Bandung[a] is thecapital city of theWest Javaprovince ofIndonesia.[9] Located on the western highland ofJava island, it is one of the coolest than other provincial capital cities in Indonesia with situated 708 meters (2,323 feet)above sea level (the highest point in the North area is at an altitude of 892 meters (2,927 feet), and the lowest in the South at 666 meters (2,185 feet) above sea level), approximately 135 kilometres (84 miles) southeast ofJakarta. Bandung lies in ariver basin surrounded byvolcanic mountains that provide a natural defense system, which was the primary reason for theDutch East Indies government's plan to move the capital from Batavia (modern-day Jakarta) to Bandung.[10]
The Dutch first established teaplantations around the mountains in the 18th century, and a road was constructed to connect the plantation area to the colonial capitalBatavia (180 kilometres (112 miles) to the northwest). In the early 20th century, the Dutch inhabitants of Bandung demanded the establishment of a municipality (gemeente), which was granted in 1906, and Bandung gradually developed into a resort city for plantation owners. Luxurious hotels, restaurants, cafés, and European boutiques were opened, leading the city to be nicknamedParijs van Java (Dutch:"The Paris of Java").
AfterIndonesia declared independence in 1945, the city experienced ongoing development and urbanization, transforming from an idyllic town into a dense 16,500 people/km2 (per square kilometer) metropolitan area with living space for over 8 million people. Newskyscrapers, high-rise buildings, bridges, and gardens have been constructed.Natural resources have been heavily exploited, particularly by conversion of the protected upland area into highland villas and real estate. Although the city has encountered many problems (ranging from waste disposal and floods to a complicated traffic system resulting from a lack of road infrastructure), it still attracts large numbers of tourists, weekend sightseers, and migrants from other parts of Indonesia. In 2017 the city won a regional environmental sustainability award for having the cleanest air among major cities inASEAN.[11] The city is also known as aSmart City, leveraging technology to improve government services and social media that alert residents to issues such as floods or traffic jams. The city is part of theUNESCO Creative Cities Network, which it joined in 2015.[12]Bandung is Indonesia's majortechnology centre.[13][14][15]
Coat of Arms of Bandung during the Dutch colonial era, granted in 1928
The official name of the city during the colonial Dutch East Indies period wasBandoeng. The earliest reference to the area dates back to 1488, although archaeological findings suggest a type ofHomo erectus species had long previously lived on the banks of the Cikapundung River and around the old lake of Bandung.[16] During the 17th and 18th centuries, theDutch East Indies Company (VOC) established plantations in the Bandung area. In 1786, a supply road connecting Batavia (nowJakarta),Bogor,Cianjur, Bandung,Sumedang andCirebon was constructed. In 1809,Napoleon ordered GovernorHerman Willem Daendels to improve the defensive systems ofJava to protect against a possibleBritish invasion. Daendels ordered the construction of a road stretching approximately 1,000 km (620 mi) from the west to the east coast of Java, passing through Bandung.[17][18] In 1810, the road was laid down in Bandung and was namedDe Groote Postweg (or the 'Great Post Road'), the present-day location of Jalan Asia-Afrika. Under Daendels' orders, R. A. Wiranatakusumah II, the Chief Administrator of the Bandung regency at that time, moved the office from Krapyak, in the south, to a place near a pair of holy city wells (sumur Bandung), the present-day site of the city square (alun-alun). He built hisdalem (palace),masjid agung (the grand mosque) andpendopo (public-official meeting place) in the classical Sundanese orientation,[19] with the pendopo facingTangkuban Perahu mountain, which was believed to have a mystical ambience. In 1856, Bandung also became the capital of thePreanger Regencies Residency, which it would remain until 1925.
The first major railroad between Batavia and Bandung was completed in 1880,[20] boosting the light industry in Bandung.Chinese flocked into the city to help run facilities, services and vendors. The area adjacent to the train station is still recognizable as the old Chinatown district. In 1906, Bandung was given the status ofgemeente (municipality), and then twenty years later,stadsgemeente (city municipality).
