Barisal বরিশাল | |
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| Barishal | |
     .jpg) From top: Barisal Launch Terminal, University of Barisal,Guthia Mosque, Oxford Mission Church, Brojomohun College, Barisal Museum | |
| Nickname: Venice of the East | |
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  Barisal Barisal (Bangladesh) Show map of Bangladesh | |
| Coordinates:22°42′36″N90°21′47″E / 22.710°N 90.363°E /22.710; 90.363 | |
| Country | Bangladesh |
| Division | Barisal Division |
| District | Barisal District |
| Municipality established | 1876; 150 years ago (1876) |
| City Corporation | 2002; 24 years ago (2002) |
| Granted city status | 19 April 2001[1] |
| Government | |
| • Type | Mayor–Council |
| • Body | Barishal City Corporation |
| • Administrator | Mohammad Mahfuzur Rahman |
| • City Council | 30 constituencies |
| • Parliament | 1 constituencies |
| Area | |
| • Urban | 58 km2 (22 sq mi) |
| • Metro | 69.61 km2 (26.88 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 5 m (16 ft) |
| Population (2022)[3] | |
| • Urban | 419,484 |
| • Urban density | 7,200/km2 (19,000/sq mi) |
| • Metro | 448,152 |
| • Metro density | 6,438/km2 (16,670/sq mi) |
| • Rank | 10th in Bangladesh |
| Demonym(s) | Barishali, Barishailla |
| Languages | |
| • Official | Bengali • English |
| • Regional | Eastern Bengali dialects |
| Time zone | UTC+6 (Bangladesh Time) |
| Postal code | 8200 |
| Website | barishalcity |
Barisal (/ˌbʌrəˈsɑːl/ or/ˈbærəˌsɔːl/;Bengali:বরিশাল,pronounced[boɾiʃal]ⓘ),[a]officially known asBarishal,[5] is a major city that lies on the banks of theKirtankhola river in south-centralBangladesh. It is the largest city and the administrative headquarter of bothBarisal District[b] andBarisal Division. It is one of the oldest municipalities and river ports of the country. The city was once called theVenice of the East or theVenice of Bengal.[7]
Barisal municipality was established in 1876 during theBritish rule in India and upgraded to City Corporation on 25 July 2002.[8] Barisal is Bangladesh's third largest financial hub afterDhaka andChittagong.[9][10] The city consists of 30 wards and 50 mahallas with a population of 533,000, according to the 2023 national census, and about 250,000 voters, according to the 2018 voter list of city election.[11] The area of the city is 58 km2.[12]
The toponym Barisal is etymologically derived from thePerso-Arabic phrase "Bahr-e-Sawal," translating to "the ship of questions". This appellation is rooted in the interactions ofSemiticArab maritime traders, who, in their nautical endeavours, referred to their sea-bound merchant vessels as bahr, which has endured as a term in the lexicon of theBengali language to this day. The perilous and turbulent waters of Bengal’s southern seacoast, notorious for their treacherous waves, presented a hazardous maritime route. As such, upon encountering this tempestuous stretch of coastline, the Arab traders would often be prompted to pose various queries (sawal) regarding the safety, conditions, and navigability of the route. Over time, this word was corrupted to the name Barisal.[13]
The Barisal region, situated within theBengal delta, originated from the long-term sediment deposition of thePadma (Ganges),Jamuna (Brahmaputra), andMeghna rivers. These rivers transported vast quantities of sediment from theHimalayas, gradually forming fertilealluvial soil over millennia through the processes of fluvial aggradation and tidal action. This geological process, which began distinctly in the post-Miocene epoch amid the collision of the Indo-Eurasian plate, rendered the region suitable for early agrarian settlements reliant on monsoon rain-fed rice cultivation and floodplain fisheries.[14][15]
Evidence of settlement in this region dates back to prehistoric times, with mound-based villages (known locally as 'basal' or 'chal') indicating organized societies from the late Holocene epoch. The region was part of the ancient Gangaridai kingdom, which is mentioned in Greco-Roman accounts such as those byMegasthenes,Pliny the Elder, andPtolemy from approximately 300 BCE to 150 CE as a formidable deltaic state. This kingdom was reportedly capable of assembling 20,000 cavalry, 200,000 infantry, and 4,000 war elephants, a force that deterred the advance of the Seleucids in the era following Alexander. Direct archaeological excavation in Barisal is rare; evidence largely relies on artifacts found in the greater Vanga-Samatata region, such as punch-marked coins, which testify to economic integration during theMauryan period (circa 300 BCE).[16][17]
In the medieval period, Barisal, which encompassed the ancient regions ofChandradvipa andBakla, was incorporated into the Bengal Sultanate followingMuhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khalji's conquest ofEast Bengal in 1204 CE. This marked a transition from the Buddhist-Hindu polities under theSena dynasty to Muslim rule under the suzerainty of Delhi. In 1342 CE, an independent Sultanate was established through the unification achieved byShamsuddin Ilyas Shah.[18][19]
