Modern Bangor was established in the mid-19th century with the lumber and shipbuilding industries. Due to the city's location on thePenobscot River, logs could be floated downstream from theMaine North Woods and processed at the city's water-powered sawmills, then shipped from Bangor's port to the Atlantic Ocean 30 miles (48 km) downstream, and from there to any port in the world. Evidence of this is still visible in thelumber barons' elaborateGreek Revival andVictorian mansions and the 31-foot-high (9.4 m) statue ofPaul Bunyan. Today, Bangor's economy is based on services and retail, healthcare, and education.
Founded as Kenduskeag Plantation in 1791, Bangor was incorporated as a town in 1834. The name Bangor is said to have been taken from a Welsh hymn tune.[4] It is also the name of the city ofBangor, Gwynedd ("bangor" in Old Welsh means "wattled enclosure").
The final syllable is pronouncedgor. In 2015, local celebrities and business owners recorded the YouTube video "How to Say Bangor",[5][6] which was sung to the tune of "We Are the World".
ThePenobscot people have inhabited the area around present-day Bangor for at least 11,000 years[7] and continue to occupy tribal land on the nearbyPenobscot Indian Island Reservation. The Penobscot traditionally call the Bangor areakkάtaskkik, meaning "at/on thewater parsnip ground," which European colonists rendered in English as Kenduskeag.[8] The Penobscot practiced some agriculture but relied more heavily on hunting and gathering than indigenous peoples in warmer southern New England.[9]
Contact with Europeans began in the 16th century through the lucrativefur trade, as the Penobscot traded pelts for European goods. The first documented European exploration of the area was conducted byEstêvão Gomes, a Portuguese navigator in Spanish service, in 1524.Samuel de Champlain followed in 1605.[10] TheJesuits established a mission onPenobscot Bay in 1609 as part of the French colony ofAcadia. The Penobscot River valley remained contested between France andBritain until the 1750s.
European settlement began in 1769 when Jacob Buswell established a community at the future site of Bangor. By 1772, twelve families lived in the settlement alongside asawmill, store, and school. The population grew to 567 by 1787. Initially known as Sunbury or Kenduskeag Plantation, the community was incorporated as Bangor in 1791.[11] The name "Bangor" is the Welsh word for wattled enclosure. It shares the name ofBangor, Gwynedd, the oldest city in Wales as well asBangor, County Down in Northern Ireland. In theIrish language, Bangor is an anglicisation ofBeannchar, meaning 'horned curve' referring to the shoreline of a bay.
During theAmerican Revolutionary War, Bangor played a role in thePenobscot Expedition of 1779. When the expedition failed, ten American naval vessels fled up the Penobscot River and were scuttled near Bangor to prevent capture by British forces. The ship remains lay undisturbed until construction of the Joshua Chamberlain Bridge in the late 1950s exposed the archaeological site. Six cannons were recovered from the riverbed; five remain on display in the region.[12]
The mid-19th century marked Bangor's emergence as a major lumber center. ThePenobscot Riverdrainage basin proved ideal for the timber industry despite being unsuitable for agriculture. Winter snow allowed horse teams to drag logs from forests to the Penobscot River and its tributaries.Log driving during spring snowmelt transported timber to water-poweredsawmills upriver from Bangor. The processed lumber was then shipped from Bangor's port to markets worldwide.[14]
Bangor's strategic location at the head of navigation on the Penobscot River—where rapids met tidal waters—made it an ideal shipping point. Local capitalists owned much of the region's forestland, and Bangor-built ships carried lumber to East Coast cities, theCaribbean, and California during theCalifornia Gold Rush. The lumber trade established connections that led to the founding of communities named Bangor inWashington,California, and Nevada.
By 1860, Bangor had become the world's largest lumber port. The city operated 150 sawmills along the river and shipped over 150 million board feet of lumber annually. In 1860 alone, 3,300 lumber ships passed through Bangor's docks.[15] The prosperity of the lumber trade enabled the construction of elaborateGreek Revival andVictorian mansions, many of which survive in theBroadway Historic District. This architectural heritage contributed to Bangor's nickname, "The Queen City of the East."
