| The Banu Fazāra (بنو فزارة) | |
|---|---|
| Ghaṭafān Confederation | |
| Nisba | Al-Fazari |
| Descended from | Fazāra ibn Dhubyān ibn Baghīd ibn Rayth ibn Ghaṭafān ibn Saʾd ibn Qays ʿAylān ibn Mudar ibn Nizar ibn Ma'add ibn Adnan |
| Parent tribe | Banu Dhubyan (patrilineal) Banu Jusham (matrilineal)[1] |
| Branches |
|
| Religion | Islam (post 630s) |
TheBanu Fazara,Fazzara,Fezara, orFezzara (Arabic:بنو فزارة,romanized: Banū Fazāra) were atribe of Arabia whose originalhomeland wasNajd.[citation needed]
According to the tribal Arab genealogical tradition, theprogenitor of the Banu Fazara was Fazāra ibn Dhubyān ibn Baghīḍ ibn Rayth ibnGhaṭafān. Thus the tribe belonged to theDhubyan branch of theGhatafan tribe, making the Banu Fazara anorth Arabian tribe.[3] The Banu Fazara ancestral pasture grounds, were in theWadi al-Rumma region of theNajd which is in central Arabia in current daySaudi Arabia.[3]
In thepre-Islamic Arabia, the Banu Fazara were known for their rivalry with theBanu Abs, another branch of the Ghatafan. The two tribes fought against each other in the war ofDahis and al-Ghabra, called after the horses of the tribes' respective chiefs, Qays ibn Zuhayr ibn Jadhima of the Banu Abs and Hudhayfa ibn Badr of the Fazara. According to the story of the war, the Banu Fazara originally bested the Banu Abs due to underhanded acts and the Abs retaliated by killing a brother of Hudhayfa. The latter, then his son Hisn, led the tribe during the long-running war. Peace was eventually established between the brother tribes, after which Fazara, under Hisn's son Uyayna, engaged in feuds with theBanu Amir, theBanu Jusham, and other groups.[3]
The Banu Fazara underUyayna Ibn Hisn participated in theQurayshi siege of the Islamic prophetMuhammad inMedina in 627. They later raided aMuslim expedition underZayd ibn Haritha al-Kalbi, and in 628, supported theJewish tribes ofKhaybar against theMuslims. By 630, Uyayna made peace with Muhammad and participated in the Muslim victories at theConquest of Mecca and in theBattle of Hunayn. In 631, Tulayha claimed to be aprophet and the recipient of divine revelation and rebelled againstMuhammad.[4] Thus, Tulayha became the third person to claim prophethood among the Arabs against Muhammad.[5] Many tribes acknowledged him as a prophet, which made him sufficiently strong and powerful to lead a confederacy of numerous tribes against the Muslims.[4] Banu Fazara delegation submitted toMuhammad, but after his death in 632, broke off allegiance from theMuslims and joined the rebel chiefTulayha ibn Khuwaylid in theRidda Wars. The Muslims defeated them, and the Banu Fazara submitted once again to the rule of the Muslims.[3]
Today, a section of the Banu Fazara can be found inSudan and are part of theSudanese Arabs they are mostly camel nomads who live in the pastures ofNorth Kordofan the tribes of the Shanabla, Majaneen, Bani Jarrar, and Bani Dhubian are part of theSudanese branch of Banu Fazara[6]
Umm Qirfa Fatima was the leader of the Banu Fazara Arab tribe fromWadi al-Qura.[7] Ancient genealogies described Umm Qirfa as a member of the Banu Fazara.[8] She married into the Banu Badr.[8] According toIbn Ishaq andAl-Tabari, Umm Qirfa was wealthy.[8] She was described as being an old woman with high social status and wife of Malik ibn Hudhayfa ibn Badr al-Fazari.[9][8]Zayd ibn Haritha al-Kalbi went on a trading journey to Syria and with him was the merchandise for Companions of the Prophet Muhammed. While he was near Wadi' al Qura' he encountered people from the Tribe of Badr of Fazara, whose leader was Umm Qirfa. They attacked him and his companions and snatched all they had of merchandise. Some of his fellows were killed and he himself was carried wounded from the field. Zayd vowed that he would not wash his head for ritual purity until he fought the people of Fazara. When he recovered from his wounds the Prophet Muhammed sent him to punish the people and ordered them to move by the night and rest by the day as a strategy. Zayd went and fought the Fazara in Wadi' al Qura, killed some of them. Qais bin Musahhar killed Mas'ada bin Hakama. Umm Qirfa, her daughter and Abdullah bin Mas'ada were taken as prisoners. Zayd ordered Qais bin Musahhar to kill Umm Qirfa and Qais killed her by putting a rope in her two legs, tying it to two camels and driving them in opposite directions until she was killed, ripped apart.[10][11][12][13][14][15] However, the method of her killing is disputed narrations fromIbn Ishaq are not considered reliable due a lack ofIsnads.[16] More authentic narrations don't mention her death, but rather her capture alongside her family members and being taken as a prisoner of war, but she was later sent toMecca as a ransom for the release of Muslim prisoners.
An expedition led by Abu Bakr As-Siddiq or Zaid bin Haritha was despatched to Wadi Al-Qura in Ramadan 6 Hijri after Fazara had made an attempt at the Prophet’s life. Following the morning prayer, the detachment was given orders to raid the enemy. Some of them were killed and others captured. Amongst the captives, were Umm Qirfa and daughter, who was sent to Makkah as a ransom for the release of some Muslim prisoners there. Umm Qirfa’s attempts at the Prophet’s life recoiled on her, and the thirty horsemen she had gathered and sustained to implement her scheme were all killed.
— Safiur Rahman Mubarakpuri, Al-Raheeq al-MakhtumThe Sealed Nectar (1st ed.), Dar-us-Salam, p. 337, 1996
deskref was invoked but never defined (see thehelp page).{{cite book}}:ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)