Malay trade and creole languages
Bahasa-bahasa Melayu dagang dan kreol بهاس٢ ملايو داݢڠ دان کريول
Malay varieties inSoutheast Asia; Malay trade and creole languages are shown in purple.
Native to	Southeast Asia, South Asia and Australia
Ethnicity	various
Language family	Creole Malay trade and creole languages
Language codes
ISO 639-3	–
IETF	crp-035

In addition to itsclassical and modernliterary form,Malay had variousregional dialects established after the rise of theSrivijaya empire inSumatra,Indonesia. Also, Malay spread through interethnic contact and trade across the south East Asia Archipelago as far as the Philippines. That contact resulted in alingua franca ("trade language") that was calledBazaar Malay orlow Malay and in MalayMelayu Pasar. It is generally believed that Bazaar Malay was apidgin, influenced by contact among Malay, Hokkien, Portuguese, and Dutch traders.

Besides the general simplification that occurs with pidgins, the Malay lingua franca had several distinctive characteristics. One was that possessives were formed withpunya 'its owner, to have'; another was that plural pronouns were formed withorang 'person'. The only Malayic affixes that remained productive weretər- andbər-.

Other common features:

• Ada became aprogressive particle.
• Reduced forms ofini 'this' anditu 'that' (>ni,tu) before a noun.
• The verbpərgi 'go' was reduced, and became a preposition 'towards'.
• Causative constructions were formed withkasi orbəri 'to give' orbikin orbuat 'to make'.
• A single preposition, oftensama, was used for multiple functions, including direct and indirect object.^[1]

For example,^[2]

• Rumahku 'my house' becomesAku punya rumah (lit. 'I have (that) house')
• Aku pukul dia 'I hit him' becomesAku kasi pukul dia (lit. 'I give a hit to him')
• Ardi dipukul oleh Dani 'Ardi is hit by Dani' becomesArdi kena pukul dek Dani

Baba Malay is spoken by thePeranakans inMalacca (in Malaysia) andSingapore. A typical contact language betweenHokkien male settlers and local Malay women, it has "more Hokkien grammar and more Malay lexicon".^[3] As of 2014, there are 1,000 speakers in Malaysia and another 1,000 in Singapore.^[3] It is mostly spoken among the older populations.^[4] In 1986, Pakir estimated there were 5,000 speakers in Singapore.^[3] ABaba Indonesian variant is also spoken inEast Java.

Example (spoken in Melaka-Singapore):^[5]

• Dia suka datang sini sembang.: He likes to come here and gossip.
• Keliap-keliap, dia naik angin.: Slightly provoked, he gets angry.
• Gua tunggu dia sampai gua k'ee geram.: I waited for him until I got angry.
• Oo-wa! Kinajeet, dia pasang kuat.: Wow! Today he dresses stylishly!

A kind ofBaba Malay, locally calledPeranakan from the ethnonym, is spoken amongChinese-Indonesians living in various regions of Indonesia, most visibly in Surabaya and Medan. It is a mixture of three languages:Indonesian (national language), a local language and Chinese elements (ancestry/ethnic language, particularly for certain jargon or glossary such as family relations, business and commerce, and culinary fields). The most famous variety is found in East Java, especially inSurabaya and surrounding areas, calledBasa Suroboyoan (Surabayan language), with a strong emphasis of low Javanese (ngoko Javanese) and informal tone, which is not only spoken by Chinese-Indonesian in Surabaya, but also by non-Chinese-Indonesians when conversing with the former.

Example (spoken inSurabaya):

• Kamu mbok ojok gitu!: Don't act that way!
• Yak apa kabarnya si Eli?: How's Eli?
• Ntik kamu pigio ambek cecemu ae ya.: Go with your sister, okay?
• Nih, makanen sakadae.: Please have a meal!
• Kamu cariken bukune koko ndhek rumahe Ling Ling.: Search your brother's book in Ling Ling's house.

