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Bashi-bazouk

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Irregular soldier of the Ottoman army

For other uses, seeBashi-bazouk (disambiguation).

Criminal organization

Bashi-bazouks
Albanian Bashi-Bazouk Chieftain byJean-Léon Gérôme, 1881.
Founded	17th century
Named after	Turkish word forcrazy-head
Founding location	Istanbul,Ottoman Empire
Years active	Unknown
Territory	Balkans,Eastern Europe
Allies	Ottoman Empire Khedivate of Egypt Crimean Khanate
Rivals	Russian Empire Austro-Hungarian Empire British Empire Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth Greece Serbia Romania Bulgaria

A group of bashi-bazouks, Ottoman postcard

An African bashi-bazouk byJean-Léon Gérôme

Abashi-bazouk (Ottoman Turkish:باشی بوزوقbaşıbozuk,IPA:[baʃɯboˈzuk],lit. 'one whose head is turned, damaged head, crazy-head', roughly "leaderless" or "disorderly") was an irregular soldier of theOttoman army, raised in times of war. The army primarily enlistedAlbanians and sometimesCircassians as bashi-bazouks,^[1] but recruits came from all ethnic groups of theOttoman Empire, including slaves from Europe or Africa.^[2] Bashi-bazouks had a reputation for being undisciplined and brutal, notorious for looting and preying on civilians as a result of a lack of regulation and of the expectation that they would support themselves off the land.^[1]^[3]

Origin and history

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Although the Ottoman armies always contained irregular troops such as mercenaries as well as regular soldiers, the strain on theOttoman feudal system, caused mainly bythe Empire's wide expanse, required a heavier reliance on irregular soldiers. They were armed and maintained by the government, but did not receive pay and did not wear uniforms or distinctive badges. They were motivated to fight mostly by expectations ofplunder.^[4] Though the majority of troops fought on foot, some troops (calledaḳıncı) rode on horseback. Because of their lack of discipline, they were not capable of undertaking major military operations, but were useful for other tasks such as reconnaissance and outpost duty. However, their uncertain temper occasionally made it necessary for the Ottoman regular troops to disarm them by force.^[3]

The Ottoman army consisted of the following:

The Sultan's household troops, calledKapıkulu, which were salaried, most notable beingJanissary corps.
Provincial soldiers, which were fiefed (TurkishTımarlı), the most important beingTimarliSipahi (lit. "fiefed cavalry") and their retainers (calledcebelu lit. armed, man-at-arms), but other kinds were also present
Soldiers of subject, protectorate, or allied states (the most important being theCrimean Khans)
Bashi-bazouks, who usually did not receive regular salaries and lived off loot

ManyAfro-Turks,Albanians,Crimean Tatars,Muslim Roma, andPomaks were bashi-bazouks inRumelia.

An attempt byKoca Hüsrev Mehmed Pasha to disband hisAlbanian bashi-bazouks in favor of his regular forces beganthe rioting which led to the establishment ofMuhammad Ali'sKhedivate of Egypt.^[5] The use of bashi-bazouks was abandoned by the end of the 19th century. However, self-organized bashi-bazouk troops still appeared later.

The term "bashibozouk" has also been used for a mounted force, existing in peacetime in various provinces of the Ottoman Empire, which performed the duties ofgendarmerie.^{[citation needed]}

Reputation and atrocities

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The bashi-bazouks were notorious for being violently brutal and undisciplined,^[6] thus giving the term its second, colloquial meaning of "undisciplined bandit" in many languages. The term was popularised in the 20th century by the comic seriesThe Adventures of Tintin, where the word is frequently used as an insult byCaptain Haddock.^[7]

TheBatak massacre (1876) was carried out by thousands of bashi-bazouks sent to quell a localrebellion. Likewise, bashi-bazouks perpetrated the massacres ofCandia in 1898 andPhocaea in 1914. During the 1903Ilinden-Preobrazhenie Uprising in Ottoman Macedonia, these troops burned 119 villages and destroyed 8400 houses, and over 50,000 Bulgarian refugees had to flee into the mountains.^[8]

Bashi-bazouks carrying out theBatak massacre.Antoni Piotrowski, (1889).
Bashi-bazouks' atrocities inOttoman Bulgaria. Unknown author, (1877).
The Bulgarian Martyresses (1877), painting byKonstantin Makovsky depicting therape of two Bulgarian women in a church by one African-looking and two Turkish-looking bashi-bazouks, during theApril Uprising.^[9]

Depictions in art

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An Albanian bashi-bazouk in Egypt. Painting byJean-Léon Gérôme, 1870.
Drawing of a bashi-bazouk byFrancis Davis Millet, 1889.
An Albanian bashi-bazouk painted by Jean-Léon Gérôme in the 1860s.
A bashi-bazouk contemplating his loot. Painting byÉmile Vernet-Lecomte, 1862.
An African bashi-bazouk, painted by Jean-Léon Gérôme, 1860s.
Two captured bashi-bazouks, painted byVasily Vereshchagin, 1878.