TheAroostook War of 1838–1839, a boundary dispute between the United States and Britain, highlighted the growing importance of Maine's lumber industry. Bangor emerged as both a lumbering boomtown and a potential rival to Portland's political dominance in the state.[16]
TheAmerican Civil War significantly impacted Bangor. In 1861, a mob attacked the offices of theBangor Daily Union, a Democratic newspaper whose editor Marcellus Emery held Southern sympathies. The attackers destroyed the presses and burned equipment in the street, forcing the paper to suspend publication until after the war.[17]
Beyond lumber, 19th-century Bangor developed diverse manufacturing capabilities. The city became a leading producer ofmoccasins, shipping over 100,000 pairs annually by the 1880s.[19] Other exports included bricks, leather, and ice, which was harvested in winter and shipped to markets as distant as China, the West Indies, and South America.
Despite its success, Bangor faced geographic limitations. As a northern river port, it froze during winter months and could not accommodate the largest ocean-going vessels. The sparse settlement of its forested hinterland also limited the local market compared to competitors likePortland, Maine.[20]
In 1844, the first ocean-going iron-hulledsteamship in the United States was namedThe Bangor. Built byHarlan and Hollingsworth inWilmington, Delaware, the vessel was designed for passenger service between Bangor and Boston. However, on its second voyage in 1845, the ship burned nearCastine. Though rebuilt inBath, it was soon sold to the U.S. government for service in theMexican–American War.[21]
Local industry innovation continued into the early 20th century. Bangor's Hinkley & Egery Ironworks (later Union Ironworks) developed a steam engine called the "Endeavor" that won a gold medal at theNew York Crystal Palace Exhibition in 1856. Union Iron Works engineer Don A. Sargent invented the first automotivesnow plow in the 1920s, which the company manufactured for national distribution.[22]
The late 19th and early 20th centuries saw Bangor's economy transition as thepulp and paper industry replaced traditional lumbering, and railroads superseded river transportation for moving goods.[23] Local investors supported railroad development, including theBangor and Aroostook Railroad, which opened northernAroostook County to settlement and economic development.
Major fires periodically disrupted the city's development, with significant blazes in 1856, 1869, and 1872. TheGreat Fire of 1911 proved most devastating, destroying Bangor's high school, post office, public library, telephone and telegraph companies, banks, two fire stations, nearly 100 businesses, six churches, a synagogue, and 285 private residences across 55 acres. The subsequent rebuilding created an architectural showcase featuring diverse styles includingMansard,Beaux-Arts,Greek Revival, andColonial Revival, now preserved as theGreat Fire of 1911 Historic District.
A potential advantage that has always eluded exploitation is the city's location between the port city ofHalifax, Nova Scotia, and the rest of Canada (as well as New York). As early as the 1870s, the city promoted a Halifax-to-New York railroad, via Bangor, as the quickest connection between North America and Europe (when combined with steamship service between Britain and Halifax). AEuropean and North American Railway opened through Bangor, with PresidentUlysses S. Grant officiating at the inauguration, but commerce never lived up to the potential. More recent attempts to capture traffic between Halifax andMontreal by constructing anEast–West Highway through Maine have also come to naught. Most overland traffic between the two parts of Canada continues to travel north of Maine rather than across it.[26]
The destruction of downtown landmarks such as the old city hall and train station in the late 1960surban renewal program is now considered to have been a mistake. It ushered in a decline of the city center that was accelerated by the construction of theBangor Mall in 1978 and subsequent big-box stores on the city's outskirts.[30] Downtown Bangor began to recover in the 1990s, with bookstores, café/restaurants, galleries, and museums filling once-vacant storefronts. The recent re-development of the city's waterfront has also helped re-focus cultural life in the historic center.[31]
Bangor is on the banks of the Penobscot River, close enough to the Atlantic Ocean to be influenced by tides. Upstream, the Penobscot Riverdrainage basin occupies 8,570 square miles (22,200 km2) in northeastern Maine. Flooding is most often caused by a combination of precipitation andsnowmelt.Ice jams can exacerbate high flow conditions and cause acute localized flooding. Conditions favorable for flooding typically occur during the spring months.[32]
In 1807 an ice jam formed below Bangor Village, raising the water 10 to 12 feet (3 to 3.7 m) above the normal highwater mark[33] and in 1887 the freshet caused theMaine Central Railroad Company rails between Bangor andVanceboro to be covered to a depth of several feet.[33] Bangor's worst ice-jam floods occurred in 1846 and 1902. Both resulted from mid-Decemberfreshets that cleared the upper river of ice, followed by cold that produced large volumes offrazil ice or slush which was carried by high flows, forming a major ice jam in the lower river. In March of both years, a dynamic breakup of ice ran into the jam and flooded downtown Bangor. Though no people died and the city recovered quickly, the 1846 and 1902 ice-jam floods were economically devastating, according to the Army Corps analysis. Both floods occurred with multiple dams in place and little to no ice-breaking in the lower river. TheUnited States Coast Guard beganicebreaker operations on the Penobscot in the 1940s, preventing the formation of frozen ice jams during the winter and providing an unobstructed path for ice-out in the spring.[34] Long-term temperature records show a gradual warming since 1894, which may have reduced the ice-jam flood potential at Bangor.