In 1797, theBakerganj District, which encompassed Barisal, was established as part of theBengal Presidency under British administration. Its headquarters was relocated to Barisal in 1801 to capitalize on the area's strategic riverine location for administration and commerce.[20] Barisal was formally incorporated as a municipality in 1876.[21] Barisal's population grew significantly toward the end of the nineteenth century, reaching approximately 19,000 by the early 1900s.[22]
British engineering initiatives, such as constructing embankments on theKirtankhola River and enhancing river navigation, mitigated seasonal flooding and improved communication links withCalcutta. But revenue collection prioritized imperial necessities over local welfare - research indicates such disproportionate benefits.[23]
In the early twentieth century, Barisal became a focal point for emerging nationalist activity, particularly during theSwadeshi Movement protesting the1905 Partition of Bengal. Local newspapers and intellectuals of the time organized against British economic policies that prioritized jute exports, promoting indigenous enterprise and fostering anti-colonial sentiment.[24]
Following the partition of British India on August 14, 1947, Barisal was incorporated intoEast Pakistan, part of the newly formedDominion of Pakistan. It was initially administered under the Bakerganj district structure inherited from the colonial period. The region faced ongoing challenges, including regional disparities such as limited infrastructure investment compared to West Pakistan.[25]
During the1971 Bangladesh Liberation War, Barisal experienced direct military conflict, including Pakistan's 'Operation Barisal'. This was a naval assault launched in late April to recapture the city, after initial Bengali resistance had established it as a liberated zone until April 25.The area was under Sector 9 of theMukti Bahini (Liberation Force), commanded by Major M. A. Jalil (July 17 to December 24, 1971). This sector comprisedBarisal,Patuakhali, and parts of theKhulna andFaridpur districts, where guerrilla operations and river patrols disrupted Pakistani supply lines.[26] Following independence on December 16, 1971, the region suffered extensivel infrastructural damage and significant civilian displacement. Reconstruction efforts commenced with assistance from international donors.[27]
On January 1, 1993, the Barisal Division was established. The region was bifurcated from theKhulna Division to include the Barisal, Bhola, Patuakhali, Jhalokati, Barguna, and Pirojpur districts.[20]
Throughout the 2000s, the Barisal Division faced recurrent threats from cyclones. On November 15, 2007,Cyclone Sidr wrought extensive devastation in coastal districts such as Bhola and Barguna, leading to outbreaks of diarrhea and skin diseases due to flooding and the collapse of sanitation systems.[28] Supported by organizations like theWorld Food Programme, recovery efforts provided over 100,000 vulnerable families with new homes and livelihood grants by 2009.[29]
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
|---|---|---|
| 1872 | 12,501 | — |
| 1891 | 15,482 | +23.8% |
| 1901 | 18,978 | +22.6% |
| 1911 | 22,473 | +18.4% |
| 1921 | 26,744 | +19.0% |
| 1931 | 35,716 | +33.5% |
| 1931 | 61,316 | +71.7% |
| 1951 | 89,694 | +46.3% |
| 1961 | 69,936 | −22.0% |
| 1974 | 98,127 | +40.3% |
| 1991 | 142,098 | +44.8% |
| 2001 | 224,389 | +57.9% |
| 2011 | 328,278 | +46.3% |
| 2022 | 576,927 | +75.7% |
| sources:[30] | ||
As of 2022 census results, Barisal City Corporation had 105,200 households and a population of 419,484. 16.19% of the population was under 10 years of age. Barisal had a literacy rate of 88.90% for those 7 years and older and a sex ratio of 103.87 males per 100 females.[3]
Most people in Barisal areBengalis, the majority ethnic group in Bangladesh. The long-standing Bengali inhabitants of the city are known as the demonym Barisaliya and the most spokenBengali dialect of this region is known asEastern Bengali. Apart from them, the city population is composed of people from neighboringupazilas anddistricts (Patuakhali,Bhola,Pirojpur,Jhalakati,Barguna).[citation needed]
| Religion | Percent | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Islam | 90.36% | |||
| Hinduism | 9.01% | |||
| Christianity | 0.61% | |||
| Other or not stated | 0.02% | |||
The majority of Barisal's people are Muslims (90.36%), mainlySunni Islam of theHanafi school. Other religious groups include Hindus (9.01%), and very few numbers of other religions, mainly Christians (0.61%) and Buddhists (0.01%).[3]
Since 2015, the Catholic minority has its ownRoman Catholic Diocese of Barisal.
