the Russian Federation on equal and agreed bases.[citation needed]
The relations of the Republic of Bashkortostan and the Russian Federation are based on the articles of theConstitution of the Russian Federation, theConstitution of the Republic of Bashkortostan, the Federative Treaty (with amendments) and the Agreement on Separation of authorities and powers and mutual delegating of powers among the organs of state power of the Republic of Bashkortostan.
In full accord with universally recognized principles of international law, articles of theEuropean Charter of Local Self-Government and the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the Republic of Bashkortostan ensures in its Constitution that local self-government is recognized and guaranteed within the republic's territory.[citation needed]
The Republic of Bashkortostan resolves all issues of administrative-territorial structure on its own. The list of districts and towns, municipalities, as well as the order of establishing, amending and changing borders of municipalities and their names, are stipulated by the Republic of Bashkortostan law "On administrative-territorial structure of the Republic of Bashkortostan and territory of municipalities".
The state has strong economic and cultural ties with its western neighbour, the Republic ofTatarstan.[37][38][39]
Tyupkildy wind parkSunflower field inIshimbaysky District. Bashkortostan has a developed agriculture
Bashkortostan is one of the Russian Federation's most developed regions in terms of its cross-regional output, the volume of industrial production, agricultural production, and investment in fixed assets.
The extraction ofcrude oil in Bashkiria began in 1932. with major deposits first discovered in 1943. During theGreat Patriotic War, Bashkiria became one of the major regions of the Soviet Union to accommodate plants and factories evacuated from Western Russia, as well as great masses of people, while also providing the country with weaponry, fuel, and foodstuffs. After the war, several industries developed further in Bashkiria, such as mining (Bakr-Tay andBlyavinsky copper mines), machine-building and oil-refining. Bashkiria's industry became a base for the further economic growth of all European outlying territories of Russia.
Bashkortostan has a diverse economy, including a large agricultural sector. But the republic's most important industry is chemical processing. Bashkortostan produces more oil than any other region of Russia, about 26 million tons annually, and provides 17% of the country's gasoline and 15% of its diesel fuel. Other important products manufactured in Bashkortostan include alcohols, pesticides, and plastics.
Bashkortostan'sgross regional product (GRP) in 2016 was 1.34 trillion rubles,[41] making the republic the subject with the ninth-highest GRP in Russia. The state had a positivetrade balance, with $13.7 billion exported and $1.2 billion imported in 2013.[42] As much as 82.9% of enterprises in Bashkortostan are profitable,[43] higher than the nationwide average of 68.42%. Bashkortostan has been recognized as the region with the lowest economic risk.[44][45]
Bashkortostan is among the leaders in real estate development,[46] developed electric power industry[47] and tourism.[48]
Ufa was ranked byForbes as among the best cities for business in Russia in 2013.[49]
Tourism in the region is regulated by theRussian Federation. Efforts are underway to enhance tourism and hospitality in the northeast region. These initiatives are founded on the innovative scientific, educational, and industrial infrastructure of the Geopark "Yangan-Tau."[51][52]
166,056 people were registered from administrative databases, and could not declare an ethnicity. It is estimated that the proportion of ethnicities in this group is the same as that of the declared group.[54]
Most ethnic Russians, Chuvash, and Ukrainians areOrthodox Christians. Most Mari arePagan. Non-religious people form a substantial part of any ethnic group in Bashkortostan. There are 13,000Jews in the republic, with a historicsynagogue inUfa, and a new Jewish Community Center built in 2008.[59]
According to a 2012 Sreda survey of 56,900 people,[56] 58% of the population of Bashkortostan areMuslim, 17% adhere to theRussian Orthodox Church, 3% areunaffiliated genericChristians, 1% are Orthodox Christian believers without belonging to any church or members of other Orthodox churches, and 2% are adherents of theSlavic native faith (Rodnovery), theMari native religion, ChuvashVattisen Yaly orTengrism. In addition, 4% of the population declare to be "spiritual but not religious", 5% areatheist, and 7% follow other religions or did not give an answer to the question.[56] Note, however, that this survey has been criticized as biased. It was conducted by the service "Sreda", which has ties to the Christian organizations.[60]
In 2010, there were over 1,000 mosques in Bashkortostan,[61] 200 Orthodox churches and 60 religious buildings of other confessions.[62]
About sixty scientific organizations are active in the republic. Fundamental and applied scientific research is underway at 12 institutes of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 29 institutes of different branches of industry, as well as numerous design bureaus and organizations, universities, and colleges.
