This article containsBalochi text, written from right to left with some letters joined. Without properrendering support, you may see unjoined Balochi letters or other symbols instead ofBalochi script.
Balochi varieties constitute a dialect continuum and collectively at least have 10 million native speakers. The main varieties of Balochi are Eastern (Soleimani),Southern (Makrani) andWestern (Rakhshani).[5] TheKoroshi dialect is a dialect of the Balochi language, spoken mainly in the provinces ofFars andHormozgan.[6][5][7]
Literacy for most Baloch-speakers is not in Balochi, but inUrdu in Pakistan andPersian in Afghanistan and Iran. Even now very few Baloch read Balochi, in any of the countries, even though the alphabet in which it is printed is essentially identical to Persian and Urdu.
Balochi belongs to theWestern Iranian subgroup, and its original homeland is suggested to be around the centralCaspian region.[9]
Glottolog classifies four different varieties, namelyKoroshi, Southern Balochi and Western Balochi (grouped under a "Southern-Western Balochi" branch), and Eastern Balochi, all under the "Balochic" group.[10]
According toCarina Jahani research,[11][12] ISO 639-3 groups Southern, Eastern, and Western Baloch under the Balochi macrolanguage, keeping Koroshi separate.
Southern group orMakrani dialect (part of the Makrani dialect group): Spoken in the southern parts of Balochistan, including coastal areas likeGwadar,Chabahar, and southern Pakistan.[13]
Western group (part of theRakhshani dialect group) : Predominantly spoken in western Balochistan, including parts of Iran and Afghanistan. Commonly spoken inSistan and Balochestan province andKhorasan in Iran.[6][13]
Elfenbein divides the dialects of the Balochi language into six categories: Rakhshani (subdialects: Kalati and Sarhaddi), Panjguri, Saravani, Lashari, Kechi, and Coastal Dialects.[9]
Kalati (areas betweenLas Bela in the north of Karachi toMastung in the south of QuettaChaghi andKharan (northern areas of Balochistan, Pakistan, includingNoshki,Dalbandin, Kharan, and Kalat).
Panjguri(southern and southwestern areas of Afghanistan, mainly the areas around the Helmand River).
Sarhadhi (an area that extends from the east to Dalbandin in Pakistan and from the northeast toChahar Burjak in Afghanistan, and includesMerv in the Republic of Turkmenistan and Sistan in Iran, withNosratabad in Balochistan, Iran, forming its southernmost part).
Panjguri[15][11]It includes most of the Kharan region, with thekech River forming its southern border and theRakhshan River its northern border, and Kolwa located to its east.[9]
Saravani[15]Saravan and its surrounding areas, withKhash as its northern border and Espidan as its western border. In later works, Elfenbein,Iranshahr, andBampur are also considered to be within the Saravani dialect area.[9][11]
There are two main dialects: the dialect of the Mandwani (northern) tribes and the dialect of the Domki (southern) tribes.[18] The dialectal differences are not very significant.[18] One difference is that grammatical terminations in the northern dialect are less distinct compared with those in the southern tribes.[18] An isolated dialect isKoroshi, which is spoken in the Qashqai tribal confederation in theFars province. Koroshi distinguishes itself in grammar and lexicon among Balochi varieties.[19]
Uppsala University offers a course titled Balochi A, which provides basic knowledge of the phonetics and syntax of the Balochi language.[13]Carina Jahani is a prominent SwedishIranologist and professor ofIranian languages at Uppsala University, deeply researching in the study and preservation of the Balochi language.[21]
The Balochi vowel system has at least eight vowels: fivelong and threeshort.[22][page needed] These are/aː/,/eː/,/iː/,/oː/,/uː/,/a/,/i/ and/u/. The short vowels have morecentralized phonetic quality than the long vowels. The variety spoken inKarachi also has nasalized vowels, most importantly/ẽː/ and/ãː/.[23][page needed] In addition to these eight vowels, Balochi has two vowel glides, that is /aw/ and /aj/.[24]
The following table shows consonants which are common to both Western (Northern) and Southern Balochi.[25][page needed] The consonants /s/, /z/, /n/, /ɾ/ and /l/ are articulated asalveolar in Western Balochi. The plosives /t/ and /d/ are dental in both dialects. The symbol ń is used to denotenasalization of the precedingvowel.[24]
^The retroflex tap has a very limited distribution.
