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Baphomet is a figure incorporated across variousoccult andWestern esoteric traditions.[3] Duringtrials starting in 1307, theKnights Templar were accused of heresy for worshipping Baphomet as ademonicidol.[4][5][6] Baphomet subsequently resurfaced during 19th century speculation and debate regarding the suppression of the Templars,[4][5] with various occult and mystical traditions claiming Baphomet as a symbol of balance and synthesis, originating in teachings of theGnostics,[3] while others maintained Baphomet as a profanedeity.[4] Since 1856 the figure of Baphomet has been associated with theSabbatic Goat illustration byÉliphas Lévi,[7] composed of binary elements representing the "symbolization of the equilibrium of opposites":[1] bothhuman and animal, bothmasculine and feminine, combined inmetaphysical unity. Lévi's intention was to symbolize his concept of balance, with Baphomet representing the goal of perfect social order.[2]
The nameBaphomet appeared in July 1098 in a letter about thesiege of Antioch by the FrenchCrusaderAnselm of Ribemont:
Sequenti die aurora apparente, altis vocibusBaphometh invocaverunt; et nos Deum nostrum in cordibus nostris deprecantes, impetum facientes in eos, de muris civitatis omnes expulimus.[8] | As the next day dawned, they [i.e.the inhabitants of Antioch] called loudly uponBaphometh; and we prayed silently in our hearts to God, then we attacked and forced all of them outside the city walls.[9] |
Raymond of Aguilers, a chronicler of theFirst Crusade, reports that thetroubadours used the termBafomet forMuhammad, andBafumaria for a mosque.[10] The nameBafometz later appeared around 1195 in theProvençal poemsSenhors, per los nostres peccatz by the troubadour Gavaudan.[11] Around 1250, a Provençal poem byAustorc d'Aorlhac bewailing the defeat of theSeventh Crusade again uses the nameBafomet for Muhammad.[12]De Bafomet is also the title of one of four surviving chapters of an Occitan translation ofRamon Llull's earliest known work, theLibre de la doctrina pueril.[13]
Baphomet was allegedly worshipped as a deity by the medieval order of theKnights Templar.[4] KingPhilip IV of France had many French Templars simultaneously arrested, and then tortured into confessions in October 1307.[5][6] The nameBaphomet appeared in trial transcripts for theInquisition of the Knights Templar that same year.[6] Over 100 different charges had been leveled against the Templars, includingheresy,homosexual relations, spitting and urinating on the cross, andsodomy.[4] Most of them were dubious, as they were the same charges that were leveled against theCathars[14] and many of King Philip's enemies; he had earlier kidnappedPope Boniface VIII and charged him with nearly identical offenses. YetMalcolm Barber observes that historians "find it difficult to accept that an affair of such enormity rests upon total fabrication".[15] The "Chinon Parchment suggests that the Templars did indeed spit on the cross", says Sean Martin, and that these acts were intended to simulate the kind of humiliation and torture that a Crusader might be subjected to if captured by theSaracens, where they were taught how to commitapostasy "with the mind only and not with the heart".[16] Similarly, Michael Haag suggests that the simulated worship of Baphomet did indeed form part of a Templarinitiation rite:[17]
The indictment (acte d'accusation) published by thecourt of Rome set forth ... "that in all the provinces they had idols, that is to say, heads, some of which had three faces, others but one; sometimes, it was a human skull ... That in their assemblies, and especially in their grand chapters, they worshipped the idol as a god, as their saviour, saying that this head could save them, that it bestowed on the order all its wealth, made the trees flower, and the plants of the earth to sprout forth."
