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Bareilly district | |
|---|---|
.jpg) .jpg)    Clockwise from top-left:Ahichchhatra Jain temples, shrine ofImam Ahmad Raza, skyline of Rajendra Nagar inBareilly,Ramganga, Trivatinath Temple | |
 Location of Bareilly district in Uttar Pradesh | |
| Country | India |
| State | Uttar Pradesh |
| Division | Bareilly |
| Headquarters | Bareilly |
| Government | |
| • Lok Sabha constituencies | Bareilly,Aonla (partly) |
| Area | |
• Total | 4,120 km2 (1,590 sq mi) |
| Population (2011)[1] | |
• Total | 4,448,359 |
| • Density | 1,080/km2 (2,800/sq mi) |
| • Urban | 1,568,409 |
| Demographics | |
| • Literacy | 85% |
| Time zone | UTC+05:30 (IST) |
| Website | bareilly |
Bareilly district (Hindi pronunciation:[bəɾeːliː]ⓘ) belongs to the stateUttar Pradesh innorthern India. Its capital isBareilly city and it is divided in sixadministrative division ortehsils:Aonla,Baheri, Bareilly city,Faridpur,Mirganj, andNawabganj. The Bareilly district is a part of theBareilly Division and occupies an area of 4120 km2 with a population of 4,448,359 people (previously it was 3,618,589) according to the census of 2011.[2]
The modern City of Bareilly was founded byMukrand Rai in 1657. Later it became the capital of theRohilkhand region before getting handed over to Nawab Vazir of Awadh and then to theEast India Company, becoming an integral part ofIndia.
Historically, the region was the capital of the ancient kingdom ofPanchala. The Panchalas occupied the country to the east of theKurus, between the upper Himalayas and the riverGanges. The country was divided into Uttara-Panchala and Dakshina-Panchala. The northern Panchala had its capital atAhichatra (also known as Adhichhatra and Chhatravati, near present-dayAonla) tehsil of Bareilly district, while southern Panchala had it capital at Kampilya orKampil inFarrukhabad district. The famous city ofKannauj or Kanyakubja was situated in the kingdom of Panchala. According to the epicMahābhārata,Bareilly region (Panchala, in present - day Uttar Pradesh and nearby regions) is said to be the birthplace ofDraupadi, who was also referred to as 'Panchali'.
The last two Panchala clans, the Somakas and the Srinjayas are mentioned in theMahabharata and thePuranas. KingDrupada, whose daughterDraupadi was married to thePandavas belonged to the Somaka clan.[3] However, theMahabharata and thePuranas consider the ruling clan of the northern Panchala as an offshoot of theBharata clan. Divodasa, Sudas, Srinjaya, Somaka andDrupada (also called Yajnasena) were the most notable rulers of this clan.[4]
During 176 – 166 BC, Panchala coins were minted at Bareilly and the surrounding areas. It was the Kushan and Gupta kings who established mints here. The city's continued status as a mint town since the beginning of the Christian era was helped by the fact that Bareilly was never a disturbed area (except at the time of the Indian Independence Struggle).[citation needed]
Found at Ganga Ghati in abundance were the Adi Vigraha and Shree Vigraha coins of the Pratihara Kings that were minted here between the 4th to the 9th centuries. Dating to this period are also the silver coins – similar to those of Firoz Second – known as Indo-Sasanian.[5]
After the fall of the Kingdom of Panchala, the city was under the rule of local rulers.
According to British historian Matthew Atmore Sherring the district of Bareilly was formerly a dense jungle inhabited by a race ofAhirs and was called Tappa Ahiran.[6][7]
In 1623 two Afghan brothers of theBarech tribe, Shah Alam and Husain Khan, settled in the region, bringing with them a number of other Pashtun settlers. The Rohilla Daud Khan was awarded theKatehr region in the then northern India byMughal emperorAurangzeb Alamgir (ruled 1658–1707) to suppressRajput uprisings, which had afflicted this region. Originally, some 20,000 soldiers from variousPashtun Tribes (Yusafzais, Ghoris,Lodis,Ghilzai, Barech,Marwat,Durrani,Tanoli,Tarin,Kakar,Khattak,Afridi and Baqarzai) were hired by Mughals to provide soldiers to the Mughal armies and this was appreciated by Aurangzeb Alamgir, an additional force of 25,000 men was given respected positions in Mughal army. However most of them settled in theKatehar region duringNadir Shah's invasion of northernIndia in 1739 increasing their population up to 100,0000. Due to the large settlement of RohillaAfghans, theKatehar region gained fame as Rohilkhand.
