Abarque,barc, orbark is a type ofsailing vessel with three or moremasts of which the fore mast, mainmast, and any additional masts arerigged square, and only the aftmost mast (mizzen in three-masted barques) isrigged fore and aft. Sometimes, the mizzen is only partly fore-and-aft rigged, bearing a square-rigged sail above.
The word "barque" entered English via the French term, which in turn came from theLatinbarca by way ofOccitan,Catalan, Spanish, or Italian.
The Latinbarca may stem fromCelticbarc (perThurneysen)[dubious –discuss] or Greekbaris (perDiez), a term for an Egyptian boat. TheOxford English Dictionary, however, considers the latter improbable.[1]
The wordbarc appears to have come from Celtic languages. The form adopted by English, perhaps fromIrish, was "bark", while that adopted by Latin asbarca very early, which gave rise to the Frenchbarge andbarque.
In Latin, Spanish, and Italian, the termbarca refers to a smallboat, not a full-sized ship. French influence in England led to the use in English of both words, although their meanings now are not the same.
Well before the 19th century, abarge had become interpreted as a small vessel of coastal or inland waters, or a fast rowing boat carried by warships and normally reserved for the commanding officer. Somewhat later, a bark became a sailing vessel of a distinctive rig as detailed below. In Britain, by the mid-19th century, the spelling had taken on the French form ofbarque. AlthoughFrancis Bacon used the spelling with a "q" as early as 1592,[2] Shakespeare still used the spelling "barke" inSonnet 116 in 1609. Throughout the period of sail, the word was used also as a shortening of thebarca-longa of theMediterranean Sea.[citation needed]
The usual modern spelling convention is that, to distinguish betweenhomophones, when spelled as barque it refers to a ship, and when spelled as bark it refers to either asound or to atree hide.[3]
"Barcarole" in music shares the same etymology, being originally a folk song sung byVenetiangondoliers and derived frombarca—"boat" in Italian,[4] or in Late Latin.[5]
In the 18th century, theRoyal Navy used the term bark for a nondescript vessel that did not fit any of its usual categories. Thus, when the British admiralty purchased acollier for use byJames Cook in his journey of exploration, she was registered asHM Bark Endeavour to distinguish her from anotherEndeavour, asloop already in service at the time.Endeavour happened to be afull-rigged ship with a plain bluff bow and a full stern with windows.
William Falconer'sDictionary of the Marine defined "bark", as "a general name given to small ships: it is however peculiarly appropriated by seamen to those which carry three masts without amizzentopsail. Our Northern Mariners, who are trained in the coal-trade, apply this distinction to a broad-sterned ship, which carries no ornamental figure on the stem or prow."[6]
A 16th-century paper document in theCheshire and Chester Archives and Local Studies Service notes the names of Robert Ratclyfe, owner of the barkSunday and 10 mariners appointed to serve under theEarl of Sussex,Lord Deputy of Ireland.[7]
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By the end of the 18th century,[citation needed] the term barque (sometimes, particularly in the US, spelled bark) came to refer to any vessel with a particular type ofsail plan. This comprises three (or more)masts,fore-and-aft sails on theaftermost mast andsquare sails on all other masts. Barques were the workhorse of thegolden age of sail in the mid-19th century as they attained passages that nearly matched full-rigged ships, but could operate with smaller crews.
The advantage of these rigs was that they needed smaller (therefore cheaper) crews than a comparablefull-rigged ship orbrig-rigged vessel, as fewer of the labour-intensive square sails were used, and the rig itself is cheaper.[citation needed] Conversely, the ship rig tended to be retained for training vessels where the larger the crew, the more seamen were trained.
Another advantage is that, downwind, a barque can outperform aschooner orbarkentine, and is both easier to handle and better at going to windward than a full-rigged ship. While a full-rigged ship is the best runner available, and while fore-and-aft rigged vessels are the best at going to windward, the barque and the barquentine, are compromises,[citation needed] which combine, in different proportions, the best elements of these two.