Barisal city occupies an area of 58 km2.
Barisal District, with an area of 2790.51 km2, is bounded byMadaripur,Shariatpur,Chandpur andLakshmipur districts on the north,Patuakhali,Barguna andJhalokati District on the south, Bhola and Lakshmipur districts on the east, Jhalokati, Pirojpur andGopalganj districts on the west. Several rivers flow across Barisal including the Kirtankhola, Arial Khan, Khoyrabad, Kalijira and Sandha.
Barisal has a climate on the border between a dry-winterhumid subtropical climate (KöppenCwa) and atropical savanna climate (Aw).
| Climate data for Barisal (1991–2020, extremes 1883-present) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 31.0 (87.8) | 35.6 (96.1) | 38.0 (100.4) | 43.6 (110.5) | 37.5 (99.5) | 37.0 (98.6) | 36.5 (97.7) | 36.8 (98.2) | 37.3 (99.1) | 35.8 (96.4) | 34.0 (93.2) | 31.5 (88.7) | 43.6 (110.5) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 25.4 (77.7) | 28.8 (83.8) | 32.5 (90.5) | 33.7 (92.7) | 33.6 (92.5) | 32.4 (90.3) | 31.4 (88.5) | 31.6 (88.9) | 32.0 (89.6) | 31.9 (89.4) | 29.9 (85.8) | 26.7 (80.1) | 30.8 (87.4) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 17.6 (63.7) | 21.4 (70.5) | 25.9 (78.6) | 28.4 (83.1) | 29.0 (84.2) | 28.8 (83.8) | 28.3 (82.9) | 28.4 (83.1) | 28.3 (82.9) | 27.2 (81.0) | 23.5 (74.3) | 19.1 (66.4) | 25.5 (77.9) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 11.8 (53.2) | 15.4 (59.7) | 20.5 (68.9) | 23.9 (75.0) | 25.1 (77.2) | 26.0 (78.8) | 25.9 (78.6) | 26.0 (78.8) | 25.6 (78.1) | 23.9 (75.0) | 18.9 (66.0) | 13.8 (56.8) | 21.4 (70.5) |
| Record low °C (°F) | 5.0 (41.0) | 8.5 (47.3) | 11.5 (52.7) | 17.0 (62.6) | 18.4 (65.1) | 21.6 (70.9) | 20.0 (68.0) | 20.0 (68.0) | 21.5 (70.7) | 16.6 (61.9) | 13.0 (55.4) | 6.5 (43.7) | 5.0 (41.0) |
| Averageprecipitation mm (inches) | 12.0 (0.47) | 21.0 (0.83) | 45.0 (1.77) | 101.0 (3.98) | 210.0 (8.27) | 380.0 (14.96) | 423.0 (16.65) | 334.0 (13.15) | 288.0 (11.34) | 190.0 (7.48) | 47.0 (1.85) | 6.0 (0.24) | 2,057 (80.98) |
| Average precipitation days(≥ 1.0 mm) | 1.0 | 2.0 | 3.0 | 6.0 | 11.0 | 18.0 | 24.0 | 23.0 | 18.0 | 10.0 | 2.0 | 1.0 | 119.0 |
| Averagerelative humidity (%) | 81 | 78 | 76 | 80 | 83 | 88 | 90 | 89 | 89 | 87 | 84 | 83 | 84 |
| Mean monthlysunshine hours | 218.9 | 223.1 | 241.1 | 233.3 | 214.5 | 144.7 | 130.9 | 145.6 | 151.8 | 214.9 | 230.6 | 212.9 | 2,362.3 |
| Source 1:NOAA[31] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2:Bangladesh Meteorological Department (humidity 1981–2010)[32][33] | |||||||||||||
Durga Sagar: with an area of about 2,500 hectare, is the largest pond or dighi of southern Bangladesh. It is located atMadhabpasha village of Babuganj upazila, about 11 km away from Barisal town. Locally it is known as Madhabpasha Dighi. According to a desire of Rani Durgavati, mother of Raja Joynarayan, the dighi was dug in 1780 (1187 BS). There are coconut trees around the dighi which together with the dighi are bounded by brick-walls. In the middle of the dighi, there is an island with bushes. Migratory birds usually come here during winter. The surrounding areas of the dighi has now been turned into a picnic spot. Madhabpasha was a capital of the kingdom ofChandradvipa.[citation needed]