Meanwhile,Ali Mohammed Khan (1737–1749), captured the city of Bareilly and made it his capital, later uniting theRohillas to form the state of 'Rohilkhand', between 1707 and 1720, making Bareilly his capital. According to 1901 census of India, the total Pathan population in Bareilly District was 40,779, out of a total population of 1,090,117.[8] Their principal clans were theYusafzais, Ghoris,Lodis, Ghilzai, Barech,Marwat,Durrani,Tanoli,Tarin,Kakar,Khattak, Afridi and Baqarzai. Other important cities wereRampur,Shahjahanpur,Badaun, and others.[9]
Ali Muhammad was succeeded byHafiz Rahmat Khan Barech (1749–1774), whom he appointed as theregent of Rohilkhand on his deathbed.[10][better source needed] Hafiz Rahmat Khan Barech extended the power of Rohilkhand fromAlmora in the North toEtawah in the South-West.
The termRohilla is derived from thePashtuRoh, meaningmountain, and literally meansa mountain air, and was used by theBaluch andJats of theDerajat region to refer to the Pashtun mountains tribes ofLoralai,Zhob andWaziristan regions. TheRohillas and are men of a taller stature and a fairer complexion than the general inhabitants of the district. The Muslims in the area are chiefly the descendants ofYousafzai Afghans tribe of Pashtuns, called the Rohilla Pathans of theMandanh sub-section, (but other Pashtuns also became part of the community), who settled in the country about the year 1720.[11] Rohilla'sSardar like Daud Khan, Ali Muhammad Khan, and the legendaryHafiz Rahmat Khan Barech were from the renownedAfghan tribe theBarech, who were originally from theKandahar Province of Afghanistan. InUttar Pradesh, it was used for all Pashtuns, except for theShiaBangashes who settled in theRohilkhand region, or men serving under Rohilla chiefs. Rohillas were distinguished by their separate language and culture. They spokePashto among each other but gradually lost their language over time and now converse inUrdu.
Bishop Heber described them as follows – "The country is burdened with a crowd of lazy, profligate, self-called sawars (cavaliers), who, though many of them are not worth a rupee, conceive it derogatory to their gentility and Pathan blood to apply themselves to any honest industry, and obtain for the most part a precarious livelihood by sponging on the industrious tradesmen and farmers, on whom they levy a sort of blackmail, or as hangers-on to the wealthy and noble families yet remaining in the province. These men have no visible means of maintenance, and no visible occupation except that of lounging up and down with their swords and shields, like the ancient Highlanders, whom in many respects they much resemble."[11]
Rohilkhand (underHafiz Rahmat Khan Barech) was on the winning side at theThird Battle of Panipat of 1761 and successfully blocked the expansion of theMaratha Empire into north India. In 1772 Rohilkhand was invaded by theMarathas; however theNawabs of Awadh came to the aid of theRohillas in repulsing the invasion. After the war NawabShuja-ud-Daula demanded payment for their help from the Rohilla chief, Hafiz Rahmat Khan Barech. When the demand was refused the Nawab joined with the British underGovernorWarren Hastings and hisCommander-in-Chief,Alexander Champion, to invade Rohilkhand. Hafiz Rahmat Khan Barech was killed in the ensuing battle atMiranpur Katra in 1774.
Nawab Saadat Ali Khan surrendered Rohilkhand to theEast India Company by the treaty of 10 November 1801.[12]
During this period too, Bareilly retained its status as a mint. Emperor Akbar and his descendants minted gold and silver coins at mints in Bareilly. The Afghan conqueror Ahmed Shah Durani too minted gold and silver coins at the Bareilly mint.
During the time of Shah Alam II, Bareilly was the headquarters of Rohilla Sardar Hafiz Rehmat Khan and many more coins were issued. After that, the city was in possession of Awadh Nawab Asaf-ud-Daulah. The coins that he issued hadBareilly,Bareilly Aasfabad, andBareilly kite and fish as identification marks. After that, the minting of coins passed on to the East India Company.[13]
The Rohillas, after fifty years' precarious independence, were subjugated in 1774 by the confederacy of British troops with the Nawab of Oudh's army, which formed a charge against Warren Hastings. Their territory was in that year annexed to Oudh. In 1801 the Nawab of Oudh ceded it to the Company in commutation of the subsidy money.[11]
Bareilly (Rohilkhand) was a major centre during theIndian Rebellion of 1857 (also known as India's First War of Independence).
It began as amutiny of native soldiers (sepoys) employed by the BritishEast India Company's army, against perceived race based injustices and inequities, on 10 May 1857, in the town ofMeerut, and soon erupted into other mutinies and civilian rebellions which were mainly centred on north central India along the several major river valleys draining the south face of the Himalayas[See red annotated locations on Map at right] but with local episodes extending both northwest toPeshawar on thenorth-west frontier withAfghanistan and southeast beyond Delhi.