Whether square-rig, barque, barquentine or schooner is optimal depends on the degree to which the sailing-route and season can be chosen to achieve following-wind. Square-riggers predominated for intercontinental sailing on routes chosen for following-winds.
Most ocean-goingwindjammers were four-masted barques, due to the above-described considerations and compromises. Usually the main mast was the tallest; that ofMoshulu extends to 58 m off the deck. The four-masted barque can be handled with a surprisingly small crew—at minimum, 10—and while the usual crew was around 30, almost half of them could be apprentices.
Today many sailing-school ships are barques.[citation needed]
A well-preserved example of a commercial barque is thePommern, the only windjammer in original condition. Its home is inMariehamn outside theÅland maritime museum. The wooden barqueSigyn, built inGothenburg 1887, is now amuseum ship inTurku. The woodenwhaling barqueCharles W. Morgan, launched 1841, taken out of service 1921,[8] is now a museum ship atMystic Seaport[9] inConnecticut. TheCharles W. Morgan has recently been refit and is (as of summer, 2014) sailing the New England coast. TheUnited States Coast Guard still has an operational barque, built in Germany in 1936 and captured as awar prize, theUSCGCEagle, which theUnited States Coast Guard Academy inNew London uses as a training vessel. TheSydney Heritage Fleet restored an iron-hulled three-masted barque, theJames Craig, originally constructed asClan Macleod in 1874 and sailing at sea fortnightly. The oldest active sailing vessel in the world, theStar of India, was built in 1863 as a full-rigged ship, then converted into a barque in 1901.
This type of ship inspired the French composerMaurice Ravel to write his famous piece,Une Barque sur l'ocean, originally composed for piano, in 1905, then orchestrated in 1906.
Statsraad Lehmkuhl is in active operation in its barque form, stripped down without most of its winches and later improvements more aligned to the upbringing of future sailors both as a schoolship, training operations for the Norwegian Navy and generally available for interested volunteers. During the summer of 2021, it hosted "NRK Sommarskuta" with live TV everyday sailing all of the Norwegian coast from north to south and crossing the North Sea to Shetland. After this it will perform its first full sailing trip around world, estimated to take 19 months with many promotional events along the way. Scientific equipment has been installed in support of ongoing university studies[which?] to monitor and log environmental data.
InAncient Egypt, barques, referred to using the French word asEgyptian hieroglyphs were first translated by the FrenchmanJean-François Champollion, were a type of boat used from Egypt's earliest recorded times and are depicted in many drawings, paintings, and reliefs that document the culture. Transportation to the afterlife was believed to be accomplished by way of barques, as well, and the image is used in many of the religious murals and carvings in temples and tombs.
The most important Egyptian barque carried the deadpharaoh to become a deity. Great care was taken to provide a beautiful barque to the pharaoh for this journey, and models of the boats were placed in their tombs. Many models of these boats, that range from tiny to huge in size, have been found. Wealthy and royal members of the culture also provided barques for their final journey. The type of vessel depicted in Egyptian images remains quite similar throughout the thousands of years the culture persisted.
Barques were important religiousartifacts, and since the deities were thought to travel in this fashion in the sky, theMilky Way was seen as a great waterway that was as important as theNile on Earth;cult statues of the deities traveled by boats on water and ritual boats were carried about by the priests during festival ceremonies.Temples included barque shrines, sometimes more than one in a temple, in which the sacred barques rested when a procession was not in progress.[10][11] In these stations, the boats would be watched over and cared for by the priests.
_-_stained_glass%2c_Barque_of_Peter.jpg)
TheBarque of St. Peter, or the Barque of Peter, is a reference to theRoman Catholic Church. The term refers toPeter, the firstPope, who was a fisherman before becoming an apostle of Jesus. The Pope is often said to be steering the Barque of St. Peter.[12]
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