Geography of Cape Verde

Continent	Africa
Region	Atlantic Ocean
Coordinates	16°N24°W / 16°N 24°W /16; -24
Area	Ranked 165th
• Total	4,033 km2 (1,557 sq mi)
• Land	100%
• Water	0%
Coastline	965 km (600 mi)
Borders	None
Highest point	Mount Fogo 2,829 metres (9,281 ft)
Lowest point	Atlantic Ocean 0 metres (0 ft)
Exclusive economic zone	800,561 km2 (309,098 mi2)

Cape Verde is a group ofaridAtlantic islands which are home to distinct communities of plants, birds, and reptiles.

The Cape Verde Islands are located in the mid-Atlantic Ocean some 450 km (280 mi) off the west coast of the continent of Africa.^[1] The landscape varies from dry plains to high active volcanoes with cliffs rising steeply from the ocean. The climate is arid. The total size is 4,033 km² (1,557 mi²).

Thearchipelago consists of ten islands and five smaller islands known as islets, divided into the windward (Barlavento) and leeward (Sotavento) groups.^[1]

The six islands in the Barlavento group, which sits in thetrade winds, areSanto Antão,São Vicente,Santa Luzia,São Nicolau,Sal, andBoa Vista.^[1] The total land mass is 2,239 km² (864 sq mi).^[2]

In the west of the Barlavento group,Santo Antão,São Vicente,^[a]São Nicolau,Santa Luzia and isletsBranco andRaso arevolcanic and somewhat rocky yet quite widely capable of supporting semi-aridagriculture.

In the east of the Barlavento group,Sal^[b] andBoa Vista^[c] are lightly hilled,desert islands whose economies were based onsalt and rely on fishing andtourism, having more in common with theSotavento islandMaio.

There are four main islands of the Sotavento group.^[1][2] The western three islands,Brava,Fogo andSantiago, are rocky andvolcanicagricultural islands, with the longest histories of human habitation. The fourth and easternmost islandMaio is a flatdesert island whose economy was primarily based onsalt, giving it more in common with theBarlavento islandsSal andBoa Vista. TheIlhéus do Rombo are barren islets north of Brava. The total area of the Sotavento Islands is 1,803 km² (696 sq mi).^[2]

Three islands – Sal, Boa Vista, and Maio – generally are level and lack natural water supplies.^[1] Mountains higher than 1,280 metres (4,199 ft) are found on Santiago, Fogo, Santo Antão, and São Nicolau.^[1]

Sand carried by strong winds has caused erosion on all islands, especially the windward ones.^[1] Sheer, jagged cliffs rise from the sea on several of the mountainous islands.^[1] The lack of natural vegetation in the uplands and coast^[1] also contributes to soil erosion.^[3] The interior valleys support denser natural vegetation.^[1]

Geographic coordinates

16°N24°W / 16°N 24°W /16; -24

Area

• Total: 4,072 km²
• Land: 4,072 km²
• Water: 0 km² (inland water is negligible)^{[disputed –discuss]}

Area – comparative

About 1.5 times as large as Luxembourg

Coastline

965 km (600 mi)^[4]

Maritime claims

• Measured from claimed archipelagic baselines^[4]
• Territorial sea: 12 nmi (22.2 km)^[4]
• Contiguous zone: 24 nmi (44.4 km)^[4]
• Exclusive economic zone: 200 nmi (370.4 km)^[4]

Exclusive economic zone

• EEZ area: 800,561 km² (309,098 mi²)^[5]
• Continental shelf: 5,591 km^2[5]
• Coral reefs: 0.09% of world^[5]
• Sea mounts: 0.04% of world^[5]

Terrain

Steep, rugged, rocky, volcanic.^[4]

Elevation extremes

• Lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m^[4]
• Highest point:Mount Fogo 2,829 m (9,281 ft) (a volcano on Fogo Island)^[4]

Natural resources:Salt,basalt rock,limestone,kaolin,fish,clay,gypsum^[4]

Land use^[4]

• agricultural land: 18.6% (2018 est.)
  • arable land: 11.7% (2018 est.)
  • permanent crops: 0.7% (2018 est.)
  • permanent pasture: 6.2% (2018 est.)
• forest: 21% (2018 est.)
• other: 60.4% (2018 est.)

Irrigated land

35 km² (14 sq mi) (2012)^[4]

Total renewable water resources

0.3 km³ (2017)^[4]

Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural)^{[citation needed]}

• total: 0.02 km³/yr (6%/1%/93%)
• per capita: 48.57 m³/yr (2004)

Natural hazards

Prolongeddroughts; seasonal harmattan wind produces obscuring dust; volcanically and seismically active.^[4]

Geography - note

Strategic location 500 km from west coast of Africa near major north-south sea routes; important communications station; important sea and air refueling site.^[4]

Cabo Verde sharesmaritime boundaries withMauritania andSenegal. Cabo Verde has signedtreaties withSenegal andMauritaniadelimiting the specific boundaries. However, the two treaties conflict in their delimitation of the precise borders. Due to the numerous islands it has anExclusive Economic Zone of 800,561 km² (309,098 mi²).

