Bartholomew Jo-Jo "Bart"Simpson is one of the main characters in the American animated television seriesThe Simpsons who is part of thetitular family. Widely regarded as one of the greatest fictional characters of all time, he was named byTime as one of themost important people of the 20th century.
Bart made his television debut in theshort "Good Night" onThe Tracey Ullman Show on April 19, 1987. CartoonistMatt Groening created and designed Bart while waiting in the lobby ofJames L. Brooks's office. Initially called to pitch a series of shorts based on his comic stripLife in Hell, Groening developed a new set of characters. Unlike the other Simpson family members, who were named after Groening's relatives, Bart's name is ananagram ofbrat. After two years onThe Tracey Ullman Show, the Simpson family received their own series, which premiered onFox on December 17, 1989. Bart has appeared in every episode ofThe Simpsons except "Four Great Women and a Manicure".
Always ten years old, Bart is the eldest child and only son ofHomer andMarge Simpson and the brother ofLisa andMaggie. Known for his penchant for mischief, rebelliousness and disrespect for authority, Bart's most iconic traits include hischalkboard gags in the opening sequence, prank calls toMoe's Tavern, and catchphrases like "Eat my shorts", "¡Ay, caramba!", "Don't have a cow, man!", and "I'm Bart Simpson, who the hell are you?". Bart has also appeared inThe Simpsons'-related media, includingvideo games,the 2007 film version of the series,The Simpsons Ride, commercials,comic books, and an extensive line ofmerchandise.Nancy Cartwright, Bart's voice actor, intended to audition for the role of Lisa, andYeardley Smith auditioned for Bart. Smith's voice was deemed too high-pitched for a boy, while Cartwright found Lisa less appealing as a character and opted to try out for Bart—a role she felt better suited her.
Bart'sprotagonist status during the show's first two seasons led to "Bartmania", which spawned Bart-themed merchandise touting his rebellious persona and pride in underachieving. The traits were criticized by parents and educators, who viewed him as a negative influence on children. By thethird season, Homer became the show's figurehead character and the series shifted its focus to the family as a whole, although Bart remains abreakout character. He is considered one of the most iconic fictional television characters of the 1990s.Entertainment Weekly named him Entertainer of the Year in 1990. Cartwright has received accolades for her portrayal of Bart, including aPrimetime Emmy Award in 1992 and anAnnie Award in 1995. In 2000, Bart and the rest of the Simpson family were honored with a star on theHollywood Walk of Fame.
Role inThe Simpsons
The Simpsons employs afloating timeline, in which characters either do not age or age minimally; the show is always presumed to take place in the present year.[1][2] Always ten years old,[3] Bartholomew,[4] best known by his short-form name Bart, is the eldest child and only son ofHomer andMarge Simpson;[5][6] he has two younger sisters,Lisa andMaggie.[7] In several episodes ofThe Simpsons, events have been tied to specific times, though these timelines are sometimes contradicted in later episodes. In "I Married Marge" (season three, 1991), Bart's birth is placed in the early 1980s.[8] In "Simpsorama" (season 26, 2014), Bart states his birthday as February 23,[9] whileThe Bart Book by series creatorMatt Groening lists it asApril 1.[4] In "Bart's Birthday" (season 36, 2024), Bart, in a hypothetical series finale, celebrates his eleventh birthday, much to his dismay, as he has always identified as being ten years old.[10]
Bart lived with his parents in Springfield's Lower East Side before the family purchasedtheir first home.[11] When Lisa was born, Bart initially felt jealous of the attention she received but soon warmed to her when her first word turned out to be "Bart".[11] Bart's first day of school occurred in the early 1990s. Initially excited, his enthusiasm was quickly crushed by an indifferent teacher, promptingMarge to worry about him. During recess, Bart befriendedMilhouse and began entertaining classmates with gestures and rude jokes.Principal Skinner warned Bart, "You've just started school, and the path you choose now may be the one you follow for the rest of your life! Now, what do you say?" Bart replied, "Eat my shorts".[12] However, the episode "That 90's Show" (season 19, 2008) contradicted much of this timeline, revealing that Homer and Marge were childless during the early 1990s.[13]
Matt Groening (pictured in 2009) conceived Bart in 1987.
