Most Bashkirs speak theBashkir language, which is similar toTatar andKazakh languages. The Bashkir language belongs to theKipchak branch ofTurkic languages; they share historical and cultural affinities with the broaderTurkic peoples. Bashkirs are mainlySunni Muslims of theHanafimadhhab, or school of jurisprudence, and follow theJadid doctrine. Previously nomadic and fiercely independent, the Bashkirs gradually came under Russian rule beginning in the 16th century; they have since played a major role through the history of Russia, culminating in their autonomous status within the Russian Empire, Soviet Union and post-Soviet Russia.
The etymology and indeed meaning of theendonymBashqurt has been for a long time under discussion.
The name Bashqurt has been known since the 10th century, most researchers etymologize the name as "main/leader/head" (bash) + "wolf" (qurt being an archaic name for the animal), thus "wolf-leader" (from the totemic hero ancestor).
This prevailingfolk etymology relates to a legend regarding the migration of the first seven Bashkir tribes from theSyr Darya valley to the Volga-Ural region. The legend relates that the Bashkirs were given a green and fertile land by the fertility goddess ofTengrismUmay (known locally also asUmay-əsə), protected by the legendary Ural mountains (in alignment with the famous Bashkir epic poem "Ural-Batyr"). A wolf was sent to guide these tribes to their promised land, hencebash-qurt, "leading wolf". TheethnographersV. N. Tatishchev, P. I. Richkov, andJohann Gottlieb Georgi provided similar etymologies in the 18th century.
Although this is the prevailing theory for an etymology of the termbashqurt, other theories have been formulated:
In 1847, the historian V. S. Yumatov speculated the original meaning to have been "beekeeper or beemaster".[20]
Douglas Morton Dunlop proposedbashqurt being derived from the formsbeshgur,bashgur, which means "fiveoghurs". Since modernsh corresponds tol inBulgar language. Therefore, Dunlop proposes the ethnonyms Bashqurt and Bulgar are equivalent.[21]Zeki Velidi Togan also suggested this.[22]
Anthropologist R. M. Yusupov consideredBashqurt may originally have been anIraniancompound word meaning "wolf-children" or "descendants of heroes", on the basis of the wordsbacha "descendant, child" andgurd "hero" orgurg "wolf".
Historian andarchaeologist Mikhail Artamonov suggested that the word is acorruption of the name of the Bušxk (orBwsxk), a tribe ofScythia that lived in the area now known as Bashkortostan.[23]
Ethnologist N. V. Bikbulatov suggested that the term originated from the name of a legendaryKhazar warlord namedBashgird, who ruled an area along theYayıq river.
Ethnologist R. G. Kuzeev derived the ethnonym from the morphemesbash "leader, head" andqurt "tribe".[citation needed]
The Bashkir group was formed byTurkic tribes of South Siberian and Central Asian origin, who, before migrating to theSouthern Urals, wandered for a considerable time in theAral-Syr Darya steppes (modern day central-southernKazakhstan), coming into contact with thePecheneg-Oghuz andKimak-Kipchak tribes. Therefore, it is possible to note that the Bashkir people originates from the same tribes which compose the modernKazakhs,Kyrgyzes andNogais, but there has been a considerable cultural and a small ethnic exchange withOghuz tribes.
The migration to the valley of the Southern Urals took place between the end of the 9th century and the beginning of the 10th century, in parallel to the Kipchak migration to the north.
Mausoleum of Husseinbek of the 14th century in BashkortostanMausoleum of Turakhan of the 15th century in BashkortostanBashkirs ofBaymak in traditional dress
The first report about Bashkirs may have been in theChinese chronicleBook of Sui (636 AD). Around 40 TurkicTiele tribes were named in the section "A Narration about the Tiele people"; Bashkirs might have been included within that narration, if the tribal name 比干 (MandarinBǐgān ←Middle ChineseZS: *piɪX-kɑn) (inBook of Wei) were a scribal error for 比千 (Bĭqiān ← *piɪXt͡sʰen) (inHistory of the Northern Dynasties), the latter reading being favored by Chinese scholar Rui Chuanming.[25]
In the 7th century, Bashkirs were also mentioned in the ArmenianAshkharatsuyts.