References

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^^a ^bHoutsma 1993, p. 670.
^Vizetelly 1897, p. 83.
^^a ^bChisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911)."Bashi-Bazouk" .Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
^Montgomery 1968, p. 246
^Inalcık, Halil (1979). "Khosrew Pasha".The Encyclopaedia of Islam. Vol. V, fascicules 79–80. Translated by Gibb, H. A. R. (new ed.). Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 35ff.
^Fermor, Patrick Leigh (2013).The Broken Road. John Murray. p. 21.ISBN 9781590177549.[T]he faintest stirrings would unloose a whirling of janissaries and spahis and later on, and perhaps the worst, bashi-bazouks. They adorned the towns with avenues of gibbets, the burnt villages with pyramids of heads and the roadsides with impaled corpses.
^Horatio Clare (11 March 2008).Running for the Hills: A Memoir. Simon and Schuster. pp. 168–.ISBN 978-0-7432-7428-9.
^Glenny, Misha (2012).The Balkans. USA: Penguin Books. p. 205.ISBN 978-0-14-242256-4.
^Alexis Heraclides; Ada Dialla (2015).Humanitarian Intervention in the Long Nineteenth Century: Setting the Precedent. Oxford University Press. pp. 185–.ISBN 978-0-7190-8990-9.

Sources

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Wikimedia Commons has media related toBashi-bazouk.

Houtsma, Martijn Theodoor, ed. (1993).E.J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam 1913-1936. BRILL.ISBN 978-90-04-08265-6.
Vizetelly, Edward (1897).The Remininiscences of a Bashi-bazouk. J.W. Arrowsmith.
Ottoman warfare, 1500–1700 by Rhoads Murphey. London : UCL Press, 1999.
Özhan Öztürk (2005).Karadeniz (Black Sea): Ansiklopedik Sözlük. 2 Cilt. Heyamola Yayıncılık. İstanbul.ISBN 975-6121-00-9.
Montgomery, Viscount Bernard (1968).A History of Warfare, The World Publishing Company.ISBN 978-0-688-01645-6.

Albanians under the Ottoman Empire

Background

History

Rebellion	Skanderbeg's rebellion Italian expedition Macedonian campaign Albanian revolts 1432–1436 1481–1484 1566–1571 1596 1611 1843–1844 1845 1847 1910 1911 1912 Albanian–Venetian War Ali Pasha's Rebellion Ballaban's campaign Massacre of the Albanian Beys Mehmed II's campaign Morea revolt Mustafa Pasha's Rebellion Shkodra revolt of 1854
Battles	Albulena Ankara Deçiq Kosovo Lopate Lumë Martinići Meçad Mokra I Mokra II Murino Novšiće Ohrid Oranik I Oranik II Otonetë Polog Savra Torvioll Ulcinj Vaikal
Congregations	Dibër Dibra Dukagjin Elbasan Frashër Kuçi Lezhë Manastir I Manastir II Mat Peja Preveza Prizren
Sieges	Krujë 1450 1466–1467 1467 1477–1478 Berat Shkodër 1474 1478–1479 1912–1913 Svetigrad
Other events	Albanian Renaissance Armatoles Balkan Wars Massacres of Albanians in the Balkan Wars Declaration of Independence Janissary Bashi-Bazouk Devshirme Mësonjëtorja Nationalism Albania Kosovo North Macedonia Partition of Albania Piracy Principalities Dukagjini Kastrioti Muzaka Rum Millet Skanderbeg myth Spahiu Stratioti Vithkuqi script

Geography

Society

Culture	Besa Islamization Bektashism Kanun Nobility Tribes
People	15th century 16th century 17th century 18th century 19th century 20th century Grand Viziers Ottoman–Albanian nobility Pashas
Communities	Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Arbanasi Egypt Greece Arvanites Cham Souliotes Western Thrace Italy Arbëreshë Romania Syria Turkey Ukraine

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Origin and history

Reputation and atrocities

Depictions in art

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References

Sources