From the early 1920s, the Dutch East Indies government made plans to move their capital from Batavia to Bandung. Accordingly, during this decade, the Dutch colonial government commenced construction of military barracks, the building housing the colonial Department of State-Owned Enterprises (Department van Gouvernmentsbedrijven, the present-dayGedung Sate) and other government buildings. However, this plan was cut short byWorld War II, after which the Dutch were not able to re-establish their colony due to theIndonesian Declaration of Independence.
The fertile area of the Parahyangan Mountains surrounding Bandung supports productivetea plantations. In the nineteenth century,Franz Junghuhn introduced thecinchona (kina) plant.[21] With its cooler elevated landscape, surrounded by major plantations, Bandung became an exclusive European resort area.[22] Wealthy plantation owners visited the city on weekends, attracting ladies and business people from the capital, Batavia.Jalan Braga grew into a promenade street with cafés, restaurants and boutique shops. Twoart-deco style hotels, Savoy Homann and Preanger, were built in the vicinity of the Concordia Society, a clubhouse for the wealthy with a large ballroom and a theatre.[20]
AfterIndonesian independence in 1945, Bandung was designated as the capital ofWest Javaprovince. During theIndonesian National Revolution, some of the most massive battles occurred in and around Bandung. Dutch troops were virtually absent in Java at the end of World War II. To assist the restoration of Dutch sovereignty, British forces established a military presence in several of Java's largest cities, and issued an ultimatum to Indonesian forces in Bandung in an attempt to make them leave the city. In response, on 24 March 1946, much of the southern part of Bandung wasdeliberately set alight by Indonesian forces as they withdrew.[23]
In 1955, the first Asian-African Conference, also known as theBandung Conference, was hosted in Bandung by PresidentSukarno and attended by the heads of states representing twenty-nine independent countries from Asia and Africa.[24] The conference venue was at theGedung Merdeka, the former Concordia Society building. The conference announced ten points of declaration for the promotion ofworld peace and opposition againstcolonialism and is known as theDeclaration of Bandung. This was followed by a wave of nationalism anddecolonization movements around the globe which remapped world politics.[25] The conference was also the first international conference of people of colour in history.[26] In his bookThe Color Curtain,Richard Wright claims that there was an epic meaning to the conference for people of colour around the world.[26]
In 1987, the city boundary was expanded by the 'Greater Bandung' (Bandung Raya) plan, with the relocation of higher concentration development zones outside the city in an attempt to dilute population density in the old city. During this development, thecity core was often uprooted, with old buildings torn down, lot sizes regrouped and rezoned, changing idyllic residential areas to commercial zones with bustling chain supermarkets, malls, banks and upscale developments.[22]
In 2005, an Asian-African Conference was partly held in Bandung, attended by world leaders including Indonesian President Susilo B. Yudhoyono, President of China Hu Jintao, Prime Minister of India Manmohan Singh, President ofSouth Africa Thabo Mbeki and President ofNigeria Obasanjo.[27]
Geography
Bandung, the capital ofWest Java province, is located about 180 kilometres (110 mi) southeast of Jakarta. Its elevation is 768 metres (2,520 ft)above sea level and is surrounded by up to 2,400 metres (7,900 feet) highLate Tertiary andQuaternary volcanic terrain.[28] The 400 km2 (150 sq mi) flat of central Bandung plain is situated in the middle of 2,340.88 square kilometres (903.82 sq mi) wide of the BandungBasin; the basin comprises Bandung, theCimahi city, part ofBandung Regency, part ofWest Bandung Regency, and part ofSumedang Regency.[29] The basin's main river is theCitarum; one of its branches, theCikapundung, divides Bandung from north to south before it merges with Citarum again in Dayeuhkolot. The Bandung Basin is an essential source of water for potable water, irrigation, and fisheries, with its 6,147 million m3 (217.1 billion cu ft) of groundwater being a significant reservoir for the city.[29]
The northern section of Bandung is hillier than other parts of the city, and the unique truncated flat-peak shape of theTangkuban Perahu volcano (Tangkuban Perahu literally means 'upside-down boat') can be seen from the city to the north. Long-term volcanic activity has created fertileandisol soil in the north, suitable for intensiverice,fruit,tea,tobacco, andcoffee plantations. In thesouth andeast,alluvial soils deposited by the Cikapundung river predominate.[30]