Lakhutia: located approximately 8 km from Barisal's central business district, the Roy family estate is known as 'Lakhutia' (note: there are several variations of the spelling of this word, including 'Lakutia' and 'Lakhotia'). The Lakhutia zamindar estate was founded by Roop Chandra Roy in the late 17th century. Apart from the main mansion itself, the estate has several Shiva temples and large ponds on the vast property. The Lakhutia mansion – including the Roy family's personal property, was effectively destroyed during the1950 East Pakistan Riots, and then again later during the1971 Bangladesh genocide. While most of Lakhutia was destroyed during the 1950 and 1971 riots and genocide, the historical site and sparse remains of the mansion remain one of Barisal's main tourist attractions.
Barisal's buildings are too diverse to be characterised by any particular architectural style, and have been built over a long period of time.
Some well known heritage buildings are:
Cricket andfootball are the two most popular sports in Barisal while tennis andkabaddi are also popular. There is a national stadium in the city known asBarisal Divisional Stadium (also known as Abdur Rab Serniabad Stadium). It is a multi-purpose stadium and has a capacity of 15,000 spectators. It is currently used mostly for cricket matches. It is also used for football and other sports. Besides, different organization share to stage a show there occasionally. Notable players from Barisal who have played for the national team includeShahriar Nafees,Sohag Gazi,Kamrul Islam Rabbi andFazle Mahmud.[citation needed]
There is a regional sports training centre underBangladesh Krira Shiksha Pratisthan (BKSP) situated at Rahamatpur in Barisal[36] Barisal is also home to theBangladesh Premier League franchiseFortune Barishal.
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Barisal Airport is a domestic airport.Biman Bangladesh Airlines,Novoair andUS-Bangla Airlines use this port. Active air-route is Barisal-Dhaka-Barisal.
Barisal River Port is the second largest river port of Bangladesh. It is the most popular way of communication for the people of Barisal to Dhaka, the capital city. It is also a popular transport system with other districts like Bhola, Barguna, Lakshmipur.
Barisal is connected to most other regions of the country via theN8 national highway. There are two bus terminals in Barisal, Nathullabad Central Bus terminal andRupatali Bus Terminal, which connect Barisal to other districts.
Barisal is home to many educational institutions. Govt. Brojomohan College is the oldest institution of higher education in the city, founded in 1889. There is a public universityUniversity of Barisal and two private universities, a government medical collegeSher-e-Bangla Medical College (SBMC), a textile engineering collegeShaheed Abdur Rab Serniabat Textile Engineering College and an engineering collegeBarisal Engineering College. There are also educational institutions likeBarisal Zilla School,Barisal Cadet College,Govt. Syed Hatem Ali College,Government Women's College, Govt. Barisal College, Amrita Lal Dey College, Barisal Govt. Girls High School, Barisal Model School and College and Barisal Asmat Ali Khan Institution (A.K. School). Besides these there are three teacher training colleges, aGovernment Polytechnic institute, two technical institutes, a homeopathic college and a social welfare training centre.[citation needed]
Major institutions include:
Barisal is a center for the newspaper, periodical and book publishers. Some locally published newspapers and periodicals are:
Source:[37]
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Travel information from WikivoyageCities, towns and locations inBarisal District | |||||||||||||||||||||
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