However, these mentions may refer to the precursors of theKipchak Bashkir tribes who travelled in the Aral-Syr Darya region before the migration. TheBook of Sui may have mentioned "Bashkirs" when the Turkic peoples were still travelling throughsouthern Siberia.
In the 9th century, during the migration of the Bashkirs to the Volga-Ural region, the firstArabic andPersian-written reports about Bashkirs are attested. These include reports by Sallam al-Tardjuman who around 850 travelled to the Bashkir territories and outlined their borders.
Ahmad ibn Fadlan, ambassador of the Baghdad CaliphAl-Muqtadir to the governor ofVolga Bulgaria, wrote the first ethnographic description of the Bashkir in 922. The Bashkirs, according to Ibn Fadlan, were a warlike and powerful people, which he and his companions (a total of five thousand people, including military protection) "bewared... with the greatest threat". They were described as engaged in cattle breeding. According to ibn Fadlan, the Bashkirs worshipped twelve gods: winter, summer, rain, wind, trees, people, horses, water, night, day, death, heaven and earth, and the most prominent, the sky god. Apparently, Islam had already begun to spread among the Bashkirs, as one of the ambassadors was a Muslim Bashkir. According to the testimony of Ibn Fadlan, the Bashkirs wereTurks, living on the southern slopes of theUrals, and occupying a vast territory up to the riverVolga. They were bordered byOghuz Turks on the south,Pechenegs to the south-east andBulgars on the west.
The earliest source to give a geographical description of Bashkir territory,Mahmud al-Kashgari'sDivanu Lugat'it Turk (1072–1074), includes a map with a charted region calledFiyafi Bashqyrt (the Bashkir steppes). Despite a lack of much geographic detail, the sketch map does indicate that the Bashkirs inhabited a territory bordering on theCaspian Sea and theVolga valley in the west, the Ural Mountains in the north-west, and theIrtysh valley in the east, thus giving a rough outline of the area.
By 1226,Genghis Khan had incorporated the lands of Bashkortostan into his empire. During the 13th and 14th centuries, all of Bashkortostan was a component of theGolden Horde. The brother ofBatu-Khan, Sheibani, received the Bashkir lands east of theUral Mountains.
In the middle of the 16th century, Bashkirs were gradually conquered by theTsardom of Russia.[26] Primary documents pertaining to the Bashkirs during this period have been lost, although some are mentioned in theshezhere (family trees) of the Bashkir.[citation needed]
During the Russian Imperial period, Russians and Tatars began to migrate to Bashkortostan which led to eventual demographic changes in the region. The recruitment of Bashkirs into the Russian army and having to pay steep taxes pressured many Bashkirs to adopt a more settled lifestyle and to slowly abandon their ancient nomadic pastoralist past.[26]
In the late 16th and early 19th centuries, Bashkirs occupied the territory from the riverSylva in the north, to the river heads ofTobol in the east, the mid-stream of the riverYaik (Ural) in the south; in the Middle and Southern Urals, the Cis-Urals including Volga territory and Trans-Uralsto, and the eastern bank of theriver Volga on the south-west.[citation needed]
The Bashkirs participated in the1662–64,1681–84 and1704–11 Rebellions. In 1676, the Bashkirs rebelled under a leader named Seyid Sadir or 'Seit Sadurov', and theRussian army had great difficulties in ending the rebellion. The Bashkirs rose again in 1707, under Aldar and Kûsyom, due to perceived ill-treatment by Imperial Russian officials.[27]
At the founding ofOrenburg in 1735, thefourth insurrection occurred in 1735 and lasted six years.[28] Ivan Kirillov formed a plan to build the fort to be called Orenburg atOrsk at the confluence of theOr River and theUral River, south-east of the Urals where the Bashkir, Kalmyk and Kazakh lands met. Work on Fort Orenburg commenced at Orsk in 1735. However, by 1743 the site ofOrenburg was moved a further 250 km west to its current location. The next planned construction was to be a fort on theAral Sea. The consequence of the Aral Sea fort would involve crossing Bashkir and theKazakh Lesser Horde lands, some of whom had recently offered a nominal submission to the Russian Crown.
