| Baroque pop | |
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| Cultural origins | 1960s, United Kingdom and United States |
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Baroque pop (sometimes calledbaroque rock) is afusion genre that combinesrock music with particular elements ofclassical music.[1][4][5] It emerged in the mid-1960s as artists pursued a majestic, orchestral sound[4] and is identifiable for its appropriation ofBaroque compositional styles (contrapuntal melodies andfunctional harmony patterns) and dramatic or melancholic gestures.[3]Harpsichords figure prominently,[6] whileoboes,French horns, andstring quartets are also common.[5]
Although harpsichords had been deployed for a number of pop hits since the 1940s, some record producers in the 1960s increasingly placed the instrument in the foreground of their arrangements.[6] Inspired partly bythe Beatles' song "In My Life" (1965), various groups were incorporating baroque and classical instrumentation by early 1966.[7] The term "baroque rock" was coined in promotional material forthe Left Banke, who used harpsichords and violins in their arrangements[8] and whose 1966 song "Walk Away Renée" exemplified the style.[6][9]
Baroque pop's mainstream popularity faded by the 1970s, partially becausepunk rock,disco andhard rock took over; nonetheless, music was still produced within the genre's tradition.[9]Philadelphia soul in the 1970s andchamber pop in the 1990s both reflected the spirit of baroque pop,[4] while the latter incorporated much of the period'slow fidelity musical aesthetic.[10]
In classical music, the term "Baroque" is used to describe theart music of Europe approximately between the years 1600 and 1750, with some of its most prominent composers includingJ. S. Bach andAntonio Vivaldi.[11] Much of the instrumentation of baroque pop is akin to that of the late Baroque period or the earlyClassical period, chronologically defined as the period of European music from 1690 to 1760 and stylistically defined by balanced phrases, clarity and beauty.[12]
Baroque pop, stylistically, fuses elements of rock with classical music, often incorporating layered harmonies, strings, and horns to achieve a majestic, orchestral sound.[4] Its prominent characteristics are the use ofcontrapuntal melodies andfunctional harmony patterns.[3] It was intended to be a more serious and mature outgrowth of rock music.[4] JournalistBob Stanley uses the term "English baroque" to describe a subset that existed between 1968 and 1973, after the genre's more widespread presence in rock and pop.[9][nb 1] "Baroque rock" may be invoked as a synonym of "baroque pop"[14] or as its own distinct term.[15][16]
The Boston Globe's Matthew Guerrieri credits the origins of baroque pop to American pop musicians and record producers likePhil Spector andthe Beach Boys'Brian Wilson placing theharpsichord in the foreground of their arrangements.[6] Harpsichords were widely available in recording studios, and had been used in popular music since as early as the 1940s, but the instrument did not gain prominence until the 1960s.[6] One of the firstpop rock hits to use a harpsichord wasthe Jamies' "Summertime, Summertime" (1958).[17] Later examples cited by Guerrieri range from the Beach Boys' "I Get Around" (1964) and "When I Grow Up (To Be a Man)" (1965) tothe Righteous Brothers "You've Lost That Lovin' Feelin'" (1964) andthe Mamas & the Papas' "Monday, Monday" (1966).[6] Guerrieri speculates that the harpsichord may have been desirable for its buzzing, stingingtimbre, which suited "the treble-heavy pop soundscape" of the time.[6][nb 2]
The 1964 single "She's Not There" by the English bandthe Zombies marked a starting point for baroque pop, according to Stanley. He writes that the song "didn't feature any oboes but stuck out rather dramatically in 1964, the year of 'You Really Got Me' and 'Little Red Rooster'", that its arrangement was comparably "restrained" and "almost medieval", and that its refined qualities were emphasised by singerColin Blunstone having an enunciation that was "pureSt Albans grammar".[9]
Along withBurt Bacharach, Spector melded pop music with classical elements before they were combined with rock.[1] Music historian Andrew Grant Jackson states that "the era of baroque pop", in which "rock melded with classical elements", began withthe Rolling Stones' "Play with Fire" (February 1965) and Brian Wilson's work onThe Beach Boys Today! (March 1965). In Jackson's view, baroque pop andchamber pop were one and the same.[1]The Yardbirds single "For Your Love" (March, 1965) further popularized the use of the harpsichord in commercial pop rock music.[18]Slate's Forrest Wickman creditsthe Beatles' producer,George Martin, along withPaul McCartney and Wilson, as some of the men "most responsible" for the move into baroque pop.[19]
Author Bernard Gendron says that, further to American composer and conductorLeonard Bernstein's public approval of the band's music, the Beatles were feted in the "art-music world" in the summer of 1965 through the arrival of"'Beatles à la Baroque' or more generically 'baroque rock'".[20] He also writes that since this phenomenon preceded the release of Beatles recordings such as "Yesterday" (which used a classicalstring quartet),[21] it is likely that the band did not instigate the link between their music and its classical components, but were in fact responding to classical and baroque readings of their work. These readings also included the 1965 albumThe Baroque Beatles Book, where their songs were reimagined in a tongue-in-cheek Baroque setting.[22]