Matt Groening conceived Bart and the rest of theSimpson family in 1987 while waiting in the lobby of producerJames L. Brooks's office.[25][26] Groening was invited to pitch a series of animated shorts forThe Tracey Ullman Show and initially planned to adapt his comic strip,Life in Hell. Realizing that adapting the strip would require him to relinquishpublication rights, he decided to create something new.[27] Groening sketched a concept for adysfunctional family,[28][29] naming the characters after members of his family.[30][31] For the rebellious son, he chose "Bart", ananagram ofbrat,[32][33] instead of his own name because he felt that "Matt" would not "go over well in a pitch meeting".[34][35] Bart's middle initial "J" is an homage to the animated charactersBullwinkle J. Moose andRocket J. Squirrel fromThe Rocky and Bullwinkle Show, who were named after creatorJay Ward.[36][37] Although numerous interpretations of his middle initial have been given, Groening said that Bart's full middle name is "Jo-Jo", which was chosen by Cartwright during a recording session.[38][39]
According toThe Oregonian, Bart was conceived as "a much milder, troubled youth given to existential angst who talks to himself"; the character was changed due toNancy Cartwright's voice acting.[40] Groening has credited numerous sources as inspirations for Bart's character. His older brother, Mark Groening, influenced Bart's rebellious attitude. Mark introduced him to a variety of comics, includingMad (when it was still a comic),Donald Duck,Uncle Scrooge,Little Lulu, andTales From the Crypt; all were sources of inspiration for Matt.[41] Bart was envisioned as an exaggerated version of a typical misbehaving child, combining the extreme traits of characters such asTom Sawyer andHuckleberry Finn.[42] Groening described Bart as "what would happen if the son ofEddie Haskell [fromLeave It to Beaver] got his own show".[43] He was disappointed with the premise ofDennis the Menace, which inspired him to create a character who was genuinely mischievous.[44] Bart first appeared with the Simpson family on April 19, 1987, inThe Tracey Ullman Showshort "Good Night".[45][46] On December 17, 1989, the shorts were developed intoThe Simpsons, a half-hour series on theFox Broadcasting Company,[47][48] where Bart and the Simpson family became the central characters.[49]
Design
Bart in his first televised appearance in "Good Night"
The Simpson family was designed to be easily recognizable in silhouette.[50][51] The characters were initially crudely drawn because Groening submitted rough sketches to the animators, expecting them to refine the designs, but they simply traced over his drawings.[52] Bart's early design, featured in the first shorts, included hair with spikes of varying length;[53] this was later standardized to nine spikes of equal length. Groening primarily worked inblack-and-white at the time and, without considering the eventual use of color, designed Bart's spikes to look like an extension of his head.[54] This design feature is not replicated in other characters, although some background characters in the first few seasons shared his spikyhairline.[55]
Bart's head was described by directorMark Kirkland as a basic rectangular shape resembling acoffee can. Homer's head is also rectangular, with a dome on top, while spheres define the heads of Marge, Lisa, and Maggie.[56] In theseason-seven (1995) episode "Treehouse of Horror VI", Bart, alongside Homer, was first rendered as a three-dimensional character in the episode's "Homer3" segment. The computer animation was byPacific Data Images. Designing Bart's 3D model, the animators did not know how they would depict his hair; realizing that vinyl Bart dolls were in production, they purchased one to use as a model.[57]
Voice
Nancy Cartwright (pictured in 2007) voices Bart.