The southern side of Bashkiria was partitioned by the Orenburg Line of forts. The forts ran fromSamara on the Volga east as far as theSamara River headwaters. It then crossed to the middle of theUral River and following the river course east and then north on the eastern side of the Urals. It then went east along theUy River to Ust-Uisk on theTobol River where it connected to the ill-defined 'Siberian Line' along the forest-steppe boundary.
In 1774, the Bashkirs, under the leadership ofSalavat Yulayev, supportedPugachev's Rebellion. In 1786, the Bashkirs achieved tax-free status; and in 1798 Russia formed anirregular Bashkir army from among them.
During theNapoleonic Wars, many Bashkirs served as mercenaries in the Russian army to defend from theFrench invaders duringNapoleon's invasion of Russia.[29] Subsequently, the Bashkir battalions were the most notable fighters during the Napoleonic wars on the north German and Dutch plateau. The Dutch and the Germans called the Bashkirs "Northern Amurs", probably because the population was not aware of who the Bashkirs actually were or where they came from, therefore the usage of "Amurs" in the name may be an approximation; these battalions were considered as the liberators from theFrench, however modern Russian military sources do not credit the Bashkirs with these accomplishments. These regiments also served inBattle of Paris and the subsequentoccupation of France by the coalition forces.[29]
After theRussian Revolution, the All-Bashkir Qoroltays (convention) concluded that it was necessary to form an independent Bashkir republic within Russia. As a result, on 15 November 1917, the Bashkir Regional (central) Shuro (Council), ruled byÄxmätzäki Wälidi Tıwğan proclaimed the establishment of the first independent Bashkir Republic in areas of predominantly Bashkir population: Orenburg, Perm, Samara, Ufa provinces and the autonomous entityBashkurdistan on November 15, 1917. This effectively made Bashkortostan the first everdemocraticTurkicrepublic in history.
This Bashkir wears a medallion, which identifies him as the village chief. Photo by G. Fisher, Orenburg, 1892Davlekanovo (Ufa Governorate).Kumis cooking, the beginning of the 20th centuryBashkirs inOrenburg, at the celebration of the 100th anniversary of the victory in thePatriotic War of 1812, 1913
On October 11, 1990, Declaration of State Sovereignty by the Supreme Council of the Republic was proclaimed. On March 31, 1992Bashkortostan signed a federal agreement on the delimitation of powers and areas of jurisdiction and the nature of contractual relations between the authorities of theRussian Federation and the authorities of the sovereign republics in its composition including theRepublic of Bashkortostan.
Genetic studies onY-DNA haplogroups have revealed that the three dominant paternal haplogroups for Bashkir males are thehaplogroup R1b,haplogroup R1a, and thehaplogroup N1c.[31] HaplogroupsC-M217,O, andD1, were found at lower frequencies among Bashkir males, and together make up roughly 11,5%.[32][33] Near Eastern-associated haplogroups J2 and G2 make up roughly 8,5%.[33]
In some specific regions and clans of ethnic Bashkir, the North Asian and Eastern Siberian haplogroup (N3) range from moderate to high frequencies (29 to 90%).[33]
Archaeogenetic analyses show a similarity between historicalHungarians, whose homeland is around theUral Mountains, and Bashkirs; analysis ofhaplogroup N3a4-Z1936 which is still found in very rare frequencies in modern Hungarians, and showed that Hungarian "sub-clade [N-B539/Y13850] splits from its sister-branch N3a4-B535, frequent today among Northeast European Uralic speakers, 4000–5000 ya, which is in the time-frame of the proposed divergence of Ugric languages", while on N-B539/Y13850+ sub-clade level confirmed shared paternal lineages with modern Ugric (Mansis and Khantys via N-B540/L1034) and Turkic speakers (Bashkirs and Volga Tatars via N-B540/L1034 and N-B545/Y24365); these suggest that the Bashkirs are mixture of Turkic, Ugric and Indo-European contributions.[34]