Geological data show that the Bandung Basin is located on an ancient volcano, known asMount Sunda, erected up to 3,000–4,000 metres (9,800–13,100 feet) during thePleistocene age.[31] Two large-scale eruptions took place; the first formed the basin, and the second (est. 55,000 BCE) blocked the Citarum river, turning the basin into a lake known as "theGreat Prehistoric Lake of Bandung".[32] The lake drained away; for reasons which are the subject of ongoing debate among geologists.[33][34]
Bandung is home to numerous examples of Dutch colonial architecture, most notably the tropical Art Deco, dubbedNew Indies Style.Henri Maclaine Pont was among the first Dutch architects to recognize the importance of combining each architectural style with local cultural traditions. He stressed thatmodern architecture should interact withlocal history and native elements.[35] In 1920, Pont planned and designed buildings for the first technical university in theDutch East Indies,Technische Hogeschool te Bandung (the present-dayBandung Institute of Technology). He was named a Professor of Architecture at the university. A striking local Sundanese roof style is seen adorning the top of the campus' ceremonial hall and is embedded in his artwork.[35]
In the same year, another Dutch architect J Gerber designedGouverments Bedrijven (Government Companies) in line with the colonial government's plan to move the capital from Batavia to Bandung. The building is known asGedung Sate, named after the distinguished smallsatay-shaped structure on the roof, and is today used as the head office of theWest Java provincial government and House of Representatives. The building is an example of a harmonious mixture between West and East architectural styles, particularly theItalian Renaissance style ofarch structures in the wings andpendopo-like structures commonly found in Java in the middle section.
Several Dutch architects who shaped the city landmarks the architectural blending of modern and native traditions. In the 1930s, Bandung became known as an architectural laboratory due to the many Dutch architects who experimented with new architectural designs.Albert Aalbers added thestreamline moderne style to the Art Deco by designing the DENIS bank (1936) and renovating the Savoy Homann Hotel (1939).Charles Prosper Wolff Schoemaker was one of the architects who enormously added native elements in his artworks, including theVilla Isola (1932), Hotel Preanger (1929), the regional military headquarters (1918),Gedung Merdeka (1921) and ITB Rectorate Building (1925).[35]
Though Bandung is known for its many old Dutch architecture buildings, the city is recently going through a high-rise building boom. There are more than 100 high rise buildings in the city, and many more are under construction or planned.[36] The following list includes buildings in Bandung that are completed or topped off and above 300 ft (91 m).
Environmental problems
The north of the city serves as awater reservoir for Bandung. However, the area has seen substantial residential development. Several attempts to protect this area have been made, including creating reserves such as the Juanda National Park andPunclut, but development continues. Regular flooding in Bandung's south also presents a real and dangerous ongoing problem.[37]
From mid-2005, Bandung faced another environmental disaster when the city'slandfill site was re-evaluated after a garbage slide in 2005 which buried a village, Kampung Gajah, beneath it, killing over a hundred people.[38] The accumulation of 8,000 m3/d (3,300 cu ft/ks) of domestic garbage causes severe air pollution by local burning, the spread of disease, and water contamination. The provincial government has failed in its attempts to solve the garbage issue.[39][40] Nevertheless, it was awarded in 1997 and 2015 as the least polluted city in the country.[41][42] Further, a regional award in 2017 was also given from ASEAN for the cleanest air among other major cities in ASEAN countries.[43]
Bandung is also well known for itstornado hotspot. The first deadly tornado in the area occurred in Rancaekek (during the Dutch Occupation in 1933 where a tornado struck the town, killing 1 and injuring none, the funnel destroyed 17 homes and left 30 homes badly damaged, many trees were either snapped or downed.[44] Another deadly tornado to occur on Bandung was on 18 December 2014, in Gedebage, the tornado struck the area in the afternoon. It left 85 houses either unroofed or destroyed, a large factory building suffered significant damage, a warehouse levelled and a library suffered roof loss, one person died due to crushed by a collapsed wall.[45][46][47]
Climate
Bandung experiencestropical monsoon climate (Köppen:Am) that closely borders atropical rainforest climate (Köppen:Af) as the driest month precipitation total is below 60 millimetres (2.4 in). March and August are the wettest and driest months, respectively. The average temperature throughout the year tends to be cooler than most cities in Indonesia due to the influence of altitude. The average temperature throughout the year only has little variation due to its location near the equator.