Bart's voice is provided byNancy Cartwright,[58][59] who also voices several other child characters onThe Simpsons who includeNelson Muntz,[60][61]Ralph Wiggum,[61]Todd Flanders,[62] andKearney Zzyzwicz.[63] AfterDan Castellaneta andJulie Kavner were cast as Homer and Marge due to their roles onThe Tracey Ullman Show,[64] the producers held auditions for Bart and Lisa.Yeardley Smith initially auditioned for Bart, but casting directorBonita Pietila felt that her voice was too high-pitched. Smith recalled, "I always sounded too much like a girl. I read two lines as Bart, and they said, 'Thanks for coming!'".[65] She was subsequently cast as Lisa instead.[66] On March 13, 1987, Cartwright auditioned for Lisa.[67] Discovering that Lisa was described only as the "middle child", with little personality at the time, she became interested in Bart, who was characterized as "devious, underachieving, school-hating, irreverent, [and] clever".[67][68] Groening allowed her to audition for Bart, and offered her the role immediately after hearing her read.[69] Cartwright is the only one of thesix primarySimpsons cast members who had formal voice-acting training before joining the show.[70]
According toThe Guardian, Cartwright's speaking voice has "no obvious traces of Bart".[71] The voice she uses for Bart came naturally to her, since she had incorporated elements of it on shows likeMy Little Pony,Snorks, andPound Puppies.[71][72] Cartwright described Bart's voice as easy to create: "Some characters take a little bit more effort, upper respiratory control, whatever it is technically. But Bart is easy to do. I can just slip into that without difficulty".[71] She typically records five or six takes of each line for variety, allowing producers more options to work with.[69] Even inflashforward episodes, Cartwright continues to voice Bart; in the episode "Lisa's Wedding" (season six, 1995), Bart's voice was electronically pitched lower to reflect his age.[73] Despite Bart's fame, Cartwright is seldom recognized in public. When she is recognized and asked to use Bart's voice in front of children, she declines because it "freaks [them] out".[74] During thefirst season ofThe Simpsons, Fox Network barred Cartwright from interviews to avoid the revelation that Bart was voiced by a woman.[75]
Cartwright was paidUS$30,000 per episode for her work onThe Simpsons until 1998.[76][77] A pay dispute arose that year, during which Fox threatened to replace the six main voice actors and began preparing for new casting.[78][79] The conflict was resolved, and Cartwright's salary increased to $125,000 per episode.[80][81] The voice cast pushed for higher wages in 2004, seeking $360,000 per episode.[82][83] The dispute was soon settled, and Cartwright's pay was increased to $250,000 per episode.[84][85] In 2008, further negotiations increased the cast's salaries to about $400,000 per episode.[86][87] Fox demanded production-cost reductions in 2011, threatening to cancel the series if costs were not cut. In response, Cartwright and the other main cast members agreed to a 30-percent pay reduction, lowering their per-episode earnings to just over $300,000.[88] Cartwright was paid $315,000 per episode by 2016, which, according toVariety, made her one of the highest-paid voice actors.[89]
Hallmarks
In theopening sequence of many episodes ofThe Simpsons, the camera zooms in on Springfield Elementary School, where Bart is shown writing lines on a chalkboard. This scene, known as the "chalkboard gag", varies by episode.[90] The messages often include political humor, such as "The First Amendment does not cover burping",[91]pop culture references like "I can't see dead people",[92] and meta-commentary such as "I am not a 32-year-old woman" or "Nobody reads these anymore".[90] The animators create the gags quickly, and they sometimes reflect current events.[93] In the episode "Homer the Heretic" (season four, 1992), the chalkboard gag read "I will not defame New Orleans"; it was an apology for a controversial song in the previous week's episode, "A Streetcar Named Marge", which described the city as a "home of pirates, drunks, and whores".[94][95]
An early hallmark of Bart's character was hisprank calls toMoe's Tavern, where he would ask ownerMoe Szyslak for a fictitious person with agag name.[17] Moe would try to find the person, eventually realizing it was a prank and (unaware that Bart was the caller) responding with angry threats. The calls were inspired by theTube Bar recordings, a series of prank calls to bar owner Louis "Red" Deutsch (whose profane reactions influenced Moe's violent temperament).[96] The calls first appeared in "Homer's Odyssey" (season one, 1990), the third episode to air.[97] It became increasingly difficult for the writers to create new fake names and Moe's responses, leading to the pranks being phased out as a regular feature by thefourth season;[98][99] however, they have occasionally resurfaced in later episodes.[100]
The catchphrase "Eat my shorts" originated as anad-lib by Cartwright during one of the show's early table readings, inspired by an incident during her high-school years.[101] While performing with the marching band at Fairmont High School, the group chanted "Eat my shorts" instead of their usual cheer ("Fairmont West! Fairmont West!")[102] The phrase may also refer toThe Breakfast Club (1985), in which John Bender says it to Principal Vernon.[103] Bart's other notable catchphrases include "¡Ay, caramba!" and "Don't have a cow!".[104][105][106] The former was inspired by a Portuguese flamenco dancer;[107] the latter, popularized during the 1950s, originated from the British phrase "Don't have kittens".[107] Both were prominently featured on merchandise such as T-shirts during the show's early seasons.[108][109] Another catchphrase, "Cowabunga", was borrowed from Chief Thunderthud ofThe Howdy Doody Show.[110]