In theGroundhog Day gale of 1976, astorm surge went up the Penobscot, flooding Bangor for three hours.[35] At 11:15 am, waters began rising on the river and within 15 minutes had risen a total of 12 feet (3.7 m), flooding downtown. About 200 cars were submerged and office workers were stranded until waters receded. There were no reported deaths during this unusualflash flood.[36]
Bangor has ahumid continental climate (Köppen:Dfb), with cold, snowy winters, and warm summers, and is in USDAhardiness zone 5a.[37] The monthly daily average temperature ranges from 18.5 °F (−7.5 °C) in January to 69.5 °F (20.8 °C) in July.[38][39] On average, there are 20 nights annually that drop to 0 °F (−18 °C) or below, and 55 days where the temperature stays below freezing, including 49 days from December through February.[38] There is an average of 6.1 days annually with highs at or above 90 °F (32 °C), with the 2014 the last year not to have seen such high temperatures.[38][39] Extreme temperatures range from −32 °F (−36 °C) on February 10, 1948, up to 104 °F (40 °C) on August 19, 1935.[38]
The average first freeze of the season occurs on October 7, and the last May 7, resulting in a freeze-free season of 152 days; the corresponding dates for measurable snowfall, i.e. at least 0.1 in (0.25 cm), are November 23 and April 4.[38] The average annual snowfall for Bangor is approximately 74.6 inches (189 cm), while snowfall has ranged from 22.2 inches (56 cm) in 1979–80 to 181.9 inches (4.62 m) in 1962−63; the record snowiest month was February 1969 with 58.0 inches (147 cm), while the most snow in one calendar day was 30.0 inches (76 cm) on December 14, 1927.[38] A snow depth of at least 3 in (7.6 cm) is on average seen 66 days per winter, including 54 days from January to March, when the snow pack is typically most reliable.[39]
As of 2008, Bangor is the third most populous city in Maine, as it has been for more than a century. As of 2012, the estimated population of the Bangor Metropolitan Area (which includes Penobscot County) is 153,746, indicating a slight growth rate since 2000, almost all of it accounted for by Bangor.[42][better source needed]
Historically Bangor received many immigrants as it industrialized. Irish-Catholic and later Jewish immigrants eventually became established members of the community, along with many migrants from Atlantic Canada. Of the 205 Black citizens who lived in Bangor in 1910, over a third were originally from Canada.[43]
As of the census[44] of 2010, there were 33,039 people, 14,475 households, and 7,182 families residing in the city. The population density was 964.4 inhabitants per square mile (372.4/km2). There were 15,674 housing units at an average density of 457.5 per square mile (176.6/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 93.1%White, 1.7%African American, 1.2%Native American, 1.7%Asian, 0.3% fromother races, and 2.0% from two or more races.Hispanic orLatino of any race were 1.5% of the population.
There were 14,475 households, of which 24.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 32.8% were married couples living together, 12.6% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.2% had a male householder with no wife present, and 50.4% were non-families. 37.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.10 and the average family size was 2.76.
The median age in the city was 36.7 years. 17.8% of residents were under the age of 18; 16% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 26% were from 25 to 44; 25.8% were from 45 to 64; and 14.4% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48.2% male and 51.8% female.
As of the census[45] of 2020, there were 31,753 people and 13,887 households residing in the city. The population density was 926.9 inhabitants per square mile (357.9/km2). There were 15,900 housing units at an average density of 464.1 per square mile (179.2/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 88.0%White, 2.3%African American, 1.0%Native American, 2.2%Asian, 0.9% fromother races, and 5.6% from two or more races.Hispanic orLatino of any race were 2.4% of the population.
The median age in the city was 39.0 years. 18.0% of residents were under the age of 18.
