Orang Jawa Banyumasan ꦮꦺꦴꦁꦨꦚꦸꦩꦱꦤ꧀ Wòng Banyumasan / Tiyang Toyåjênéan / Priyantun Toyåjênéan | |
|---|---|
 Lengger dance from Banyumas | |
| Total population | |
| 9,140,000[1] | |
| Regions with significant populations | |
 Indonesia (Western part ofCentral Java) | |
| Languages | |
| |
| Religion | |
Predominantly Sunni Islam (97,5%)Minority  Christianity (Protestant andCatholic) (2,5%)[2] | |
| Related ethnic groups | |
| OtherJavanese sub-ethnic groups such as:Cirebonese,Osing,Tenggerese, etc |
Banyumasan orBanyumasan Javanese[1] (Javanese: Ngoko:ꦮꦺꦴꦁꦨꦚꦸꦩꦱꦤ꧀ (Wòng Banyumasan),[3][4]Indonesian:Orang Banyumasan[5]) (colloquially known asJavanese Ngapak) is a collective term for aJavanese subgroup native to theIndonesia's westernmost part ofCentral Java. At approximately ±9 million people, they are concentrated inBanyumas,Cilacap,Kebumen,Purworejo,Purbalingga, andBanjarnegara regencies.[1][6] The Banyumasan-Javanese speakBanyumasan dialect ofJavanese language, a dialect which is often called "basa ngapak-ngapak".
In the first era of Hindu-Buddhist in Indonesia, Banyumasan region divided intoTarumanagara Kingdom's influence in the west andKalingga Kingdom's influence in the east withPemali River (Sundanese:Ci Pamali;Javanese:Kali Brebes, Kali Pemali) as natural borders. In the following period, the Banyumasan region was divided into two duchies, Pasirluhur in the west and Wirasaba in the east. Pasirluhur, which hasSundanese culture, acculturated with Wirasaba, which hasJavanese culture in the east, so that today the influence of Sundanese toponymy can still be found, as well as the influence of other Sundanese cultures by the Banyumasan people.[7] The other Hindu-Buddhist Kingdoms that influenced this region isGaluh Kingdom,Mataram kingdom,Kediri Kingdom,Singhasari Kingdom andMajapahit Empire. After the decline of Majapahit, Banyumasan region become part ofDemak Sultanate.
In Demak Sultanate era (1478–1546), Banyumasan region divided into severalKadipaten, which is Pasirluhur with itsAdipati (Duke) Banyak Belanak, also Kadipaten Wirasaba with its Adipati Wargo Utomo I.Due to the territories extent of Demak Sultanate that make Sultan Trenggono (Third Sultan of Demak) consider that a strong military was needed, for that he divided Demak territories militarily into the area of military command. For Western region, Sultan Trenggono choose Adipati Banyak Belanak as a western territory military commander which includes region of Kerawang to Sumbing mountain (Wonosobo). As a military commander of Demak Sultanate, Adipati Pasirluhur was given a titlePangeran Senopati Mangkubumi I while his younger brother named Wirakencana became aPatih (General).
After the death of Sultan Trenggono, Demak Sultanate split into 3 sections, one of them is Pajang that ruled by Joko Tingkir with his titleSultan Adiwijaya (1546–1587). In this era, most of Banyumasan region become part of Pajang territory.
Following his predecessor's rule, Sultan Adiwijaya also choose Adipati Pasirluhur which at that time being held by Wirakencana, became Senopati Pajang with the title Pangeran Mangkubumi II. Meanwhile, the Adipati of Kadipaten Wirasaba, Wargo Utomo I died and one of his sons named R. Joko Kaiman was chosen by Sultan Adiwijaya became Adipati of Wirasaba with the titleWargo Utomo II, he became 7th Adipati of Wirasaba.
At the end of Pajang Kingdom's golden era and rise of Mataram Kingdom (1587), Adipati Wargo Utomo II gives his territory of Kadipaten Wirasaba to his brothers, meanwhile he himself created a new Kadipaten and named it Kadipaten Banyumas then he became first Adipati with the titleAdipati Marapat.
And then, this Kadipaten of Banyumas growing rapidly, even after the center of this Kadipaten were transferred to Sudagaran - Banyumas, due to its influences, other Kadipatens became smaller. Along with the growing of Mataram Sultanate, Many Kadipatens in Banyumasan became under Mataram rule.
Mataram rule over Kadipatens in Banyumasan region did not automatically annex Banyumasan region into "inner circle" of Mataram power which makes Kadipatens in Banyumasan region still have autonomy and Mataram people also considered Banyumasan region asMåncånêgårå Kulòn region, and the people are often calledWòng (m)Banyumasan.
Banyumasan social structure have their own unique that which differs with the otherJavanese because they had neighboringSundanese (East Priangan) influence, even its root was stillJavanese culture. This also related with the people's characteristic which was very egalitarian that do not recognized the termningrat orpriyayi. This was also reflected by their languageBanyumasan language that did not recognised register social status. The use of high language (krama) essentially was loanwords due to their intensive interaction with otherJavanese people in order to appreciate the outer culture. Honoring to the older person commonly to be shown by good attitude, affection, and manner.
Besides egalitarian, Banyumasan people also recognised by their honest and forthright characteristic which often calledcablaka orblakasuta.
Banyumasan people speakBanyumasan language, a dialect (or variety?) ofJavanese. The language were still retaining some ofOld Javanese loanwords. Banyumasan did not replace the word "a" with "o" just like standard Javanese do.[8] It is notable for its great number of nearly ubiquitousSanskrit loans, found especially in literary Javanese.[9] This is due to the long history of Hindu and Buddhist influences in Java.
Like otherJavanese in Indonesia, most Banyumasan people arebilingual fluent inIndonesian and Banyumasan.[10] In a public poll heldcirca-1990, approximately 12% of Javanese usedIndonesian, around 18% used both Javanese and Indonesian, and the rest used Javanese exclusively.
In some areas especially in northern Cilacap and southern Brebes, Banyumasan people are able to speakSundanese, due to the historical influence from the neighboring easternPriangan region and the influx ofSundanese people migrated eastward and married the local people.[11]
The Banyumasan language also commonly written with the a script descended from theBrahmi script, natively known asHanacaraka orCarakan. Upon Indonesian independence it was replaced with a form of theLatin alphabet.
Banyumasan Arts were spread almost throughout the region. The art itself commonly consists of folk performing arts which have certain functions that related to the people's lives with their Creator. There is also another form of arts which is growing including:
Wayang Kulit Gragag Banyumasan, it is a form ofwayang kulit in Banyumasan version. In this region also recognised twogragak or styles, which isGragak Kidul Gunung andGragak Lor Gunung. The specification of wayang kulit gragak Banyumasan is people's feel which is very thick with the show.
Bégalan, a traditional oral art which often used as part of a ceremonial wedding purpose,[12][13] the property are often kitchen tools which every tools have their own symbolism that containsJavanesephilosophy and useful for the bride and groom to create their own family.
Banyumasantraditional music has clear distinct with the other Javanese music.
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