Apart from East Javan Chinese-Indonesian, other Chinese-Indonesians tend to speak the language varieties of the places in which they live, such as the Central Javan Chinese-Indonesian can speak with formal/high Javanese (krama Javanese) when necessary, while in daily conversation they will use Indonesia-Javanese-Chinese pidgin. West Javan Chinese-Indonesians tend to mixSundanese in their vocabulary, and Medan (North Sumatran) Chinese-Indonesian have moreHokkien words mixed in.

Singapore Bazaar Malay, also known asBazaar Malay,Pasar Malay, orMarket Malay, is a Malay-lexified pidgin, which is spoken in Singapore.^[22] Tamil and Hokkien contributed to the development of Bazaar Malay, with Hokkien being the dominant substrate language of Bazaar Malay, with Malay being the lexifier language.^[23] However, there are many input languages spoken by immigrants that also contributed to the development of Bazaar Malay, including languages spoken by Malays, Chinese, Indians, Eurasians, and Europeans. Singapore Bazaar Malay emerged along with the opening of Singapore's free trade port in 1819, to overcome barriers in communication and business transactions. Since Singapore has only four official languages (English, Mandarin, Malay, and Tamil), Singapore Bazaar Malay not only is a lingua franca in interethnic communication, it is also used in intra-group communication. Singapore Bazaar Malay is mostly spoken by elders and middle-aged workers today, but its language status is declining due to education policies and language campaigns with less than 10,000 speakers.^[22]

Bazaar Malay is used in a limited extent in Singapore and Malaysia, mostly among the older generation or people with no working knowledge of English.^[22] The most important reason that contributed to the decline of Bazaar Malay is that pidgin Malay hascreolised and created several new languages.^[24] Another reason is due to language shift in both formal and informal contexts, Bazaar Malay in Singapore is gradually being replaced by English, with English and its creoleSinglish being the lingua franca among the younger generations.^[22]

A creolised variant of standardMalay,Sabah Malay is a local trade orMalay-basedcreole language.^[27] There are a large number of native speakers in urban areas, mainly children who have it as first or second native language. There are also some speakers in the southernmost parts of the Philippines, particularly in theSulu Archipelago as a trade language, also spoken in south Palawan. There are loanwords fromDusun,Tausug,Sama-Bajau languages,Chabacano,Brunei Malay,Indonesian, standardMalaysian as well as other ethnic native languages of Sabah & North Kalimantan.

Makassar Malay is a creole-based mixed language, which is built of Bazaar Malay lexicon,Makassarese inflections, and mixed Malay/Makassarese syntax.^[29][30]

It is now widely spoken as the first language in Makassar City and its surrounding areas, especially those who were born after 1980's. It has widely spread to the entire region in southern part of Sulawesi island, including in the provinces of Sulawesi Selatan, Sulawesi Tenggara, and Sulawesi Barat as regional lingua franca or as second language due to contact or doing business with people from Makassar City.

Makassar Malay used as a default dialect or neutral language when communicating with people from other tribes or ethnicities whom do not share the same local language to the native local speakers in those three provinces. It appears that Makassar Malay also used as the first language of younger generation who live in the cities or regencies' capital across those three provinces.

Furthermore, apart from those three provinces in the southern part of Sulawesi island, Makassar Malay also used by people in some parts of Sulawesi Tengah Province, especially when communicating with people from those three provinces. It can also be used when communicating with people from other people from other provinces in Eastern Indonesia and in the province of East Kalimantan.^[31]

Balinese Malay or Loloan Malay is a dialect of Malay spoken in the island ofBali. It is also known asOmong Kampong ("village speak") by its speakers. Balinese Malay is the primary language of ethnic Malay who live in the northwestern part of the island, mainly in the districts of Melaya and Negara,Jembrana Regency.^[33] The current language status is threatened.^[34]

The creoles of eastern Indonesia^[36] appear to have formed as Malays, using lingua franca Malay, established their monopoly on the spice trade before the European colonial era. They have a number of features in common:

• ə becomesa,e, or assimilates to the following vowel
• i, u lowered toe, o in some environments, especially when it is at the end of a syllable
• there is a loss of final plosivesp, t, k, andn the neutralisation of final nasals in part of the lexicon
• theperfective markerjuga reduces toju orjo
• theperfective markerlebih reduces tole
• theperfective markermau reduces tomo
• theperfective markermana reduces toma (as this only occur on Kupang Malay).
• theperfective markerdan reduces todeng
• theperfective markerpun reduces topung
• theperfective markersudah reduces tosu orso^[1]

For example:^[2]

• makan becomesmakang
• pərgi becomespigi orpi
• tərkəjut becomestakajo
• ləmbut becomeslombo
• dapat becomesdapa
• jangan becomesjang
• pada becomespa
• lupa becomeslu

There is a loss of diphthongs:

• the diphthong "au" become to"o"
• the diphthong"ai" reduces to"e"
• the letter" u" become"o"

There are many affixes that the pronunciation is simplified:

• The prefix "mə(N)" reduces to "ma"
• The prefix"bə(r)", reduces to"ba"
• The prefix"tə(r)", reduces to"ta"
• The prefix"kə", reduces to"ka"

For example:

The loss of middle"ə" and"h" in the last end of words:

• tərbəlah becomestabala
• bərtəngkar becomesbatengkar
• mənangis becomesmanangis
• kəhidupan becomeskaidopan

Alor Malay is spoken in theAlor archipelago. Speakers perceive Alor Malay to be a different register of standard Indonesian, but both of these are prestige varieties of the archipelago. Many people are able to understand standard Indonesian, but cannot speak it fluently and choose to use Alor Malay on a daily basis.^[37]

Alor Malay is based on Kupang Malay; however, Alor Malay differs significantly from Kupang Malay, especially in its pronouns.^[38]

Banda Malay is a distinct variant of Moluccan Malay, spoken inBanda Islands,Maluku. Significantly different from Ambonese Malay and for Ambonese, Banda Malay tends to be perceived as sounding funny due to its unique features.

Example :

• beta : I
• pane : you
• katorang : we
• mir : ants (deviated from Dutch :mier)

Dili Malay is a variety of trade Malay spoken inDili,Timor Leste especially in the Kampung Alor area. According to experts, before becoming themother tongue of a number of its speakers, this language was originally apidgin language (Bloomfield, 1933; Hall, 1966). Then, in its development, this pidgin language became acreole language which was used in wider social interactions in society (Todd, 1974:50).^[40] Due to the long historical presence of thePortuguese in East Timor, several Dili Malay loanwords originate fromPortuguese andTetum, with little influences from other native languages.

Gorap
Native to	Indonesia
Region	Northern andwestern regions of Halmahera Island (mainly)
Ethnicity	Gorap people
Native speakers	(1,000 cited 1992)[41]
Language family	Malay-based creole Eastern Indonesia Malay Manadoic Malay Gorap
Official status
Recognised minority language in	Indonesia
Language codes
ISO 639-3	goq
Glottolog	gora1261
ELP	Gorap
Gorap language classified as Endangered byUNESCO in itsAtlas of the World's Languages at Risk of Extinction.
This article containsIPA phonetic symbols. Without properrendering support, you may seequestion marks, boxes, or other symbols instead ofUnicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, seeHelp:IPA.

Gorap is a Malay-based creole language predominantly spoken by Gorap (Bobaneigo)^[42] ethnic group, indigenous towestern andnorthern regions of the Indonesian island ofHalmahera.^[43] It shares vocabulary with otherPapuan languages and some of languages spoken in Sulawesi, such asBuginese andCia-Cia. Roughly around 60 out of 200 attested words in this language were indicated sharing vocabulary with those languages.^[44]

Maumere Malay is a Malay-based creole on or even apidgin spoken inMaumere, a small town on the north coast ofFlores Island,East Nusa Tenggara. There is no clear classification of this language, but if we look at the linguistic characteristics and speech conditions, this language is included in the pidgin language, because the vocabulary and grammar are limited, and often taken from several different languages. This language is most commonly used in situations such as trade or when people speak different languages and do not understand each other.^[51][52]