Bart frequently appears nude inThe Simpsons, often bymooning.[109] InThe Simpsons Movie (2007), he skateboards nude.[111][112] Although various objects obscure his genitalia throughout the scene, his penis is briefly visible.[113] This scene was among the first created for the film, but producers were initially concerned that it might result in anR rating.[113] However, theMotion Picture Association of America ultimately rated the filmPG-13 for "irreverent humor throughout".[114][115] The scene was later recognized byEntertainment Weekly as one of 30 Unforgettable Nude Scenes.[116]
Personality
Bart's disregard for authority has been compared toAmerica's founding fathers, and been described as a modern fusion of Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn.[117] In his bookPlanet Simpson,Chris Turner characterizes Bart as anihilist who has the philosophical view that life lacks inherent meaning, purpose, orvalue.[118] Bart's rebellious nature makes him disruptive at Springfield Elementary School, where he identifies as an underachiever.[119][120] He frequently clashes with his teacher, Ms. Krabappel, andPrincipal Skinner.[121][122] Bart acknowledges his poor performance at school: "I am dumb, okay? Dumb as a post! Think I'm happy about it?"[123] Much like his father, his mental processes are often illogical and absurd;[124] he once believed that if he reincarnated as a butterfly, he could burn the school down without suspicion, imagining he could hold a gas can as a butterfly.[125] Bart thinks that writing his name in wet cement will leave people wondering how he did it in hardened cement.[126] "Brother's Little Helper" (season eleven, 1999) reveals that Bart hasattention deficit disorder.[127] His intelligence may be impacted by the hereditary "Simpson gene", which affects males in his family.[128] Despite his misbehavior and selfishness, he has moments of integrity and compassion and occasionally helps Ms. Krabappel and Principal Skinner.[129][130]
Bart is a really good boy. He's just mischievous. He's not bad, like characters who followed him such as[Eric] Cartman (South Park) orBeavis andButthead. Bart can do some nasty things, but they seem so tame, by today's standards. What was shocking 19 years ago, when the show started, isn't the least bit shocking today. Bart hasn't changed.
Bart's mischievous nature and Homer's often-negligent, incompetent behavior create a turbulent, volatile, and abusive relationship between them.[132][133] Bart frequently calls Homer by his first name rather than "Dad",[134] and Homer often refers to him dismissively as "the boy".[135][136] Homer's short temper leads to cartoonishly-violent outbursts, such as impulsivelystrangling Bart.[137][138] Marge is the more caring, understanding and nurturing parent,[139][140] although she acknowledges that Bart is "a handful"[141] and is often embarrassed by his antics.[142] In the episode "Marge Be Not Proud" (season seven, 1995), Marge struggles with adjusting her parenting style after Bart is caughtshoplifting; she becomes more distant to avoid over-mothering, which causes Bart to feel guilty and try to make amends.[143] Despite his rebellious attitude, Bart occasionally endures humiliation to please his mother.[144] Marge frequently defends him, understanding his complexity.[133][145] She describes him as her "special little guy",[146] saying, "I know Bart can be a handful, but I also know what he's like inside. He's got a spark. It's not a bad thing[...] of course, it makes him do bad things".[142]
Bart sharessibling rivalry with his younger sister, Lisa.[147] Although they often disagree—sometimes physically—they have a deep bond and care for one another.[147] Bart often apologizes when he goes too far and recognizes Lisa's superior intellect, frequently seeking her advice about problems.[148][149] He is a popular "cool kid" at school,[150] and has many friends;[151] his closest isMilhouse Van Houten.[152] His influence on Milhouse is often negative, leading them into mischief.[153] In "Homer Defined" (season three, 1991),Milhouse's mother forbids him from playing with Bart due to his bad influence; Bart is unfazed until he realizes how much he values their friendship, and Marge convinces Mrs. Van Houten to reconsider.[142]
Bart is a fan of the children's television hostKrusty the Clown, and has stated that "I've based my whole life on Krusty's teachings"; his room is filled with Krusty merchandise.[154][155] Bart helps Krusty a number of times, thwartingSideshow Bob's attempt to frame Krusty for armed robbery in "Krusty Gets Busted" (season one, 1990),[155] reuniting Krusty with his estranged father in "Like Father, Like Clown",[156] and helping Krusty relaunch his career with a comeback special in "Krusty Gets Kancelled".[157] Bart's initial confrontation with Sideshow Bob in "Krusty Gets Busted" sparks a long-term rivalry. The writers developed Bob as an intelligent, obsessive antagonist, inspired by the dynamic betweenWile E. Coyote and the Road Runner.[158]
Reception
Bartmania
Bart became one of television's most popular characters in 1990, sparking acultural phenomenon known as "Bartmania".[159][160][161] He became the most prominentSimpsons character on merchandise, particularlyT-shirts; during the early 1990s, millions of Bart-themed T-shirts were sold.[162] Bart's rebellious persona led some American public schools to ban T-shirts with sayings such as "I'm Bart Simpson. Who the hell are you?" and "Underachiever (and proud of it, man!)".[163][164] A T-shirt with the latter caption is in theNational Museum of American History.[165] The popularity ofSimpsons merchandise was a commercial success, generating $2 billion in revenue in its first 14 months of sales.[166] Bart's appeal also inspired a thriving black market forcounterfeit merchandise, particularly T-shirts. The items featured Bart with various slogans and redesigns, including "Teenage Mutant Ninja Bart", "Air Simpson Bart", and "RastaBart".[167] Although Groening generally tolerated bootleg merchandise, he objected to a series of "Nazi Bart" shirts with Bart in Nazi uniforms or as awhite power skinhead.[168] 20th Century Fox sued the creator of the offensive designs, who agreed to cease production.[169]
Michael Jackson (pictured in 1984) provided backing vocals for "Do the Bartman".