Finance: TheBangor Savings Bank, founded in 1852, is Maine's largest independent bank; as of 2013, it had more than $2.8 billion in assets[47] and the largest share of the 13-bank Bangor market.[48]
Healthcare:Eastern Maine Medical Center (now Northern Light Healthcare), Acadia Hospital, St. Joseph's Healthcare, Community Health & Counseling Services.
Bangor is the largest market town, distribution center, transportation hub, and media center in a five-county area whose population tops 330,000 and which includes Penobscot,Piscataquis,Hancock,Aroostook, andWashington counties.
Bangor's city council has approved a resolution opposing the sale ofsweat-shop-produced clothing in local stores.[49]
Outdoor activities in theBangor City Forest and other nearby parks, forests, and waterways include hiking, sailing, canoeing, hunting, fishing, skiing, and snowmobiling.
Bangor Raceway at the Bass Park Civic Center and Auditorium offers live, pari-mutuelharness racing from May through July and then briefly in the fall.Hollywood Casino, operated byPenn National Gaming, originally opened as aslot machine only facility. In 2007, construction began on a $131-millioncasino complex in Bangor that houses, among other things, a gaming floor with about 1,000 slot machines, anoff-track betting center, a seven-story hotel, and a four-level parking garage. In 2011, it was authorized to addtable games.
In 1990, the USAF East Coast Radar System (ECRS) Operation Center was activated in Bangor with over 400 personnel. The center controlled theover-the-horizon radar's transmitter in Moscow, Maine, and receiver inColumbia Falls, Maine. With the end of theCold War, the facility's mission of guarding against a Soviet air attack became superfluous, and though it briefly turned its attention towarddrug interdiction, the system was decommissioned in 1997 as theSSPARS system installation—the successor to thePAVE PAWS installation—in Massachusetts'Cape Cod Air Force Station reservation fully took over.
One of the country's oldest fairs, the BangorState fair has occurred annually for more than 150 years. Beginning on the last Friday of July, it features agricultural exhibits, rides, and live performances.
The Bangor House Hotel, now converted to apartments, is the only survivor among a series of "Palace Hotels" designed by Boston architectIsaiah Rogers, which were the first of their kind in the United States.[51]
Richard Upjohn, British-born architect and early promoter of theGothic Revival style, received some of his first commissions in Bangor, including the Isaac Farrar House (1833), Samuel Farrar House (1836), Thomas A. Hill House (presently owned by the Bangor Historical Society), and St. John's Church (Episcopal, 1836–1839).
The William Arnold House of 1856, anItalianate style mansion and home to authorStephen King. Its wrought-iron fence with bat and spider web motif is King's own addition.[50]
The bow-plate of the battleshipUSSMaine, whose destruction inHavana, Cuba, presaged the start of theSpanish–American War, survives on a granite memorial by Charles Eugene Tefft in Davenport Park.
Bangor has a large fiberglass-over-metal statue of mythical lumbermanPaul Bunyan by Normand Martin (1959).
There are three large bronze statues in downtown Bangor by sculptorCharles Eugene Tefft of Brewer, including the Luther H. Peirce Memorial, commemorating the Penobscot River Log-Drivers; a statue ofHannibal Hamlin at Kenduskeag Mall; and an image of "Lady Victory" at Norumbega Parkway.
The abstract aluminum sculpture "Continuity of Community" (1969) on the Bangor Waterfront, formerly in West Market Square, is by theCastine sculptor Clark Battle Fitz-Gerald.
The U.S. Post Office in Bangor containsYvonne Jacquette's 1980 three-part mural "Autumn Expansion".
A memorial has been placed by BangorCity Council and members of theLGBT community along the Kenduskeag Stream honoring the memory ofCharlie Howard as the victim of ahate crime. In 1984 he was beaten and thrown off Bangor's State Street Bridge by three young men in a what would become a high-profile example ofviolence against LGBT people.[53] The murder of Charlie Howard inspired the formation of The Maine Lesbian/Gay Political Alliance, which later becameEqualityMaine.[54] In May 2011, vandals spray-painted graffiti and an anti-gay slur on the memorial. Family and friends cleaned it up and rededicated it.[55]
Vince McMahon promoted his firstprofessional wrestling event in Bangor in 1979. In 1985, the WWC Universal Heavyweight Championship changed hands for the first time outside of Puerto Rico at an IWCCW show in Bangor.[56]
The Penobscot is asalmon-fishing river; thePenobscot Salmon Club traditionally sent the first fish caught to the President of the United States. From 1999 to 2006, low fish stocks resulted in a ban on salmon fishing. Today, the wildsalmon population (and the sport) is slowly recovering. The Penobscot River Restoration Project is working to help the fish population by removing some dams north of Bangor.[57]
TheKenduskeag Stream Canoe Race, a white-water event which begins just north of Bangor inKenduskeag, has been held since 1965.