A classically trained musician, Martin played what sounded like a baroque harpsichord solo on the Beatles' "In My Life", released on their December 1965 albumRubber Soul.[23][nb 3] Author Joe Harrington comments that due to the Beatles' influence in all areas of pop music's development, "In My Life" led to the arrival of "baroque-rock".[23] ProducerTommy LiPuma recalled that "Once the Beatles featured that harpsichord sound on 'In My Life,' pop producers began working it in."[17]
The genre originated in the United Kingdom and the United States.[3] By early 1966, further toRubber Soul, various groups began using baroque and classical instrumentation, described as a "baroque rock" movement by Gendron.[24] Among these recordings was the Rolling Stones' "Lady Jane".[23] The popularity of harpsichords in pop, rock and soul arrangements at this time reflected a desire for unusual sounds and, in the case of many American producers, a sought-for association with the retrospective focus that informed London's fashion scene and the psychedelic music scene there.[17]
The Zombies' "She's Not There", together with a predilection for all things British through the Beatles' international success, inspired New York musicianMichael Brown to formthe Left Banke. Stanley considers the band's "Walk Away Renée" (1966) to be the first recognizable baroque pop single.[9] "Baroque rock" was the label devised by the Left Banke's publicists and the music press. According to music criticRichie Unterberger, "the sobriquet may have been ham-fisted, but certainly there were many Baroque elements in the Left Banke's pop—the stately arrangements, the brilliant use of keyboards and harpsichords, the soaring violins, and the beautiful group harmonies."[8][nb 4] The band's follow-up single, "Pretty Ballerina", continued their absorption in the genre. Guitarist Rick Brand later described their lyrics as "rather self-consciously beautiful musical whimsy, as you find in the latter 18th-century Romantic music, pre-Beethoven".[9]
Although the Beach Boys'Pet Sounds (1966) has been advanced in later years as baroque pop, or even the first example of the genre, no contemporary press material referred to the album as "baroque", and instead commentators focused on the album's "progressive" traits.[25] The album's baroque-pop aesthetics were limited to one track, "God Only Knows",[17][25] a song thatThe Record's Jim Beckerman deemed "baroque rock" in the same "retro instrumentation and elegant harmonies" vein as the Beatles' "Eleanor Rigby" (1966) andProcol Harum's "A Whiter Shade of Pale" (1967).[26]
Gendron's "baroque rock" examples include "Walk Away Renée" withSpanky and Our Gang's "Sunday Will Never Be the Same" (1967), andthe Stone Poneys' "Different Drum" (1967) – all of which used harpsichord and strings – and the Rolling Stones' "Lady Jane" (harpsichord anddulcimer) andthe Lovin' Spoonful's "Rain on the Roof" (1966, harpsichord-sounding guitars).[27] Music journalist Steve Smith highlightsthe Moody Blues and Procol Harum as "major practitioners" of baroque pop. He recognizes "For No One", "She's Leaving Home" and "Piggies" as other examples of the Beatles' forays in the genre, and "Ride On, Baby" and "Ruby Tuesday" as further examples of the Rolling Stones' baroque pop.[5]
According to Stanley, the period of sustained commercial success for pop and rock recordings with harpsichords and string quartets climaxed with the Beatles' 1967 albumSgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band, "which mixed everyday lyrics withmusic hall andEdwardiana to create lysergically enhancedparlour music".[9] Also in 1967, producerMark Wirtz attempted tocreate a baroque pop concept album withA Teenage Opera, but the project as a whole remained unfinished. However, the single "Excerpt from A Teenage Opera" reached No. 2 in the UK. At this time, the development in musical arrangements presented by baroque pop was challenged by the breakthrough of psychedelic rock bands from theSan Francisco scene.[28] In a climate equally informed by political radicalism in 1968, Stanley writes, "English baroque" continued as a combined simulacrum of the Zombies' albumOdessey and Oracle (1968), McCartney's contributions toThe Beatles (1968),Honeybus's single "I Can't Let Maggie Go" (1968),Scott Walker's chamber pop, andCrosby, Stills & Nash vocal harmonies.[9][nb 5]
English baroque survived into the early 1970s, as record labels sought to capitalize on the singer-songwriter phenomenon by offering lavish string arrangements to unknowns. Among these artists wereNick Drake and individual members of Honeybus.[9] The quaintness of baroque pop and the use of violins and classical guitar became the target of parody at the end of thepsychedelic era.[29] One notable instance of a baroque pop song after its dissipation is the 1982 single "Golden Brown" by British rock bandthe Stranglers, featuring a harpsichord and unconventional time signatures and tuning.[30] In the 1990s,chamber pop derived from the spirit of baroque pop, characterized by an infusion of orchestral arrangements or classical style composition. It originated as a response to thelo-fi production that dominated in the 1990s.[10] Between the 1990s and 2010s, baroque pop enjoyed a revival with bands likethe Divine Comedy.[3] The American rock bandPanic! at the Disco shifted to a baroque pop sound with their 2008 albumPretty. Odd. English rock bandArctic Monkeys shifted to a baroque pop sound with their 2018 albumTranquility Base Hotel & Casino and their 2022 albumThe Car, most likely influenced by frontmanAlex Turner's work withthe Last Shadow Puppets.
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