The city area in 1906 was 19.22 square kilometres (7.42 square miles), and by 1987, it had expanded to 167.2965 km2.[51] The city administration is divided into 30districts (kecamatan) and 153villages (kelurahan). For development purposes, the 30 districts are grouped into eight sub-city regions.[52] The sub-city regions of Bandung are Arcamanik, Cibeunying, Kerees, Kordon, Gedebage, Ujungberung, Bojonagara and Tegalega. The mayor (walikota) - Bambang Tirtoyuliono from 2023 - leads the city administration. Since 2008, city residents have directly voted for a mayor; previously, mayors were nominated and selected by the city council - theBandung City Regional House of Representatives (DPRD Kota Bandung), which has 50 members. As of 2003, the total number of city administration personnel was 20,163.[51][53]
Administrative divisions
Villages (kelurahan) of Bandung, with all villages in the same district (kecamatan) having the same color.
Bandung City is divided into 30districts[54] (kecamatan), listed below with their areas and their populations at the 2010 Census[55] and 2020 Census,[56] together with the official estimates as at mid 2022.[57] The table also includes the locations of the district administrative centres, the numbers ofadministrative villages (totaling 151, all classed as urbankelurahan) in each district, and its postal codes.
The city's economy is mainly built upon tourism, business,creative industry, high-tech and manufacturing industries, educational institutions, technology, retail services, financial services, pharmaceutical companies, and food production.[27] The once quiet residential district of Dago has become an important business and entertainment centre with chic cafés and restaurants spread out along Jalan Dago. In the early 1990s, Jalan Cihampelas became a popular clothing store location and remains so today. Some important shopping malls of the city which areTrans Studio Mall Bandung, Summarecon Mall Bandung, Bandung Indah Plaza, Cihampelas Walk, Paris Van Java Mall, and 23 Paskal Shopping Center are among the popular shopping centres in Bandung.
Creative culture has shaped specific parts of the city's economy. Small businesses, known as "distro", sell non-trademarked products made by local designers. Typical distro products are books, indie label records, magazines, fashion products, and other accessories. Distros are popular with young people and distance themselves from factory outlets in terms ofphilosophy. They arise from individual designers and young entrepreneurs, while factory outlet products generally come from large-scale garment factories.[58]
The city administration has agreed to substantially develop seven industrial and trade areas for Bandung specialty products.[59] These include Binong Jati Knitting Industrial and Trade Center, Cigondewah Textile Trade Center, Cihampelas Jeans Trade Center, Suci (T and Oblong) Shirt Industrial Center, Cibaduyut Shoes Industrial Center, Cibuntu Tofu and Tempeh Industrial Center, Sukamulya Sukajadi Doll Industrial Center.
Tourism
The Asian-African Street Tunnel is an iconic place in Bandung with quotes about the city's beauty.The museum ofSri Baduga, whose name is dedicated to the historical figure ofSri Baduga Maharaja.