Since 1931, Bangor has had acouncil–manager form of government. The nine-membercity council is a nonpartisan body, with three city councilors elected to three-year terms each year. The nine council members elect the chair of the city council, who is referred to informally as the mayor, and plays the role when there is a ceremonial need. As of 2025[update], the council members are Michael Beck, Susan Deane, Carolyn Fish, Rick Fournier, Susan Hawes, Joseph Leonard, Cara Pelletier (Chair), Wayne Mallar, and Dan Tremble.[58]
In 2007, Bangor was the first city in the U.S. to ban smoking in vehicles carrying passengers under the age of 18.[59]
In 2012, Bangor's city council passed an order in support ofsame-sex marriage in Maine. In 2013, the City of Bangor also signed an amicus brief to the United States Supreme Court calling for the federalDefense of Marriage Act to be struck down.[60]
In 2008 Bangor's crime rate was the second-lowest among American metropolitan areas of comparable size.[63] As of 2014 Bangor had the third highest rate of property crime in Maine.[64]
The arrival of Irish immigrants from nearby Canada beginning in the 1830s, and their competition with locals for jobs, sparked a deadly sectarian riot in 1833 that lasted for days and had to be put down by militia. Realizing the need for a police force, the town incorporated as The City of Bangor in 1834.[65] In the 1800s, sailors and loggers gave the city a reputation for roughness; their stomping grounds were known as the "Devil's Half Acre".[66] The same name was also applied, at roughly the same time, toThe Devil's Half-Acre, Pennsylvania.
Although Maine was the first "dry" state (i.e. the first to prohibit the sale of alcohol, with the passage of the "Maine law" in 1851), Bangor managed to remain "wet". The city had 142 saloons in 1890. A look-the-other-way attitude by local police and politicians (sustained by a system of bribery in the form of ritualized fine-payments known as "The Bangor Plan") allowed Bangor to flout the nation's most long-standing stateprohibition law.[67] In 1913, the war of the "drys" (prohibitionists) on "wet" Bangor escalated when thePenobscot County Sheriff was impeached and removed by the Maine Legislature for not enforcing anti-liquor laws. His successor was asked to resign by the governor the following year for the same reason, but refused. A third sheriff was removed by the governor in 1918, but promptly re-nominated by the Democratic Party. ProhibitionistCarrie Nation had been forcibly expelled from the Bangor House hotel in 1902 after causing a disturbance.[68]
In October 1937, "public enemy"Al Brady and another member of his "Brady Gang" (Clarence Shaffer) were killed in the bloodiest shootout in Maine's history.FBI agents ambushed Brady, Shaffer, and James Dalhover on Bangor's Central Street after they had attempted to purchase aThompson submachine gun from Dakin's Sporting Goods downtown.[69] Brady is buried in the public section of Mount Hope Cemetery, on the north side of Mount Hope Avenue.[70] Until recently, Brady's grave was unmarked. A group of schoolchildren erected a wooden marker over his grave in the 1990s, which was replaced by a more permanent stone in 2007.[71]
The Bangor region has a large number of media outlets for an area its size. The city has an unbroken history of newspaper publishing extending from 1815. Almost thirty dailies, weeklies, and monthlies had been launched there by the end of the Civil War.[75]
TheBangor Daily News was founded in 1889,[76] and is one of the few remaining family-owned newspapers left in the United States.The Maine Edge is published from Bangor.
Daily intercity bus service from Bangor proper is provided by two companies.Concord Coach Lines connects Bangor with Augusta, Portland, several towns in Maine's midcoast region, and Boston, Massachusetts. Cyr Bus Lines provides daily service to Caribou and several northern Maine towns along I-95 and Route 1.[77] The area is also served byGreyhound, which operates out of the Park and Ride lot at 360 Odlin Road. West's Bus Service provides service between Bangor andCalais.[78]
In 2011,Acadian Lines ended bus service to Saint John, New Brunswick, because of low ticket sales.[79]
TheCommunity Connector system offers public transportation within Bangor and to adjacent towns such as Orono. There is also a seasonal (summer) shuttle between Bangor andBar Harbor.