Rainfall is irregular, historically causing periodic droughts and famines.^[1] Desalination plants now provide water to more than half the country's population.^[7][8] Experiments withfog collectors have been conducted since 1962,^[9] however, such collectors had not been expanded beyond the Serra Malagueta community of Santiago Island, as of 2009.^[10] The average precipitation per year inPraia is 240 mm (9.45 in).^[1]

During the winter, storms blowing from theSahara sometimes cloud the sky; however, sunny days are the norm year round.^[1] The clearest skies are found between February and June, with very little rainfall during these months. Saharan dust, Harmattan wind, laden with dust come from the Sahara. This occurs between November and March and is generally similar to the "Calima" affecting the Canary Islands.

The ocean near Cabo Verde is an area oftropical cyclone formation; since these storms have the whole Atlantic over which to develop as they move westward, they are among the most intense hurricanes, and are calledCape Verde-type hurricanes.

The Cape Verde islands are a very degradated area. Also, most islands do not always get a monsoon. In fact, it is not surprising that some atmospheric precipitation of islands are limited in tropical rain.

If rain arrives, it is usually between August and October. The first "rainy season" brings high temperatures and high humidity that condenses as dew mountain. The other rainy season is between December and June, when the northeast trade winds are common during this season, only altitudes above 600 m tend to receive regular rain.The island of Sal receives an average of 0 mm in May. When the rain comes, if it comes, it can be very strong. Half of the rain in a particular year can often fall into a single storm.Most of the Cape Verde islands are dry, but on islands with high mountains and farther away from the continental land mass, by orography, the humidity is much higher, giving a rainforest habitat, very degraded by the strong human presence.Northeastern slopes of high mountains often receive a lot of rain and southwestern slopes do not. This is because they are umbria areas, situated in the north hillsides or slopes of the mountainous areas, oriented behind the Sun in theNorthern Hemisphere, in the shadysideorographic. So the amount ofsolar radiation that it receive is much lower than it would if it had without the island's relief which intercepts much of the sunlight. In terms of botanical ecology, these umbria areas are identified as being cool and moist.

The current north of the Canaries, has a cooling effect on the islands of Cabo Verde, making the air temperature more bearable than it would expect in any case at this latitude. Conversely, the islands do not receive the upwellings (cold streams) that affect the West African coast, so the air temperature is cooler than in Senegal, but the sea is actually warmer, because the orographic relief of some islands, such as Sao Miguel with steep mountains, cover it with rich woods and luxuriant vegetation where the humid air condenses and soak the plants, rocks, soil, logs, and moss.

Hurricanes often begin forming in the waters around the islands of Cabo Verde, but it is rare that the strength of the storm reaches close to the islands. A Cape Verde type hurricane is formed in the area south of the islands, near Sao Miguel, after a tropical wave on the African continent during the rainy season. The storm picks up strength when it crosses the warm waters of Atlantic.

Thelaurel forest is a type of cloud forest, thecloud forests, are developed preferably aboutmountains, where the densemoisture from the sea or ocean, is precipitated by the action of the relief. Opposing the terrain to a front of warm, moist air mass, it forces to increase the height above sea level of that body wet and warm air mass, which cools and decreases thedew point, causing it to condense part of the moisture that falls as rain or fog, creating a habitat especially cool, saturated with moisture in the air and soil.

It is the balance between the dry and warm influence of the subtropical anticyclone, hot and dry summer andorography the responsible for carrying cool wet air.As latitude increases, this increases the impact of the storms, which in its journey from west to east, swept the western coasts of continents, dumping heavy rains as carrying high humidity.Precipitation multiply if these air masses are crossing mountains in the way. The resulting climate is wetter, but with an annual oscillation of the temperature moderated by the proximity of the ocean.Appear mostly occupying favorable areas named geographicallyUmbrias, this is north hillsides or slopes of the mountainous areas that are oriented behind the sun, because the islands are in theNorthern Hemisphere, between 600 and 1,500 meters, thus benefiting from the humidity provided by thetrade winds to form such a sea of clouds. In its botanical ecology, the mountain umbria is identified with cool and moisture.