Bart was described as "television's king of 1990",[170] "television's brightest new star",[171] and an "undiminished smash".[172] He was one of the most popularwrite-in candidates in the 1990 United Statescongressional,senatorial andgubernatorial elections, second in a number of areas only toMickey Mouse among fictional characters.[173][174] In the 1990Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade, Bart debuted as one of the giant helium-filled balloons for which the parade is known.[175] This was noted inThe Simpsons episode "Bart vs. Thanksgiving", which aired the day of the parade, where Homer tells Bart: "If you start building a balloon for every flash-in-the-pan cartoon character, you turn the parade into a farce!". Behind and unbeknownst to Homer, the television briefly shows a Bart Simpson balloon.[176][177]
The albumThe Simpsons Sing the Blues was recorded in September 1990 and released in December. It peaked at number three on theBillboard 200,[178] and was certified double platinum by theRecording Industry Association of America.[179] The first single from the album was thepop rap song "Do the Bartman", performed by Cartwright and released on November 20, 1990. The song was written byBryan Loren, a friend ofMichael Jackson (who provided backing vocals on the track).[180] Jackson was a fan ofThe Simpsons (especially Bart),[181] and had called the producers offering to write Bart a single and make a guest appearance on the show.[182] Jackson guest-starred in the episode "Stark Raving Dad" (season three, 1991) with the pseudonym John Jay Smith.[183] Although "Do the Bartman" was never released as a single in the United States, it was successful in the United Kingdom; it was the number-one song from February 16 to March 9, 1991, and was the year's fifth-best-selling song.[184] It sold half a million copies, and was certified gold by theBritish Phonographic Industry on February 1, 1991.[185]
Cultural influence and commendations
Bart has been described as one of the most iconic television characters of the 1990s,[186][187][188] and is considered an Americancultural icon.[189][190][191] In 1990,Entertainment Weekly named him Entertainer of the Year, writing that "Bart has proved to be a rebel who's also a good kid, a terror who's easily terrorized, and a flake who astonishes us, and himself, with serious displays of fortitude".[192] In 1998,Time included Bart on the magazine's list of the100 most important people of the 20th century, the only fictional character on the list.[193][194] He had appeared previously on the cover ofTime's December 31, 1990, issue.[195] In 1996, Bart was named 48th onTV Guide's list of "50 Greatest TV Stars of All Time".[196] In 2002, he and Lisa were ranked eleventh on TV Guide's "Top 50 Greatest Cartoon Characters of All Time" list.[197] In 2022,Paste writers ranked Bart the 26th-greatest cartoon character of all time.[198]
From entertainment critics, Bart has received mostly positive reviews.Screen Rant's Dan Peeke praised him as the "best main character" in 2020, calling him "relatable" and saying that "everyone can relate to at least some element of his personality".[151] In a 2024 review, Darryn King ofVulture called Bart a "back-talking, trouble-making, prank-calling, cherry-bomb-detonating, and, yes, graffiti-tagging cartoon creation, who was at the time fast becoming a cultural icon".[199] A 2023Collider review said that the episode "Bart Gets an 'F'" was a "turning point for the show, showing that Bart could be more than just a punchline while paving the way for future episodes that fleshed out his character".[200] According toErma Bombeck, "Kids need to know that somewhere in this world is a contemporary who can pull off all the things they can only fantasize about, someone who can stick it to their parents once in a while and still be permitted to live".[201] In 2003, a survey of parents in the United Kingdom ranked Bart the most influential fictional character for children under age twelve.[202]