Bandung is a popularweekend destination for residents of Jakarta. The colder climate of the highland plantation area, variety of food, less expensivefashion shops located in factory outlets anddistros, golf courses, and thezoo, are some of the attractions of the city.[60] Bandung is also a popular shopping destination due to the cheap textile and fashion products, especially forMalaysian andSingaporean tourists.[61]
In the 1990s, local designers opened denim clothing stores along Jalan Cihampelas, which was transformed into a "jeans street". The city attracts people from other big cities to buy local fashion wares, as they are cheaper than branded items.[62] Beside Jalan Cihampelas, many factory outlets also opened at Jalan Riau,Jalan Braga, Jalan Setiabudi, and JalanDjuanda (known asDago). Textile factories on the outskirts of Bandung have opened factory outlets on site selling what is marketed assisa export (rejected or over-produced export quality items).[63]
Significant tourist sites near Bandung include theTangkuban Prahu volcano crater to the north, theKawah Putih volcano lake, andPatenggang Lake, a lake surrounded by tea plantations about 50 kilometres (31 miles) to the south of the city.
To view the Bandung Basin clearly in its mountain surroundings, visitors travel to the Bongkor protected forest area (kawasan hutan lindung), Saung Daweung and Arcamanik; to the slopes of West Manglayang Mountain in an area known as Caringin Tilu, with entry from Padasuka and Cicaheum to the north. The forest is located in 1,500 metres (4,900feet)above sea level and is covered with pine trees managed by a government corporationPerhutani and can be accessed with 30 minutes drive from downtown.[64][65] Visitors going to the north of the city also findTaman Hutan Raya Ir. H. Djuanda. The Cicaheum area also hostsBukit Moko, a tourist spot famous for its views and its steel statue of a giant star calledPuncak Bintang. Bandung has several museums that should be visited by tourists, such as theGeological Museum of Bandung, theIndonesia Postal Museum,Sri Baduga Museum, and theAsian-African Conference Museum.[66] The city government operatesBandros, a tourist bus, since 2014.[67]
In 2005, the population of Bandung was 2.29 million people with a density of13,690/km2 (35,457/sq mi).[69] The May 2010 census enumerated 2.395 million people[70] and that of May 2020 enumerated 2.444 million.[56] Based on data fromStatistics Indonesia, the population of Bandung in mid 2023 was 2,506,603 (comprising 1,259,236 males and 1,247,367 females),[3] making Bandung thethird-most populous city in Indonesia.
Culture
Bandung is a significant cultural hub in Indonesia. Most people in the surrounding province of West Java areethnically Sundanese, withSundanese often spoken as a first language, and the standard and informal language for communication in streets, school, work, and markets. As in the rest of the country,standard Indonesian serves as thelingua franca and primary language of government, business, media, and formal education.
Angklung Performance at Saung Angklung Udjo in Bandung.
Bandung is one of the cities in Indonesia with a rich musical history, known for traditional instruments such as theAngklung,Suling, andKacapi, which are commonly used inTembang Sunda. Since the Dutch colonial era, Bandung has been the center of music in Indonesia.[71] Bandung has notableUNESCO with creative cities with specially music band is majority founded over there.[72]
Bandung is the home ofPersib Bandung, a professional football club currently competing in the highest tier of Indonesian football, theLiga 1. Bandung is also home of Prawira Bandung (ex Garuda Bandung), a professional basketball club currently competes in theIndonesian Basketball League, with its home games in theGOR Citra Arena. The roads leading up toLembang andDago are popular routes for mountaincycling on weekends, as Jalan Ir. H. Djuanda and Jalan Buah Batu is zoned ascar-free on Sunday mornings.[73]
Other popular sports in Bandung includebadminton andgolf, with severalgolf courses surrounding the city.
Bandung has several local daily newspapers, includingPikiran Rakyat,Galamedia, andTribun Jabar. Several local television stations operate in Bandung, includingTVRI Jawa Barat (a public regional station serving West Java, which headquartered in the city), Bandung TV,MQTV andPJTV. Many radio stations, such as Ardan FM, KLCBS, MQFM and OZ Radio,also broadcast from Bandung.
The city of Bandung was featured in the 9th and 10th leg of the American reality seriesThe Amazing Race 23.
Transport
Pasupati Bridge is the most famous bridge in Bandung and second-longest bridge in Indonesia.