A genetic study published inScientific Reports in November 2019 examined the remains of 29Hungarian conquerors of the Carpathian Basin. The majority of them (60%) carried Y-DNA of West Eurasian origin, but at least 40% of East Eurasian (N1a-M2004, N1a-Z1936, Q1a and R1a-Z2124). They carried a higher amount of West Eurasian paternal ancestry than West Eurasian maternal ancestry. Among modern populations, their paternal ancestry was the most similar to modern Bashkirs.Haplogroup I2a1a2b was observed among several conquerors of particularly high rank. This haplogroup is of European origin and is today particularly common amongSouth Slavs. A wide variety ofphenotypes were observed, with several individuals having blond hair and blue eyes, but also East Asian traits. The study also analyzed three Hunnic samples from the Carpathian Basin in the 5th century, and these displayed genetic similarities to the conquerors. The Hungarian conquerors appeared to be a recently assembled heterogenous group incorporating both European, Asian and Eurasian elements.[35][36] A group of Bashkirs from theBurzyansky andAbzelilovsky districts of the Republic ofBashkortostan in theVolga-Ural region who belong to the R1a subcladeR1a-SUR51 are the closest kin to the HungarianÁrpád dynasty, from which they got separated 2000 years ago.[37][38]
According to Suslova, et al. (2012) the Bashkir population shared immune genes with both West and Eastern Eurasian populations.[39]
Population structure of Turkic-speaking populations in the context of their geographic neighbors across Eurasia.[40]
A genetic study by Yunusbayev et al. 2015 found that the Bashkirs display a significant amount ofEast Asian-derived ancestry (c. 40%), of which roughly the half can be associated with Siberian ancestry maximized in modern-dayNganasans, and the other half withAncient Northeast Asians. The remainder of the Bashkirs ancestry was linked to West Eurasian, primarily European sources. The results point to admixture between local Indo-European-speakers, Uralic-speakers and Turkic-speakers. The admixture event dates to the 13th century, according to an analysis of the identical-by-descent segments. According to the authors, the admixture thus occurred after the presumed migrations of the ancestralKipchaks from the Irtysh and Ob regions in the 11th century.[41]
The origin and later expansion of the Turkic peoples from Uchiyama et al. 2020 "the ultimate Proto-Turkic homeland may have been located in a more compact area, most likely in Eastern Mongolia, that is, close to the ultimate Proto-Mongolic homeland in Southern Manchuria and the ultimate Proto-Tungusic homeland in the present-day borderlands of China, Russia and North Korea. This hypothesis would explain the tight connections of Proto-Turkic with Proto-Mongolic and Proto-Tungusic, regardless of whether one interprets the numerous similarities between the three Altaic families as partly inherited or obtained owing to long-lasting contact."[42]
A full genome study by Triska et al. 2017 found that the Bashkir genepool is best described as a multi-layered amalgamation of Turkic, Uralic, and Indo-European contributions. They further argue that "this disparity between cultural and genetic affinities of Tatar and Bashkir can be attributed to a phenomenon of cultural dominance: the population ancestral to Bashkir adopted the Turkic language during Turkic expansion from the east (language replacement event)".[43]
A genetic analysis on genetic data of Hun, Avar and Magyar conqueror samples by Maroti et al. 2022, revealed high genetic affinity between Magyar conquerors and modern day Bashkirs. They can be modeled as ~50%Mansi-like, ~35%Sarmatian-like, and ~15%Hun/Xiongnu-like. The admixture event is suggested to have taken place in the Southern Ural region at 643–431 BC.[44]
TheRussian census of 2010 recorded 1,152,404 Bashkir speakers in theRussian Federation. The Bashkir language is native to 1,133,339 Bashkirs (71.7% of the total number of Bashkirs, reporting mother tongue). TheTatar language was reported as the native tongue of 230,846 Bashkirs (14.6%), andRussian as the native tongue of 216,066 Bashkirs (13.7%). Most Bashkirs arebilingual inBashkir andRussian.
The first appearance of a "Bashkir" language is dated back to the9th century AD, in the form of stone inscription using a Runic alphabet, most likely, this alphabet derives from theYenisei variant of theold Turkic runic script. This archaic version of a Bashkir language would be more or less a dialect of the proto-Kipchak language, however, since then, the Bashkir language has been through a series of vowel and consonant shifts, which are a result of a common literary history shared with theIdel Tatar language since the formation of theCuman-Kipchak confederation, when theOghuric Volga Bulgars started to receiveKipchak Turkic influence and became theIdel Tatars, most likely between the 10th and 11th centuries.