Bart's rebellious nature, often accompanied by a lack of consequences for his actions, led some parents, educators, and conservative groups to view him as a negative influence on children.[210][211] Critics said that Bart's behavior made him a poor role model, with Robert Bianco of thePittsburgh Post-Gazette describing him as a character who "outwits his parents and outtalks his teachers; in short, he's the child we wish we'd been, and fear our children will become".[212] Educators expressed concern that Bart's "underachiever and proud of it" attitude and disdain for education posed a "threat to learning",[213] and others called him "egotistical, aggressive, and mean-spirited".[214] In response to criticism, producer James L. Brooks defended the character: "I'm very wary of television where everybody is supposed to be a role model. You don't run across that many role models in real life. Why should television be full of them?"[215]
U.S.drug czar William Bennett visited a Pittsburgh drug treatment center in 1990 and saw a poster of Bart. Bennett said, "You guys aren't watchingThe Simpsons, are you? That's not going to help you any".[216][217] Bennett later apologized, saying that he was "just kidding": "I'll sit down with the little spike head. We'll straighten this thing out."[218][219]Bill Cosby called Bart a poor role model in a 1991 interview, describing him as "angry, confused, [and] frustrated".[220] Groening responded, "That sums up Bart, all right. Most people are in a struggle to be normal. He thinks normal is very boring and does things that others just wished they dare do".[220] U.S. presidentGeorge H. W. Bush said in 1992, "We are going to keep on trying to strengthen the American family, to make American families a lot more likethe Waltons and a lot less like the Simpsons".[221] The show's writers then produced a short segment that aired three days later (before a rerun of "Stark Raving Dad"), in which Bart says: "Hey, we're just like the Waltons. We're praying for an end to the Depression, too."[222][47]
Bart and otherSimpsons characters appeared in television commercials forNestlé'sButterfinger candy bars from 1988 to 2001, using the slogan "Nobody better lay a finger on my Butterfinger!".[238] Groening later noted that the success of the Butterfinger commercials played a significant role in Fox's decision to greenlight the half-hour series.[239] Bart has also appeared in commercials for the fast-foodBurger King chain.[240] In 2001,Kellogg's introduced the limited-edition Bart Simpson Peanut Butter Chocolate Crunch cereal.[241] Groening pitched Bart as a spokesperson for Jell-O before the launch of the half-hour series, suggesting a commercial in which Bart would sing "J-E-L-L-O" and burp the letter "O". He believed that kids would try to mimic it, but the idea was rejected.[242] On April 9, 2009, theUnited States Postal Service introduced a series of five 44-cent stamps commemorating Bart and the other members of the Simpson family. The stamps were the first sinceSesame Street which were issued while their show was still in production. Designed by Groening, they became available for purchase on May 7, 2009.[243][244]
^Burns, J. Stewart (November 9, 2014). "Simpsorama".The Simpsons. Season 26. Episode 6. Fox.Prove it! When is your birthday? "February 23rd." "Ha! February has no 23rd!" "Yes it does!"
^Archer, Wes; Groening, Matt; Kirkland, Mark (2005). ""A Bit From the Animators", Illustrated Commentary for "Summer of 4 Ft. 2", InThe Simpsons: The Complete Seventh Season".20th Century Home Entertainment.
Friedrich, Daniel; Colmenares, Erica (2017).Resonances of El Chavo del Ocho in Latin American Childhood, Schooling, and Societies.Bloomsbury Publishing.ISBN978-1-4742-9888-9.
Meskill, Carla (2007). "Through the Screen, into the School: Education, subversion, ourselves inThe Simpsons".Discourse: Studies in the Cultural Politics of Education.28 (1):37–48.doi:10.1080/01596300601073119.ISSN0159-6306.
Neuman, Yair; Danesi, Marcel; Vilenchik, Dan (2022).Using AI for Dialoguing with Texts: From Psychology to Cinema and Literature.Taylor & Francis.ISBN978-1-0008-0678-6.
Waltonen, Karma; Du Vernay, Denise (2014).The Simpsons in the Classroom: Embiggening the Learning Experience with the Wisdom of Springfield.McFarland & Company.ISBN978-0-7864-5692-5.
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