— Jules Michelet,History of France (1860)[6]
The nameBaphomet comes up in several of these dubious confessions.[4] Peter Partner states in his 1987 bookThe Knights Templar and their Myth: "In the trial of the Templars one of their main charges was their supposed worship of a heathen idol-head known as aBaphomet (Baphomet =Mahomet)."[18] The description of the object changed from confession to confession; some Templars denied any knowledge of it, while others, whoconfessed under torture, described it as being either a severed head, a cat, or a head with three faces.[19] The Templars did possess several silver-gilt heads asreliquaries,[20] including one markedcapudlviiim,[21] another said to beSt. Euphemia,[22] and possibly the actual head ofHugues de Payens.[23] The claims of an idol namedBaphomet were unique to the Inquisition of the Templars.[24][25] Karen Ralls, author of theKnights Templar Encyclopedia, argues that it is significant that "no specific evidence [of Baphomet] appears in either the Templar Rule or in other medieval period Templar documents."[26]
Gauserand de Montpesant, a knight of Provence, said that their superior showed him an idol made in the form of Baffomet; another, named Raymond Rubei, described it as a wooden head, on which the figure of Baphomet was painted, and adds, "that he worshipped it by kissing its feet, and exclaiming, 'Yalla', which was", he says,"verbum Saracenorum", a word taken from the Saracens. A templar of Florence declared that, in the secret chapters of the order, one brother said to the other, showing the idol, "Adore this head—this head is your god and your Mahomet."
— Thomas Wright,The Worship of the Generative Powers (1865)[27]
The nameBaphomet came into popular English usage in the 19th century during debate and speculation on the reasons for the suppression of the Templars. Modern scholars agree that the name of Baphomet was an Old French corruption of the name "Mohammed",[4] with the interpretation being that some of the Templars, through their long military occupation of theOutremer, had begun incorporating Islamic ideas into their belief system, and that this was seen and documented by theInquisitors as heresy.[29]Alain Demurger, however, rejects the idea that the Templars could have adopted the doctrines of their enemies.[30]Helen Nicholson writes that the charges were essentially "manipulative"—the Templars "were accused of becoming fairy-tale Muslims".[30]Medieval Christians believed that Muslims wereidolatrous and worshippedMuhammad as a god,[4] withmahomet becomingmammet in English, meaning anidol or false god[31] (see alsoMedieval Christian views on Muhammad). This idol-worship is attributed to Muslims in severalchansons de geste. For example, one finds the godsBafum eTravagan in a Provençal poem on the life ofSt. Honorat, completed in 1300.[32] In theChanson de Simon Pouille, written before 1235, a Saracen idol is calledBafumetz.[33]
While modern scholars and theOxford English Dictionary[34] state that the origin of the name Baphomet was a probable Old French version of "Mahomet",[18][29] alternative etymologies have also been proposed.
In the 18th century, speculative theories arose that sought to tie the Knights Templar with the origins ofFreemasonry.[36] Bookseller, Freemason andIlluminatus[37]Christoph Friedrich Nicolai (1733–1811), inVersuch über die Beschuldigungen welche dem Tempelherrenorden gemacht worden, und über dessen Geheimniß (1782), was the first to claim that the Templars wereGnostics, and that "Baphomet" was formed from the Greek wordsβαφη μητȢς,baphe metous, to meanTaufe der Weisheit, "Baptism of Wisdom".[38] Nicolai "attached to it the idea of the image of the supreme God, in the state of quietude attributed to him by theManichaean Gnostics", according to F. J. M. Raynouard, and "supposed that the Templars had a secret doctrine and initiations of several grades", which "the Saracens had communicated ... to them".[39] He further connected thefigura Baffometi with thePythagorean pentacle:
What properly was the sign of the Baffomet,"figura Baffometi", which was depicted on the breast of the bust representing the Creator, cannot be exactly determined ... I believe it to have been the Pythagorean pentagon (Fünfeck) of health and prosperity: ... It is well known how holy this figure was considered, and that the Gnostics had much in common with the Pythagoreans. From the prayers which the soul shall recite, according to thediagram of the Ophite-worshippers, when they on their return to God are stopped by the Archons, and their purity has to be examined, it appears that these serpent-worshippers believed they must produce a token that they had been clean on earth. I believe that this token was also the holy pentagon, the sign of their initiation (τελειας βαφης μετεος).