Bandung can be accessed by highways from Jakarta. An intercity toll highway calledCipularang Toll Road, connecting Jakarta,Karawang,Purwakarta, Padalarang and Bandung, was completed in May 2005, and is the fastest way to reach Bandung from the capital by road. Driving time is about 1.5 hours on average. There are three other options: the Puncak route (Jakarta-Cianjur/Sukabumi-Bandung), Purwakarta route (Jakarta-Cikampek-Purwakarta-Cikalong Wetan-Padalarang-Cimahi-Bandung) and the Subang route (Jakarta-Cikampek-Subang-Lembang-Bandung). From cities further east (Cirebon,Tasikmalaya andCentral Java province), Bandung can be accessed through the main provincial road.Indonesian National Route 3 links Bandung with the rest of Java towardsCilegon and Ketapang (Banyuwangi).
ThePasupati Bridge was built to relieve traffic congestion in the city for east–west transport. The 2.8-kilometre (1.7 mi)cable-stayed bridge lies through the Cikapundung Valley. It is 30 to 60 metres (98 to 197 feet) wide and, after extensive delays, it was finally completed in June 2005, following financial investment fromKuwait.[74] The bridge is part of Bandung's comprehensive inner-city highways plan.
Bandung has two intercity bus terminals: Leuwipanjang, serving buses from the west, and Cicaheum, serving buses from the east. Both are at full capacity and are to be replaced by a new terminal at Gedebage on 15 hectares (37 acres) land, after which the old terminals will function as inner-city terminals. The new terminal will be located next to the Gedebage railway station near Gedebage container dry port.[75]
Taxis andCarpooling are widely available. The primary means of public transportation is byangkot minibuses (fromangkutan, "transportation" andkota, "city");angkot are privately operated and serve multiple routes throughout the city, and although cheap, they are considered basic and uncomfortable.[76] To find exact angkot routes, passengers may look for information available through the drivers or at terminals.
Due to the current extent of railway lines in Bandung, only two named regional railway services,Lokal Bandung Raya andLokal Garut Cibatuan, are serving the city, serving a single line. It catered for the suburban areas east and west of the city such asCimahi,Padalarang, Rancaekek, Cicalengka, as well as some other neighbouring towns such as Garut and Purwakarta. KAI Commuter took over the operations of both services from its mother company KAI in 2022, anticipating planned electrification of the route by Ministry of Transport.[77]
Public buses in Bandung and its surrounding urban area are operated by various operators, with a total 16 bus lines currently operating.DAMRI buses used to dominate as the main bus operator serving the city and its surrounding metropolitan area, first operating in the 1970s, with at some point operating more than 10 routes. However, it collapsed in October 2021, leaving 5 routes still operating.[79][80] Following the example of TransJakarta, the city government introduced its own BRT system called Trans Metro Bandung on 24 September 2009. By 2022, it served 5 trunk corridors and 1 feeder routes.[81] Both DAMRI and Trans Metro Bandung buses uses higher deck buses similar to TransJakarta, but could be stopped anywhere along its route and do not run separately from traffic.
Trans Metro Bandung Corridor 5 Buses stopped atGedebage Bus Garage
Provincial government of West Java also operates a bus route called as Safe and Healthy Bus Rapid Transit (shortened Buratas), serving only a single line.[82] As part of nationwide bus services modernization program called as Teman Bus, a more disciplined system branded asTrans Metro Pasundan was introduced by central government's Ministry of Transportation in December 2021. Two operators, Big Bird (part ofBlue Bird Group) and DAMRI operated 5 routes inherited from former DAMRI routes under a contract with Ministry of Transport.[83] Introduction of new bus routes in Bandung often faced resistance fromangkots and extortion attempts by so-called local patrons due to perception that their revenues being stolen, leading to blockades and verbal threats against bus drivers.[84][85] Due to fragmentation of brands and operators, passengers must pay again when transiting to other bus lines or to other modes such as trains. Only Trans Metro Pasundan has integrated tariff, enabling users not to pay again when transferring to other routes within the system.