1869: The Black Island Railroad Bridge north ofOld Town, Maine collapsed under the weight of a Bangor and Piscataquis Railroad train, killing 3 crew and injuring 7–8 others.[80]
1871: A bridge inHampden collapsed under the weight of aMaine Central Railroad train approaching Bangor, killing 2 and injuring 50.[81]
1898: AMaine Central Railroad train crashed nearOrono killing 2 and fatally injuring 4. The president of the railroad and his wife were also on board in a private car, but escaped injury.Train Wrecked in Maine
1899: The collapse of a gangway between a train and a waiting ferry atMount Desert sent 200 members of a Bangor excursion party into the water, drowning 20.
1911: A head-on collision of two trains north of Bangor, in Grindstone, killed 15, including 5 members of thePresque Isle Brass Band.[82]
Bangor International Airport (IATA:BGR,ICAO:KBGR) is a joint civil-military public airport 3 miles (4.8 kilometres) west of the city. It has a single runway measuring 11,439 by 200 ft (3,487 by 61 m). Bangor is the last (or first) American airport along thegreat circle route between the U.S. East Coast and Europe, and in the 1970s and '80s it was a refuelling stop, until the development of longer-range jets in the 1990s.[26]
In 1832, acholera epidemic in Saint John, New Brunswick, (part of theSecond cholera pandemic) sent as many as eight hundred poor Irish immigrants walking to Bangor. This was the beginning of Maine's first substantial Irish-Catholic community. Competition with Americans for jobs caused a riot and resulting fire in 1833.[65] In 1849–50, theSecond cholera pandemic reached Bangor itself, killing 20–30 within the first week,[83] 112 had died by October 1849.[84] The final death toll was 161. A late outbreak of the disease in 1854 killed seventeen others. The victims in most cases were poor Irish immigrants.[85] In 1872, asmallpox epidemic closed local schools. TheSpanish flu pandemic of 1918, which was global in scope, struck over a thousand Bangoreans and killed more than a hundred. This was the worst 'natural disaster' in the city's history since the cholera epidemic of 1849.
Stephen King's novels mention Bangor many times, and some of his movie adaptations have been filmed there. Seehis bibliography.
The 1960s television gothic soap operaDark Shadows has some scenes set in Bangor, which was the nearest city to the mythicalCollinsport.
The Canadian mockumentary seriesTrailer Park Boys features Bangor as the location of a model train convention in the season 7 episode "Friends of the Road".
^Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the expected highest and lowest temperature readings at any point during the year or given month) calculated based on data at said location from 1991 to 2020.
^"Moccasin Trade".Barnstable Patriot. October 21, 1884. p. 1.
^Demeritt, David (July 1991). "Boards, Barrels, and Boxshooks: The Economics of Downeast Lumber in 19th Century Cuba".Forest and Conservation History.35 (3): 112.doi:10.2307/3983641.JSTOR3983641.
^Blanding, Edward Mitchell (March 1897). "Bangor, Maine".New England Magazine.16 (1): 235.
^"Snow Removal Equipment".The American City Magazine. Vol. 35. July–December 1926. p. 149.
^David Clayton Smith,A History of Lumbering in Maine, 1861–1960 (Orono: University of Maine Press, 1972)
^abJames H. Mundy and Earle G. Shettleworth,The Flight of the Grand Eagle: Charles G. Bryant, Architect and Adventurer (Augusta: Maine Historic Preservation Commission, 1977)
^Doris A. Isaacson, ed.,Maine: A Guide Down East (Rockland, Me.: Courier-Gazette, Inc., 1970), pp. 163–172
^New York Times, January 8, 1890, p. 1; Ibid, August 30, 1903, p. 3
^"Carrie Nation Ejected", Pittsburgh Press, August 30, 1902, p. 1
^Bill Vanderpool "Walter R. Walsh: An Amazing Life"American Rifleman November 2010 p.84
^Austin Jacobs,A History and Description of New England (Boston, 1859), p. 46; see letter of Samuel Gilman to his wife, September 2, 1849, on-line atMaine Memory Network
^The Public Ledger (Newfoundland), October 2, 1849, p. 2
^Williams, Chase, and Co.,History of Penobscot County, Maine (1882), p. 714
.jpg)