— "Symbols and Symbolism" inFreemasons' Quarterly Magazine, 1854[40]
Émile Littré (1801–1881) inDictionnaire de la langue francaise asserted that the word wascabalistically formed by writing backwardtem. o. h. p. ab, an abbreviation oftempli omnium hominum pacis abbas, "abbot, or father of the temple of peace of all men". His source is the "Abbé Constant", which is to say, Alphonse-Louis Constant, the real name of Eliphas Lévi.[41]
Hugh J. Schonfield (1901–1988),[42] one of the scholars who worked on theDead Sea Scrolls, argued in his bookThe Essene Odyssey that the word "Baphomet" was created with knowledge of theAtbash substitution cipher, which substitutes the first letter of the Hebrew alphabet for the last, the second for the second last, and so on. "Baphomet" rendered in Hebrew isבפומת (bpwmt); interpreted using Atbash, it becomesשופיא (šwpy‘, "Shofya'"), which can be interpreted as the Greek wordSophia, meaning "wisdom". This theory appears as an important plot point in the novelThe Da Vinci Code, although it was recently questioned by the French historian Thierry Murcia, who challenges the method of calculation used by Schonfield.[43]
In 1818, the name Baphomet appeared in the essay by the Viennese OrientalistJoseph Freiherr von Hammer-Purgstall,Mysterium Baphometis revelatum, seu Fratres Militiæ Templi, qua Gnostici et quidem Ophiani, Apostasiæ, Idoloduliæ et Impuritatis convicti, per ipsa eorum Monumenta[44] ("Discovery of the Mystery of Baphomet, by which the Knights Templars, like theGnostics andOphites, are convicted of Apostasy, of Idolatry and of moral Impurity, by their own Monuments"), which presented an elaborate pseudohistory constructed to discreditTemplarist Masonry and, by extension, Freemasonry.[45] Following Nicolai, he argued, using as archaeological evidence "Baphomets" faked by earlier scholars and literary evidence such as the Grail romances, that the Templars were Gnostics and the "Templars' head" was a Gnostic idol calledBaphomet:
His chief subject is the images which are called Baphomet ... found in several museums and collections of antiquities, as in Weimar ... and in the imperial cabinet in Vienna. These little images are of stone, partly hermaphrodites, having, generally, two heads or two faces, with a beard, but, in other respects, female figures, most of them accompanied by serpents, the sun and moon, and other strange emblems, and bearing many inscriptions, mostly in Arabic ... The inscriptions he reduces almost all toMete[, which] ... is, according to him, not the Μητις of the Greeks, but theSophia,AchamotPrunikos of the Ophites, which was represented half man, half woman, as the symbol of wisdom, unnatural voluptuousness and the principle of sensuality ... He asserts that those small figures are such as the Templars, according to the statement of a witness, carried with them in their coffers.Baphomet signifiesΒαφη Μητεος,baptism of Metis, baptism of fire,[46] or theGnostic baptism, anenlightening of the mind, which, however, was interpreted by the Ophites, in an obscene sense, asfleshly union ... the fundamental assertion, that those idols and cups came from the Templars, has been considered as unfounded, especially as the images known to have existed among the Templars seem rather to be images of saints.