A more comprehensive plan to revitalize the bus system will be implemented in 2024, extending from the Trans Metro Pasundan project. It would integrate all operators within a single system called Trans Bagja,[86] with proper Bus Rapid Transit features such as dedicated lanes, frequent bus availability and bus stops.[87] The planned system intended to use electric powered buses, both imported and locally produced.[88] Bandung city government also operated a fleet of city tour buses called as Bandung Tour on Bus (shortened Bandros).
Various rail-based means of transport in Bandung; from up to down:Commuter rail,HSR
Bandung's main airport,Husein Sastranegara Airport (BDO). The airport is located near the Dirgantara aerospace complex and Dirgantara Fairground. TheKertajati International Airport in Majalengka Regency was built to replace the Husein Sastranegara Internasional Airport.[89][90] Redevelopment of the existing Husein Sastranegara Internasional Airport (BDO) was completed in 2016. The new and larger second airport for the Greater Bandung Area;Kertajati International Airport (KJT) opened in June 2018, just in time for the2018 Asian Games. On 11 July 2023, Indonesian PresidentJoko Widodo announced that Husein Sastranegara Internasional Airport will be retired and all commercial flights will be moved to Kertajati starting October 2023 when it is fully operational.[91]
Bandung has nearly 50 higher educational institutions and is among the most popular destinations for education in Indonesia. There are hundreds of public and private schools in the city and several state-funded and administered Junior High Schools (SMP Negeri), State High Schools (SMA Negeri) and State Vocational School (SMK). At least sixteen universities—three of which are state-owned—and 45professional schools are scattered across the city. Education from social sciences and technology to tourism education can be found at one of these universities.
Among the universities located in Bandung includeBandung Institute of Technology (Institut Teknologi Bandung, ITB),Universitas Padjadjaran (Padjadjaran University),Telkom University (Universitas Telkom),National Institute of Technology (Indonesia) (Institut Teknologi Nasional),Parahyangan Catholic University,Universitas Islam Bandung (Bandung Islamic University),Universitas Kristen Maranatha (Maranatha Christian University), Universitas Islam Nusantara (Nusantara Islamic University),Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia (Indonesia University of Education), Universitas Islam Negeri Sunan Gunung Djati (Sunan Gunung Djati Islamic State University), Universitas Pasundan (Pasundan University), Politeknik Negeri Bandung (Bandung State Polytechnic), and Sekolah Tinggi Pariwisata Bandung (Bandung Institute of Tourism), Institut Seni Budaya Indonesia (Art and culture institute Indonesia) all being considered among the best universities in their respective fields of speciality in Indonesia. Established in 1920, ITB is Indonesia's oldest and most prestigious technical university.Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia (formerly IKIP Bandung, established in 1954) is one of the first institutions of higher education established after Indonesian independence and is currently a leading education university in the country.Universitas Padjadjaran (established in 1956) is considered to be one of the best universities in the country in the fields of medicine, law, communication, and economics.
International schools are also available in the city. They include theBandung Alliance Intercultural School, Bandung Independent School, Bandung Japanese School (バンドン日本人学校),Bina Bangsa School Bandung, Bina Persada School, and Stamford School. In the north of Bandung,Bosscha Observatory is the onlyobservatory in Indonesia. Construction of the observatory began in 1923 and was completed in 1928. In 1922, the first international publication from Bosscha Observatory was published, and in 1959, the observatory was absorbed as a part of the Department ofAstronomy at the Bandung Institute of Technology.
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^W.A. van der Kaars & M.A.C. Dam (1995). "A 135,000-year record of vegetational and climatic change from the Bandung area, West-Java, Indonesia".Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology.117 (1–2):55–72.Bibcode:1995PPP...117...55V.doi:10.1016/0031-0182(94)00121-N.
^abSetiawan Wangsaatmaja, Arief D. Sutadian and Maria A.N. Prasetiati."Groundwater Resource Management in Bandung".Sustainable Groundwater Management in Asian Cities. Institute for Global Environmental Strategies. Archived fromthe original on 2 September 2006. Retrieved21 August 2006.
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