TheNogai andKarachay-Balkar languages are most likely the closest-sounding extant languages to the extinct Proto-Kipchak Bashkir language.
From an arc of time of roughly 900 years, the Bashkir language and Idel Tatar language, previously being completely different languages, "melded" into a series of dialects of a common"Volga Kipchak" or "Volga Turki" language. The Idel Tatars and Bashkirs are and always were two peoples of completely different origins, cultures and identities, but because of a shared common literary history in an arc of 900 years, the two languages ended up in a common language, spoken in different dialects with features depending on the people which spoke them.
For example, the dialects spoken by Bashkirs, tend to have an accent which mostly resembles other Kipchak languages, likeKyrgyz,Kazakh,Nogai,Karakalpak, and many other languages of theKipchak sub-group, while the dialects spoken by Idel Tatars, have accents more resembling the originalOghuric Volga-Bulgar language spoken before theCuman invasion.
At the start of the 20th century, particularly during theRussian Revolution,Bashkortostan andTatarstan emerged as separate republics, leading to the recognition of Bashkir and Tatar as distinct literary languages. Each was based on the most prominent dialects of the Volga Kipchak language spoken by the Bashkir andKazan Tatar peoples.
The Cyrillic alphabet is the official script used to write Bashkir.
The area settled by the Bashkirs according to the national census of 2010.
The ethnic Bashkir population is estimated at 2 million people (2009SIL Ethnologue). The 2021 Russian census recorded 1,571,879 ethnic Bashkirs inRussia, of which 1,268,806 live inBashkortostan (31.5% of the total population of the republic).
Bashkirs in traditional clothing,Ufa, 2016Bashkir embroidery patternThe mosque in the Bashkir village of Yahya. Photo by S.M.Prokudin-Gorskii, 1910
The Bashkirs traditionally practiced agriculture, cattle-rearing and bee-keeping. The half-nomadic Bashkirs travelled through either the mountains or the steppes, herding cattle. Wild-hive beekeeping is another attested tradition, which is practiced in the sameBurzyansky District near theKapova Cave.[26]
Traditional Bashkir dishbishbarmaq is prepared from boiled meat and halma (a type of noodle), sprinkled with herbs and flavored with onions and someqorot (young dry cheese). Dairy is another notable feature of theBashkir cuisine: dishes are often served with dairy products, and few celebrations occur without the serving ofqorot orqaymaq (sour cream).
The Bashkirs have a richfolklore referencing the genesis and early history of the people. Through the works of theiroral folk art, the views of ancient Bashkirs onnature, their wisdom, psychology, and moral ideals are preserved. The genre composition of the Bashkir oral tradition is diverse:epic and fairy tales,legends and traditions, riddles, songs (ritual, epic or lyrical), etc.
The Bashkir poems, like the epic creations of other peoples, find origin in the ancientTurkic mythology, in fact the Bashkir epic tale culture can be considered a more developed and expanded version of old Turkic epic culture. Majority of the poems of Bashkir mythology have been written down and published as books at the beginning of the 20th century, these poems compose a great part of the literature of the Bashkir people and are important examples of further-developed Turkic culture.
Some of these poems became important on a continental level, for example the epic poem the "Ural Batyr", which tells the tale of the legendary hero Ural, is the origin of the name of theUral mountains. Other poems constitute a great part of the Bashkir national identity, other tales apart from the Ural Batyr include "Aqbuzat", "Qara yurga", "Aqhaq qola", "Kongur buga", and "Uzaq Tuzaq".
The poemUral Batyr is an epic which includes deities of theTengrist pantheon. It takes basis on the pre-Islamic Bashkir conception of the world. In theUral Batyr the world is three-tiered. It includes a heavenly, earthly and underworld (underwater) trinity: in the sky, the heavenly king Samrau resides, his wives are the Sun and the Moon, he has two daughters, Umay and Aikhylu, who are incarnated either in the form of birds or beautiful girls. In theUral Batyr, Umay is incarnated into aswan and later assumes the aspect of a beautiful girl as the story proceeds.