— "Baphomet" inEncyclopedia Americana, 1851[47]
Hammer's essay did not pass unchallenged, and F. J. M. Raynouard published anÉtude sur 'Mysterium Baphometi revelatum' inJournal des savants the following year.[48]Charles William King criticized Hammer, saying that he had been deceived by "the paraphernalia of ... Rosicrucian or alchemical quacks",[49] andPeter Partner agreed that the images "may have been forgeries from the occultist workshops".[50] At the very least, there was little evidence to tie them to the Knights Templar—in the 19th century some European museums acquired such pseudo-Egyptian objects,[citation needed] which were cataloged as "Baphomets" and credulously thought to have been idols of the Templars.[51]
Later in the 19th century, the name of Baphomet became further associated with theoccult.Éliphas Lévi publishedDogme et Rituel de la Haute Magie (Dogma and Rituals of High Magic) as two volumes (Dogme 1854,Rituel 1856), in which he included an image he had drawn himself, which he described as Baphomet and "The Sabbatic Goat", showing a winged humanoid goat with a pair of breasts and a torch on its head between its horns (see the illustration). This image has become the best-known representation of Baphomet. Lévi considered the Baphomet to be a depiction of the absolute in symbolic form and explicated in detail his symbolism in the drawing that served as the frontispiece:
The goat on the frontispiece carries the sign of thepentagram on the forehead, with one point at the top, a symbol of light, his two hands forming the sign of occultism, the one pointing up to the white moon ofChesed, the other pointing down to the black one ofGeburah. This sign expresses the perfect harmony of mercy with justice. His one arm is female, the other male like the ones of the androgyne of Khunrath, the attributes of which we had to unite with those of our goat because he is one and the same symbol. The flame of intelligence shining between his horns is the magic light of the universal balance, the image of the soul elevated above matter, as the flame, whilst being tied to matter, shines above it. The beast's head expresses the horror of the sinner, whose materially acting, solely responsible part has to bear the punishment exclusively; the soul is insensitive according to its nature and can only suffer when it materializes. The rod standing instead of genitals symbolizes eternal life, the body covered with scales: the water, the semi-circle above it: the atmosphere, the feathers following above: the volatile. Humanity is represented by the two breasts and the androgyne arms of this sphinx of the occult sciences.
— Éliphas Lévi,Dogme et rituel de la haute magie[52]
Lévi's depiction of Baphomet is similar to that ofThe Devil in the earlyTarot.[53] Lévi, working with correspondences different from those later used byS. L. MacGregor Mathers, "equated the Devil Tarot key withMercury", giving "his figure Mercury'scaduceus, rising like a phallus from his groin".[54] The symbol is said to have originated when Mercury / Hermes once attempted to stop a fight between two snakes by throwing his rod at them, whereupon they twined themselves around the rod. The word Caduceus is from the Greek root meaning "herald’s wand" and was also a badge of diplomatic ambassadors and became associated with commerce, eloquence, alchemy, thievery, and lying. The etymology of Caduceus is fromDoric Greekκᾱρύκειονkarukeion, from the Greekκῆρυξkērux meaning "herald".[55]
Lévi believed that the alleged devil worship of the medievalWitches' Sabbath was a perpetuation of ancient pagan rites. A goat with a candle between its horns appears in medieval witchcraft records,[56] and other pieces of lore are cited inDogme et Rituel:
Below this figure we read a frank and simple inscription—THE DEVIL. Yes, we confront here that phantom of all terrors, the dragon of all theogonies, the Ahriman of the Persians, the Typhon of the Egyptians, the Python of the Greeks, the old serpent of the Hebrews, the fantastic monster, the nightmare, the Croquemitaine, the gargoyle, the great beast of the Middle Ages, and—worse than all these—the Baphomet of the Templars, the bearded idol of the alchemist, the obscene deity of Mendes, the goat of the Sabbath. The frontispiece to this 'Ritual' reproduces the exact figure of the terrible emperor of night, with all his attributes and all his characters ... Yes, in our profound conviction, the Grand Masters of the Order of Templars worshipped the Baphomet, and caused it to be worshipped by their initiates; yes, there existed in the past, and there may be still in the present, assemblies which are presided over by this figure, seated on a throne and having a flaming torch between the horns. But the adorers of this sign do not consider, as do we, that it is a representation of the devil; on the contrary, for them it is that of the god Pan, the god of our modern schools of philosophy, the god of the Alexandrian theurgic school and of our own mystical Neoplatonists, the god of Lamartine and Victor Cousin, the god of Spinoza and Plato, the god of the primitive Gnostic schools; the Christ also of the dissident priesthood ... The mysteries of the Sabbath have been variously described, but they figure always in grimoires and in magical trials; the revelations made on the subject may be classified under three heads—1. those referring to a fantastic and imaginary Sabbath; 2. those which betray the secrets of the occult assemblies of veritable adepts; 3. revelations of foolish and criminal gatherings, having for their object the operations of black magic.