The country's system of popular education took shape over many centuries and reflects the Bashkir people'sfolklore,national customs, andtraditions. WhenIslam spread in Bashkiria in the 10th century, an educational system began to emerge gradually—primarily religious schools operated under the supervision of mosques (maktabeh andmadrasah).
In addition, many institutions of higher education operate in the republic, including branches of 16 leading Russian universities and colleges. Specialists graduate with degrees in about 200 trades andprofessions.
Bashkortostan is home to song and dance companies, a network of national theaters, museums, and libraries, and a number of annual folk festivals. The republic has seven Bashkir, four Russian, and two Tatar State Drama Theaters, a State Opera and Ballet Theater, a National Symphony Orchestra, "Bashkortostan" film studio, thirty philharmonic collectives, and the Bashkir State Folk Dance Ensemble.
The Bashkir School of Dance is well respected,[citation needed] with many students receiving international awards at competitions in Russia and other countries. World-renowned ballet dancerRudolf Nureyev, as a child, was encouraged to dance in Bashkir folk performances, and began his dancing career in Ufa.
Bashkir literature is the literary tradition of the Republic of Bashkortostan.[67][68][69]
^Президент Российской Федерации. Указ №849 от 13 мая 2000 г. «О полномочном представителе Президента Российской Федерации в федеральном округе». Вступил в силу 13 мая 2000 г. Опубликован: "Собрание законодательства РФ", No. 20, ст. 2112, 15 мая 2000 г. (President of the Russian Federation. Decree #849 of May 13, 2000On the Plenipotentiary Representative of the President of the Russian Federation in a Federal District. Effective as of May 13, 2000.).
^Госстандарт Российской Федерации. №ОК 024-95 27 декабря 1995 г. «Общероссийский классификатор экономических регионов. 2. Экономические районы», в ред. Изменения №5/2001 ОКЭР. (Gosstandart of the Russian Federation. #OK 024-95 December 27, 1995Russian Classification of Economic Regions. 2. Economic Regions, as amended by the Amendment #5/2001 OKER. ).
^abConstitution of the Republic of Bashkortostan, Article 6
^Национально-государственное устройство Башкортостана, 1917–1925 гг: Общее введение и Том 1 // Билал Хамитович Юлдашбаев, Китап, 2002,ISBN5295029166, 9785295029165
^Хрестоматия по истории Башкортостана: Документы и материалы с древнейших времен до 1917 года // Фарит Гумеров, "Китап", 2001
^Зулькарнаева Е. З., Кульшарипова Н. М. Фарман. // Башкортостан: краткая энциклопедия. — Уфа: Башкирская энциклопедия, 1996. — С. 603. — 672 с. —ISBN5-88185-001-7.
^Administrative-Territorial Structure of the Union Republics. 1987., p. 25
^Smele, Jonathan D. (November 19, 2015).Historical Dictionary of the Russian Civil Wars,1916–1926. Vol. 2.Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 179.ISBN978-1-4422-5280-6.
^Об изменении наименования государства Башкирская Советская Социалистическая Республика / Закон Республики Башкортостан от 25 февраля 1992 г. № ВС-10/12
^Turner, Cassandra (May 2018)."We Never Said We're Independent": Natural Resources, Nationalism, and the Fight for Political Autonomy in Russia's Regions (Undergraduate thesis). University of Mississippi. p. 49.As the treaty was not successfully re-approved, Bashkortostan lost its autonomy on July 7th, 2005.
^Lucas, Spencer G.; Zeigler, Kate E., eds. (2005). "The Nonmarine Permian".Bulletin of the New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science.30: 48.
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