People live on the earth, the best of whom pledge honor and respect to the existence of nature. The third world is the underground world, where theDevas (also singularDeva orDiv) live, incarnated as a snake, the incarnation of the dark forces, who live underground. Through the actions and divisions of the world related in the Ural Batyr, the Bashkirs express a manichaean view ofgood and evil. The legendary hero Ural, possessing titanic power, overcoming incredible difficulties, destroys thedeva, and obtains "living water" (the idea of water in nature, in the pre-Islamic Bashkir pantheon of theTurkic mythology, is considered a spirit of life).
Ural thus obtains the "living water" in order to defeat death in the name of the eternal existence of man and nature. Ural does not drink the "living water" to live eternally. Instead, he decides to sparkle it around himself, to die and donate eternity to the world, the withered earth turning green. Ural dies and from his body emerge theUral Mountains; the name of the Ural mountain range comes from this poem.
Further information on the folk song:Beiesh andIrandyk
The Bashkirs have a style of overtone singing calledözläü (sometimes spelleduzlyau;BashkortӨзләү), which has nearly died out. In addition, Bashkorts also singuzlyau while playing thekurai, a national instrument. This technique of vocalizing into aflute can also be found infolk music as far west as theBalkans andHungary.
The Bashkirs give rise to the following essential characteristics of the Bashkir mentality: philosophical, poetic thinking, hospitality and courage, serenity, simplicity, modesty, tolerance, pride, a keen sense of justice and competitiveness. The fundamental value of the Bashkir mentality is humanism, it is this idea that runs through the entire axis of the culture of the people.[citation needed]
Bashkirs in the midday prayer in the vicinity of the village Muldakaevo. Photo by Maxim Dmitriev, 1890Mosque of Twenty-Five Prophets inUfa, Bashkortostan
Bashkirs began converting to Islam in the 10th century.[47][26] Arab travelerIbn Fadlan in 921 met some of the Bashkirs, who were already Muslims.[48] The final assertion of Islam among the Bashkirs occurred in the 1320s and 1330s during theGolden Horde period. The Mausoleum of Hussein-Bek, burial place of the first Imam of historical Bashkortostan, is preserved in contemporary Bashkortostan. The mausoleum is a 14th-century building.Catherine the Great established the Orenburg Mohammedan Spiritual Assembly in 1788 inUfa, which was the first Muslim administrative center in Russia.
Religious revival among the Bashkirs began in the early 1990s.[49] According toTalgat Tadzhuddin there were more than 1,000 mosques in Bashkortostan in 2010.[50]
^These sources may have confused Bashkirs withHungarians, since the area of Modern Bashkortostan is often referred as "Magna Hungaria", the zone where theMagyar tribes dwelled before their migration to Europe; it is believed that Bashkirs may have come into contact with these Magyar tribes, since some of the Northern Tribes of the modern Bashkirs do have genetic correspondence with Hungarians
^Кузеев Р.Г. Происхождение башкирского народа. Этнический состав, история расселения. Издательство "Наука", Москва, 1974 г.
^Трепавлов В. В. Ногаи в Башкирии, XV—XVII вв. Княжеские роды ногайского происхождения. Уфа: Урал. науч. центр РАН, 1997. 72 с. (Материалы и исследования по истории и этнологии Башкортостана. № 2)
^Róna-Tas, András; Róna-Tas, András (1999).Hungarians and Europe in the Early Middle Ages: an introduction to early Hungarian history. Translated by Bodoczky, Nicholas. Budapest New York: Central European Univ. Press. pp. 289–294.ISBN978-963-9116-48-1.
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^Trofimova, N. V.; Litvinov, S. S.; Khusainova, R. I.; Penkin, L. N.; Akhmetova, V. L.; Akhatova, F. S.; Khusnutdinova, E. K. (2015-01-01). "Genetic characterization of populations of the Volga-Ural region according to the variability of the Y-chromosome".Russian Journal of Genetics.51 (1):108–115.doi:10.1134/S1022795414120138.ISSN1608-3369.PMID25857199.