— Lévi, "The Sabbath of the Sorcerers"[57]
Lévi's Baphomet may have been partly inspired bygrotesque carvings on the Templar churches of Lanleff inBrittany and Saint-Merri in Paris, which depict squatting bearded men with bat wings, female breasts, horns and the shaggy hindquarters of a beast.[58]
Lévi's references to theSchool of Alexandria and the Templars can be explained against the background of debates about the origins and character of true Christianity. It has been pointed out that these debates included contemporary forms ofRomanticsocialism, orUtopian socialism, which were seen as the heirs of the Gnostics, Templars, and other mystics. Lévi, being himself an adherent of these schools since the 1840s, regarded the socialists and Romantics (such asAlphonse de Lamartine) as the successors of this alleged tradition of true religion. In fact, his narrative mirrors historiographies of socialism, including theHistoire des Montagnards (1847) by his best friend and political comradeAlphonse Esquiros. Consequently, the Baphomet is depicted by Lévi as the symbol of a revolutionary heretical tradition that would soon lead to the "emancipation of humanity" and the establishment of a perfect social order.[1]
In Lévi's writings, the Baphomet does not only express a historical-political tradition, but also occult natural forces that are explained by his magical theory of the Astral Light. He developed this notion in the context of what has been called "spiritualist magnetism": theories that stressed the religious implications of magnetism. Often, their representatives were socialists that believed in the social consequences of a "synthesis" of religion and science that was to be achieved by the means of magnetism.[1] Spiritualist magnetists with a socialist background include theBaron du Potet and Henri Delaage, who served as main sources for Lévi. At the same time, Lévi polemicized against famed Catholic authors such as Jules-Eudes de Mirville andRoger Gougenot des Mousseaux, who regarded magnetism as the workings of demons and other infernal powers.[1] The paragraph just before the passage cited in the previous section has to be seen against this background:
Let us state now for the edification of the vulgar, for the satisfaction of M. le Comte de Mirville, for the justification of the demonologist Bodin, for the greater glory of the Church, which persecuted Templars, burnt magicians, excommunicated Freemasons, &c. let us state boldly and precisely that all the inferior initiates of the occult sciences and profaners of the great arcanum, not only did in the past, but do now, and will ever, adore what is signified by this alarming symbol.[59]
Mendes is the Greek name for the ancient Egyptian city of Djedet. Lévi equates his image with "The Goat of Mendes", possibly following the account byHerodotus[60] that the god of Mendes was depicted with a goat's face and legs. Herodotus relates how all male goats were held in great reverence by the Mendesians, and how in his time a woman publiclycopulated with a goat.[60][61] The chiefdeities of Mendes were theram deityBanebdjedet (lit.Ba of the Lord of Djedet), who was theBa ofOsiris, and his consort, the fish goddessHatmehit, with both deities being worshipped inLower Egypt.[62][63]Khnum was the equivalent god inUpper Egypt.[64]
Khnum was typically portrayed with the horns of aram, one of the sacred animals worshiped inAncient Egypt, representing aspects such asfertility, rebirth, regeneration, andresurrection. He was originally illustrated with horizontally spiraled horns (based on theAncient Egyptian corkscrew-horned sheep, an extinct subspecies of thebarbary sheep), but his representation later evolved to feature the down-turned horns ofAmmon in the New Kingdom (based on the extinct sheep subspeciesOvis platyra palaeoaegyptiacus).[65]
E. A. Wallis Budge writes:
At several places in the Delta, e.g. Hermopolis, Lycopolis, and Mendes, the god Pan and a goat were worshipped; Strabo, quoting (xvii. 1, 19) Pindar, says that in these places goats had intercourse with women, and Herodotus (ii. 46) instances a case which was said to have taken place in the open day. The Mendisians, according to this last writer, paid reverence to all goats, and more to the males than to the females, and particularly to one he-goat, on the death of which public mourning is observed throughout the whole Mendesian district; they call both Pan and the goat Mendes, and both were worshipped as gods of generation and fecundity. Diodorus compares the cult of the goat of Mendes with that ofPriapus, and groups the god with the Pans and the Satyrs.[66]
The link between Baphomet and thepagan god Pan was also observed byAleister Crowley[67] as well asAnton LaVey:
Many pleasures revered before the advent of Christianity were condemned by the new religion. It required little change-over to transform the horns and cloven hooves of Pan into a most convincing devil! Pan's attributes could neatly be changed into charged-with-punishment sins, and so the metamorphosis was complete.[68]
The Baphomet of Lévi was to become an important figure within the cosmology ofThelema, the mystical system established byAleister Crowley in the early 20th century. Baphomet features in the Creed of the Gnostic Catholic Church recited by the congregation inThe Gnostic Mass, in the sentence: "And I believe in the Serpent and the Lion, Mystery of Mysteries, in His name BAPHOMET."[69]
InMagick (Book 4), Crowley asserted that Baphomet was a divine androgyne and "the hieroglyph of arcane perfection", seen as that which reflects: "What occurs above so reflects below, or As above so below":
The Devil does not exist. It is a false name invented by the Black Brothers to imply a Unity in their ignorant muddle of dispersions. A devil who had unity would be a God... "The Devil" is, historically, the God of any people that one personally dislikes ... This serpent, SATAN, is not the enemy of Man, but He who made Gods of our race, knowing Good and Evil; He bade "Know Thyself!" and taught Initiation. He is "The Devil" ofThe Book of Thoth, and His emblem isBAPHOMET, the Androgyne who is the hieroglyph of arcane perfection ... He is therefore Life, and Love. But moreover his letter isayin, the Eye, so that he is Light; and his Zodiacal image is Capricornus, that leaping goat whose attribute is Liberty.
— Magick: Liber ABA, Book Four, Parts I–IV[70]
For Crowley, Baphomet is further a representative of the spiritual nature of theSpermatozoon, while also being symbolic of the "magical child" produced as a result ofsex magic.[71] As such, Baphomet represents the Union of Opposites, especially as mystically personified inChaos andBabalon combined and biologically manifested with the sperm and egg united in the zygote.[citation needed]
Crowley proposed that Baphomet was derived from "FatherMithras". In hisConfessions he describes the circumstances that led to this etymology:[72]
I had taken the name Baphomet as my motto in the O.T.O. For six years and more I had tried to discover the proper way to spell this name. I knew that it must have eight letters, and also that the numerical and literal correspondences must be such as to express the meaning of the name in such a way as to confirm what scholarship had found out about it, and also to clear up those problems which archaeologists had so far failed to solve ... One theory of the name is that it represents the words βαφὴ μήτεος, the baptism of wisdom; another, that it is a corruption of a title meaning "Father Mithras". Needless to say, the suffix R supported the latter theory. I added up the word as spelt by the Wizard. It totalled 729. This number had never appeared in my Cabbalistic working and therefore meant nothing to me. It however justified itself as being the cube of nine. The wordκηφας, the mystic title given by Christ to Peter as the cornerstone of the Church, has this same value. So far, the Wizard had shown great qualities! He had cleared up the etymological problem and shown why the Templars should have given the name Baphomet to their so-called idol. Baphomet was Father Mithras, the cubical stone which was the corner of the Temple.