In Cabo Verdeforest cover is around 11% of the total land area, equivalent to 45,720 hectares (ha) of forest in 2020, up from 15,380 hectares (ha) in 1990. In 2020, naturally regenerating forest covered 13,680 hectares (ha) and planted forest covered 32,040 hectares (ha). For the year 2015, 100% of the forest area was reported to be underpublic ownership.^[15][16] The islands constitute the uniqueCape Verde Islands dry forestsecoregion, according to theWorld Wildlife Fund.

Cape Verde is the driest archipelago of the ecoregion ofMacaronesia. That with a greater influence of African species due to its geographical location near the African mainland of the Sahel.At first, the islands of Cabo Verde housed an extensive savanna anddry forestcover, but mostly it was removed to convert to agricultural land, which, together with the arid climate and rugged terrain, has led to a soil erosion anddesertification widespread. However, the archipelago can be divided into four broad ecological zones (arid, semiarid, subhumid and humid), according to altitude and average annual rainfall ranging from 200 mm in the arid areas of the coast to more than 1000 mm in the humid mountain. Mostly rainfall precipitation is due to condensation of the ocean mist. Today much of the forest cover comprises relatively immature agroforestry plantations, in which are used non-native species such as Prosopis juliflora, Leucaena leucocephala and Jatropha curcas. The nativelaurel forest species are in wet area only in mountainous areas.

On the lower and drier islands the vegetation, before human colonization, consisted of savanna or steppe vegetation, with the flattest inland portion supporting semi-desert plants. At higher altitudes, a form of arid shrubland was also present. These islands were covered with savanna on the plains and arid shrubland on the mountainsides, but after over 500 years of human habitation (after Portuguese colonisation) nearly all the original vegetation has been cleared in favour of widespread agriculture including the grazing of goats, sheep and cattle and the planting of imported crop species. There are some remaining patches of dry forest high on steep mountainside including a number of endemic plant species, but these are inaccessible and hard to study.

On the higher islands and somewhat wetter islands, exclusively in mountainous areas, like Santo Antao island, the climate is suitable for the development of dry monsoon forest, and laurel forest as this vegetation is believed to have been present in the past. However, most vegetation has now been converted to agriculture and forest fragments are now restricted to areas where cultivation is not possible, such as mountain peaks and steep slopes. The demand for wood has resulted in deforestation anddesertification.

Of particular note is theendemic type ofhumid subtropicallaurel forest of macaronesian laurisilva, found on several of the Macaronesian African mainland enclaves andMacaronesian islands of theNorth Atlantic, namelyMadeira Islands, theAzores, Cape Verde Islands, and theCanary Islands; these are a relic of thePliocenesubtropicalforests, supporting numerous endemic species.

Thislaurisilva forests are found in the islands ofMacaronesia in the eastern Atlantic, in particular the Azores, Madeira Islands, and western Canary Islands, from 400 m to 1,200 m elevation. Trees of the generaApollonias (Lauraceae),Ocotea (Lauraceae),Persea (Lauraceae),Clethra (Clethraceae),Dracaena (Ruscaceae), andPicconia (Oleaceae) are characteristic.^[17] The Madeira Islands laurel forest was designated aWorld Heritage Site byUNESCO in 1999.

There are four endemic bird species including theRaso lark along with more commonswifts,larks,warblers, andsparrows. The islands are an important breeding site for seabirds including theCape Verde shearwater andFea's petrel (Pterodroma feae), which breeds only here and inMadeira. Santiago Island holds the only breeding site of the endemic and critically endangeredBourne's heron. The 11 endemic reptile species include a giant gecko (Tarentola gigas), and there are othergeckos andskinks in abundance. The giant skink (Macroscincus coctei) is now thought to be extinct.

Almost all of the natural environment has been destroyed by conversion to agriculture and logging for firewood, as well as naturalsoil erosion, all of which has threatened several species of birds and reptiles. The remaining original forest exists at high altitudes only. Newer problems include illegal beach sand extraction andoverfishing while the nesting birds are vulnerable due to introduced mammals, including cats and rats.

Environment - international agreements

• Party to:Biodiversity,Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban,Desertification, Endangered Species,Environmental Modification,Hazardous Wastes,Law of the Sea,Marine Dumping,Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands^[4]

• Northernmost point -Ponta do Sol onSantao Antão Island
• Southernmost point -Ponta Nho Martinho onBrava
• Westernmost point -Ponta Chao de Mongrade onSantao Antão*
• Easternmost point -Ponta Meringuel onBoa Vista
• *This is also the westernmost point of Africa

• World Wildlife Fund, ed. (2001)."Cape Verde Islands dry forests".WildWorld Ecoregion Profile. National Geographic Society. Archived fromthe original on 2010-03-08.
• "Cape Verde Islands dry forests".Terrestrial Ecoregions. World Wildlife Fund.

• Geography of Cape Verde

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