| Banyumasan | |
|---|---|
| basa Banyumasan,basa Ngapak | |
| Native to | western part ofCentral Java (Indonesia) |
| Ethnicity | Banyumasan |
Austronesian
| |
| Dialects | Banyumasan, Bumiayu, Wonosobo |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | – |
| Glottolog | bany1247 |
 Areas where Banyumasan is spoken by a majority of the population Areas where Banyumasan is spoken by a significant minority of the population | |
| This article containsIPA phonetic symbols. Without properrendering support, you may seequestion marks, boxes, or other symbols instead ofUnicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, seeHelp:IPA. | |
Banyumasan (basa Banyumasan), also known by itsautoglottonymNgapak (basa Ngapak), is a dialect ofJavanese spoken mainly in three areas ofJava: the Banyumasan region in the westernmost part ofCentral Java province and surrounding theDieng Plateau,Mount Slamet andSerayu River; a neighboring area insideWest Java province; This area includesCilacap,Kebumen,Banjarnegara,Purbalingga,Banyumas,Wonosobo regencies, southern part ofPemalang, southern part ofPekalongan, southern part ofBatang and, together with independent cities within that region.[1] Banyumasan is considered as one of the most conservative Javanese dialects (comparable to the Nuorese variety ofSardinian), retaining the phonology and some aspects ofOld Javanese (Kawi) grammar and vocabularies in the modern language.
Scholars divide the development of Javanese language into four different stages:
The phases above were influenced by the emergence of empires inJava. InJavanese cultural history, empires yielded some distinct grades of language, each grade representing the social grade of the speakers (mainly nobles and populaces). Those grades of language are not of significant influence toBanyumasan people. In the Banyumasan region, high grades are usually used only when speaking to a stranger assumed to come from the eastern area of Java i.e.Yogyakarta /Surakarta etc., or on certain occasions. Nowadays the Banyumasan people use high grade Javanese to a stranger, a noble man and older people. Surakartan and Yogyakartan style are usually considered the standard Javanese language.[2]
Banyumasan many differences compared to standard Javanese, mainly in phonology, pronunciation and vocabulary. This happened due to cultural or character distinction and widely current usage of Old Javanese vocabulary. Another distinction is that the pronunciation of the vowels is not as complicated.
Vocabulary distinction is basically found in:
| Banyumasan | Standard Javanese | English |
|---|---|---|
| ageh | ayo | come on |
| ambring | sepi | quiet |
| batir | kanca | friend |
| bangkong | kodok | frog |
| bengel | mumet | dizzy |
| bodhol | rusak | broken |
| brug →Dutchloanwords | kreteg | bridge |
| bringsang | sumuk | hot |
| gering | kuru | thin |
| clebek | kopi | coffee |
| londhog | alon | slow |
| druni | medhit | stingy |
| dhonge/dhongane | kudune | should be |
| egin | isih | still |
| gableg | duwe | have |
| getul | tekan | arrive |
| gigal | tiba | fall |
| gili | dalan | road |
| gujih | rewel | fussy |
| jagong | lungguh | sit |
| kiye | iki | this |
| kuwe | iku | that |
| letek | asin | salty |
| maen | apik | good |
| maregi | nyebeli | badly |
Javanese speech varies depending on social context, yielding three distinct styles, orregisters. Each style employs its own vocabulary, grammatical rules and evenprosody. This is not unique to Javanese; neighbouring Austronesian languages as well asEast Asian languages such asKorean,Japanese andThai share similar constructions.
In Javanese these styles are called:
In theBanyumasan region, Madya and Krama styles are rarely used, usually towards a stranger who is assumed to come from the eastern area of Java (wetanan) such as Yogyakarta, Surakarta etc. or on certain occasions, an eastern style of language (basa wetanan) namedbandhekan (fromgandhek).
There are two maindialects of Banyumasan: Western Banyumasan and Eastern Banyumasan (Wonosobo)
TheWestern Banyumasan sub-dialect is spoken in southern areas:Bumiayu,Karang Pucung,Cilacap,Nusakambangan Island,Kroya,Ajibarang,Wangon,Purwokerto,Purbalingga,Bobotsari, western part ofBanjarnegara andKebumen (includedGombong)
TheWonosobo sub-dialect is spoken inWonosobo Regency, eastern part ofBanjarnegara Regency and northeastern part ofKebumen Regency.
In addition, there are several sub-dialects spoken in Banyumasan, such as Bumiayu, Lakbok, and Ayah.
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