Lévi's Baphomet is the source of the latertarot image of the Devil in theRider–Waite design.[7] The concept of a downward-pointing pentagram on its forehead was enlarged upon by Lévi in his discussion (without illustration) of the Goat of Mendes arranged within such a pentagram, which he contrasted with themicrocosmic man arranged within a similar but upright pentagram.[73] The actual image of a goat in a downward-pointingpentagram first appeared in the 1897 bookLa Clef de la Magie Noire, written by the French occultistStanislas de Guaita.[1][28] It was this image that was later adopted as the official symbol—called theSigil of Baphomet—of theChurch of Satan, and continues to be used among Satanists.[74]
Baphomet, as Lévi's illustration suggests, has occasionally been portrayed as a synonym ofSatan or ademon, a member of the hierarchy of Hell. Baphomet appears in that guise as a character inJames Blish'sThe Day After Judgment.[75] Christian evangelistJack T. Chick claimed that Baphomet is a demon worshipped byFreemasons,[76] a claim that apparently originated with theTaxil hoax. Lévi's Baphomet was depicted on the cover ofLes Mystères de la franc-maçonnerie dévoilés,Léo Taxil's lurid paperback "exposé" of Freemasonry, which, in 1897, he revealed as a hoax intended to ridicule the Catholic Church and its anti-Masonic propaganda.[77][78]
In 2014,The Satanic Temple commissioned an 8.5 ft (2.6 m)statue of Baphomet to stand alongside amonument of the Ten Commandments at the Oklahoma State Capitol, citing "respect for diversity and religious minorities" as reasons for the monument.[79][80][81] (TheOklahoma Supreme Court ultimately declared religious displays illegal.)[82] The Baphomet statue was unveiled in Detroit on 25 July 2015, as a symbol of the modern Satanist movement.[83][84] The Satanic Temple transported the Baphomet statue to Little Rock, Arkansas, where another 10 Commandments monument had been recently installed; the statue was publicly displayed during a Temple demonstration on 16 August 2018.[85]
InSartor Resartus (1833–34) byThomas Carlyle, protagonist Diogenes Teufelsdröckh describes his spiritual rebirth as a "Baphometic Fire-baptism".[86]Clive Barker's novelCabal (1988) and its film adaption,Nightbreed (1990), Baphomet is depicted as the god worshipped by the Night Breed creatures.[87]
Baphomet appears as a recurring antagonist in the long-running German novel seriesGeisterjäger John Sinclair, in which he is the master of Vincent van Akkeren and his cult of renegade Knights Templar. The horror novels by authorJason Dark portray Baphomet as one of the three entities that form the unholy trinity ofLucifer, with the other two beingAsmodis andBeelzebub.[88]
The 2016 audio dramaRobin of Sherwood: The Knights Of The Apocalypse (based on the TV showRobin of Sherwood), has Robin and his companions come into conflict with the titular Knights. The Knights of the Apocalypse are depicted as a cult which worships Baphomet; the Knights are also depicted as a splinter group from the Knights Templar.[89]
In the 19th century a fresh impetus was given to the discussion by the publication in 1813 ofF. J. M. Raynouard's brilliant defence of the order. The challenge was taken up, among others, by the famous orientalist Friedrich von Hammer-Purgstall, who in 1818 published hisMysterium Baphometis revelatum, an attempt to prove that the Templars followed the doctrines and rites of the Gnostic Ophites, the argument being fortified with reproductions of obscene representations of supposed Gnostic ceremonies and of mystic symbols said to have been found in the Templars' buildings. Wilcke, while rejecting Hammer's main conclusions as unproved, argued in favour of the existence of a secret doctrine based, not on Gnosticism, but on the unitarianism of Islam, of which Baphomet (Mahmoed) was the symbol. On the other hand, Wilhelm Havemann (Geschichte des Ausganges des Tempelherrenordens, Stuttgart and Tübingen, 1846) decided in favour of the innocence of the order. This view was also taken by a succession of German scholars, in England by C. G. Addison, and in France by a whole series of conspicuous writers: e.g. Mignet, Guizot, Renan, Lavocat. Others, like Boutaric, while rejecting the charge of heresy, accepted the evidence for thespuitio and the indecent kisses, explaining the former as a formula of forgotten meaning and the latter as a sign offraternité!
Ab Luy venseretz totz los cas
CuyBafometz a escarnitz
e·ls renegatz outrasalhitz
("with his [i.e. Jesus'] help you will defeat all the
dogs whomMahomet has led astray
and the impudent renegades").
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of January 2025 (link)