Sula Malay is a variety of Malay-based creole language which is generally used bymultiethnic society inSula Islands andTaliabu Island in the southwest part ofNorth Maluku. The Sula Malay is heavily influenced by other languages, This can be found in loan words originating fromAmbonese Malay andDutch language can be found in Sula Malay. Some contraction vocabulary can also be found in this language, as is the case inNorth Moluccan Malay (Ternate Malay).^[54]

• Allen, Robert B. Jr.; Hayami-Allen, Rika (2002)."Orientation in the Spice Islands"(PDF). In Macken, Marlys (ed.).Papers from the Tenth Annual Meeting of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society. Tempe: Program for Southeast Asian Studies, Arizona State University. pp. 21–38.ISBN 1-881044-29-7.OCLC 50506465. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 25 December 2022.
• Bos, Paula R. (2005). "Nagi music and community: belonging and displacement in Larantuka, eastern Indonesia". In Hae-kyung Um (ed.).Diasporas and Interculturalism in Asian Performing Arts: Translating Traditions. Abingdon–New York: RoutledgeCurzon. pp. 144–158.doi:10.4324/9780203641903.ISBN 0-203-64190-6.OCLC 53215736.ISBN 0-700-71586-X.
• Bowden, John (2005)."Language Contact and Metatypic Restructuring in the Directional System of North Maluku Malay"(PDF).Concentric: Studies in Linguistics.31 (2):133–158.
• Henley, David (1996).Nationalism and regionalism in a colonial context: Minahasa in the Dutch East Indies. Leiden: KITLV Press.
• Kluge, Angela Johanna Helene (2014).A Grammar of Papuan Malay (PhD). LOT Dissertation Series 361. Leiden University.hdl:1887/25849.
• Lim, Sonny (1988). "Baba Malay: the language of the 'Straits-born' Chinese". In Steinhauer, H. (ed.).Papers in Western Austronesian Linguistics No. 3. Pacific Linguistics Series A - No.78. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University. pp. 1–61.doi:10.15144/PL-A78.hdl:1885/145107.ISBN 0-85883-382-4.
• Paauw, Scott H. (2009).The Malay contact varieties of eastern Indonesia: A typological comparison(PDF). The State University of New York at Buffalo.OCLC 6002898562. Retrieved8 August 2021.
• Paulo, Derrick A (21 October 2018)."Meet the Chetti Melaka, or Peranakan Indians, striving to save their vanishing culture".CNA. Retrieved28 April 2021.
• Steinhauer, Hein (1991). "Malay in east Indonesia: the case of Larantuka (Flores)".Papers in Austronesian Linguistics(PDF). Pacific Linguistics A-81. Canberra: Department of Linguistics, Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University. pp. 177–195.doi:10.15144/PL-A81.177.ISBN 0858834022.OCLC 646958819. Retrieved14 January 2023.
• Stoel, Ruben (2007). "The Intonation of Manado Malay". In van Heuven, Vincent J.; van Zanten, Ellen (eds.).Prosody in Indonesian Languages. LOT Occasional Series, Vol. 9. Utrecht: LOT, Netherlands Graduate School of Linguistics. pp. 117–150.CiteSeerX 10.1.1.464.9608.ISBN 978-90-78328-44-5.

Balinese Malay test ofWikipedia atWikimedia Incubator

Betawi test ofWikipedia atWikimedia Incubator

Kupang Malay test ofWikipedia atWikimedia Incubator

Makassar Malay test ofWikipedia atWikimedia Incubator

Manado Malay test ofWikipedia atWikimedia Incubator

North Moluccan Malay test ofWikipedia atWikimedia Incubator

Papuan Malay test ofWikipedia atWikimedia Incubator

• A Baba Malay Dictionary by William Gwee Thian Hock
• Malay creole boy, Hottentot Square Cape Town; Malay boy of Cape Town [picture] / George French Angas delt. et lithog.
• The Malay Chetty Creole Language Of Malacca A Historical And Linguistic Perspective

• Ethnologue: Malay-based creoles

• Malay-based pidgins and creoles
• Languages of Indonesia
• Languages of Malaysia
• Languages of Australia
• Languages of Singapore
• Malay dialects

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