There was a widespread popular revolt in multiple areas such as Awadh, Bundelkhand and Rohilkhand. The rebellion was therefore more than just a military rebellion, and it spanned more than one region. The communal hatred led to communal riots in a number of parts of U.P. The green flag was hoisted and Muslims in Bareilly, Bijnor, Moradabad and other places the Muslims shouted for the revival of Muslim kingdom.[14]
The main conflict occurred largely in theupper Gangetic plain andcentral India, with the major hostilities confined to present-dayUttar Pradesh, Bihar, northernMadhya Pradesh, and theDelhi region.[15] The rebellion posed a considerable threat to British East Indian Company power in that region,[16] and it was contained only with the fall ofGwalior on 20 June 1858.[15] Some[who?] regard the rebellion as the first of several movements over ninety years to achieve independence, which was finally achieved in 1947.
During the Mutiny of 1857 the Rohillas took an active part against the English, but since then they had been disarmed.[11] During the First War of Indian Independence in 1857, Khan Bhadur Khan issued silver coins from Bareilly as an independent ruler. These coins are a novelty as far as the numismatist is concerned.[17]
The population in 1901 was 1,090,117. Bareilly, also, was the headquarters of a brigade in the 7th division of the eastern army corps in British period.[11]
Bareilly is located at 28°10′N, 78°23′E, and lies innorthern India. It bordersPilibhit andShahjahanpur on East andRampur on west,Udham Singh Nagar (Uttarakhand) in North andBadaun in South. It is a level terrain, watered by a number of streams, the general slope being towards the south. The soil is fertile and highly cultivated, groves of noble trees abound, and the villages have a neat, prosperous look. A tract of forest jungle called the tarai stretches along the extreme north of the district and teems with large game such as tigers, bears, deer and wild pigs. The river Sarda or Gogra forms the eastern boundary of the district and is the principal stream. Next in importance is theRamganga, which receives as its tributaries most of the hill torrents of the Kumaon mountains. The Deoha is another great drainage artery and receives multiple minor streams. TheGomati or Gumti also passes through the district.[11]
| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
|---|---|---|
| 1901 | 1,089,874 | — |
| 1911 | 1,094,419 | +0.04% |
| 1921 | 1,013,649 | −0.76% |
| 1931 | 1,072,140 | +0.56% |
| 1941 | 1,175,935 | +0.93% |
| 1951 | 1,268,950 | +0.76% |
| 1961 | 1,478,490 | +1.54% |
| 1971 | 1,779,867 | +1.87% |
| 1981 | 2,273,030 | +2.48% |
| 1991 | 2,834,616 | +2.23% |
| 2001 | 3,618,589 | +2.47% |
| 2011 | 4,448,359 | +2.09% |
| source:[18] | ||
According to the2011 census Bareilly district has apopulation of 4,448,359,[1] roughly equal to the nation ofCroatia[19] or the US state ofLouisiana.[20] This gives it a ranking of 39th in India (out of a total of640).[1] The district has a population density of 1,084 inhabitants per square kilometre (2,810/sq mi).[1] Itspopulation growth rate over the decade 2001–2011 was 23.4%.[1] Bareilly has asex ratio of 883females for every 1000 males,[1] and aliteracy rate of 60.52%. 35.26% of the population lives in urban areas. Scheduled Castes make up 12.52% of the population.[1]
| Religion | Percent | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hinduism | 63.64% | |||
| Islam | 34.54% | |||
| Sikhism | 0.63% | |||
| Other or not stated | 1.19% | |||
| Distribution of religions | ||||
Hindus form 63.6% of population.[21] Islam is a significant minority. Bareilly is the seat of one of the most important modern Islamic revival movements in India, theBarelvis. The Barelvi madrassas mobilised Islamic scholars across the country to issue a jointFatwa against theIslamic State.[22] There is aRoman Catholic Diocese of Bareilly.
At the time of the2011 Census of India, 90.76% of the population in the district spokeHindi, 8.48%Urdu and 0.47%Punjabi as their first language.[23]
The Bareilly district has six tehsils namely,Aonla,Baheri, Bareilly (Sadar),Faridpur,Meerganj andNawabganj.[24]
| This sectiondoes notcite anysources. Please helpimprove this section byadding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged andremoved.(August 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message) |
Forest MinisterSecond Yogi Adityanath ministry.
Bareilly is a category "A" district i.e. having socio-economic and basic amenities parameters below the national average.[25]
Rohilkhand University in Bareilly was established in 1975. In August 1997, it was renamed as Mahatma Jyotiba Phule Rohilkhand University. Presently, 80 colleges are affiliated to it.[26]
Ahirs.
Croatia 4,483,804 July 2011 est.
Louisiana 4,533,372
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) F. No. 3/64/2010-PP-I, GOVERNMENT OF INDIA, MINISTRY OF MINORITY AFFAIRS
Places adjacent to Bareilly district | ||||||||||||||||
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28°25′N79°23′E / 28.417°N 79.383°E /28.417; 79.383
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