^Yunusbayev, B.; Metspalu, M.; Jarve, M.; Kutuev, I.; Rootsi, S.; Metspalu, E.; Behar, D. M.; Varendi, K.; Sahakyan, H.; Khusainova, R.; Yepiskoposyan, L.; Khusnutdinova, E. K.; Underhill, P. A.; Kivisild, T.; Villems, R. (2012). "The Caucasus as an Asymmetric Semipermeable Barrier to Ancient Human Migrations".Molecular Biology and Evolution.29:359–365.doi:10.1093/molbev/msr221.PMID21917723.
^Nagy, P.L.; Olasz, J.; Neparáczki, E.; et al. (2020), "Determination of the phylogenetic origins of the Árpád Dynasty based on Y chromosome sequencing of Béla the Third",European Journal of Human Genetics,29 (1):164–172,doi:10.1038/s41431-020-0683-z,PMC7809292,PMID32636469
^Yunusbayev, Bayazit; Metspalu, Mait; Metspalu, Ene; Valeev, Albert; Litvinov, Sergei; Valiev, Ruslan; Akhmetova, Vita; Balanovska, Elena; Balanovsky, Oleg; Turdikulova, Shahlo; Dalimova, Dilbar; Nymadawa, Pagbajabyn; Bahmanimehr, Ardeshir; Sahakyan, Hovhannes; Tambets, Kristiina; Fedorova, Sardana; Barashkov, Nikolay; Khidiyatova, Irina; Mihailov, Evelin; Khusainova, Rita; Damba, Larisa; Derenko, Miroslava; Malyarchuk, Boris; Osipova, Ludmila; Voevoda, Mikhail; Yepiskoposyan, Levon; Kivisild, Toomas; Khusnutdinova, Elza; Villems, Richard (21 April 2015)."The Genetic Legacy of the Expansion of Turkic-speaking Nomads across Eurasia".PLOS Genet.11 (4): e1005068.doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1005068.ISSN1553-7404.PMC4405460.PMID25898006. "For example, the present-day Tatars, Bashkirs, Kazakhs, Uzbeks, and Kyrgyz span from the Volga basin to the Tien-Shan Mountains in Central Asia, yet (Fig 5) showed evidence of recent admixture ranging from the 13th to the 14th centuries. These peoples speak Turkic languages of the Kipchak-Karluk branch and their admixture ages postdate the presumed migrations of the ancestral Kipchak Turks from the Irtysh and Ob regions in the 11th century [37]."
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Kuzeev, R. G. (2010).Происхождение башкирского народа. Этнический состав, история расселения [The origin of the Bashkir people. Ethnic composition, history of settlement] (in Russian). Ufa: DizainPoligrafServis.ISBN978-5-94423-212-0.
Bermisheva, M. A.; Ivanov, V. A.; Kinyabaeva, G. A.; et al. (2011).Антропология башкир [Anthropology of the Bashkirs] (in Russian). Saint-Petersburg: Aleteya.ISBN978-5-91419-386-4. Archived fromthe original on 2017-06-03. Retrieved2016-10-02.
Asfandiyarov, A. Z., ed. (2013).Военная история башкир: энциклопедия [Military history of Bashkirs: Encyclopedia] (in Russian). Ufa: Bashkir encyclopedia.ISBN978-5-8818-5076-0.
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Karagöz, Erkan (2021).İdil-Ural (Tatar ve Başkurt) sihirli masalları üzerine karşılaştırmalı motif çalışması: Aktarma – motif tespiti (motif - İndex of Folk-Literature'a göre) – motif dizini (in Turkish). Vol. 1. Ankara: Atatürk Kültür Merkezi Başkanlığı. pp. 587–950 (Bashkir tales).ISBN978-975-17-4742-6.
1 Central Asian (i.e.Turkmeni,Afghani andIranian)Turkmens, distinct from Levantine (i.e.Iraqi andSyrian) Turkmen/Turkoman minorities, who mostly adhere to an Ottoman-Turkish heritage and identity.2 In traditional areas of Turkish settlement (i.e. formerOttoman territories).
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