In addition,/f/ occurs in a few words in Southern Balochi./x/ (voiceless velar fricative) in someloanwords in Southern Balochi corresponding to/χ/ (voiceless uvular fricative) in Western Balochi; and/ɣ/ (voiced velar fricative) in some loanwords in Southern Balochi corresponding to/ʁ/ (voiced uvular fricative) in Western Balochi.
In Eastern Balochi, it is noted that the stop and glide consonants may also occur as aspirated allophones in word initial position as[pʰtʰʈʰt͡ʃʰkʰ] and[wʱ]. Allophones of stops in postvocalic position include for voiceless stops,[fθx] and for voiced stops[βðɣ]./nl/ are also dentalized as[n̪l̪].[26]
Difference between a question and a statement is marked with the tone, when there is no question word. Rising tone marks the question and falling tone the statement.[24] Statements and questions with a question word are characterized by falling intonation at the end of the sentence.[24]
Falling Intonation – Statement
Language
Example
Latin
(Á) wassh ent.
Perso-Arabic with Urdu alphabet
.آ) وشّ اِنت)
English
He is well.
Falling Intonation – Question
Language
Example
Latin
(Taw) kojá raway?
Perso-Arabic with Urdu alphabet
تئو) کجا رئوئے؟)
English
Where are you going?
Questions without a question word are characterized by rising intonation at the end of the sentence.[24]
Rising Intonation – Question
Language
Example
Latin
(Á) wassh ent?
Perso-Arabic with Urdu alphabet
آ) وشّ اِنت؟)
English
Is he well?
Both coordinate and subordinate clauses that precede the final clause in the sentence have rising intonation. The final clause in the sentence has falling intonation.[24]
Rising Intonation – In clauses that precede the final clause
Language
Example
Latin
Shahray kuchah o damkán hechkas gendaga nabut o bázár angat band at.
The normal word order issubject–object–verb. Like many other Indo-Iranian languages, Balochi also featuressplit ergativity. The subject is marked as nominative except for the past tense constructions where the subject of atransitive verb is marked asoblique and the verb agrees with theobject.[27] Balochi, like many Western Iranian languages, has lost theOld Iranian gender distinctions.[9]
Much of the Balochi number system is identical toPersian.[28] According toMansel Longworth Dames, Balochi writes the first twelve numbers as follows:[29]
Balochi was not a written language before the 19th century,[30] and thePersian script was used to write Balochi wherever necessary.[30] However, Balochi was still spoken at the Baloch courts.[citation needed]
British colonial officers first wrote Balochi with the Latin script.[31] Following the creation of Pakistan, Baloch scholars adopted thePersian alphabet. The first collection of poetry in Balochi,Gulbang byMir Gul Khan Nasir, was published in 1951 and incorporated theArabic Script. It was much later that Sayad Zahoor Shah Hashemi wrote a comprehensive guidance on the usage of Arabic script and standardized it as the Balochi Orthography in Pakistan and Iran. This earned him the title of the 'Father of Balochi'. His guidelines are widely used in Eastern and Western Balochistan. In Afghanistan, Balochi is still written in a modified Arabic script based onPersian.[citation needed]
In 2002, a conference was held to help standardize the script that would be used for Balochi.[32]
The following alphabet was used bySyed Zahoor Shah Hashmi in his lexicon of BalochiSayad Ganj (سید گنج) (lit.Sayad's Treasure).[33][34] Until the creation of theBalochi Standard Alphabet, it was by far the most widely used alphabet for writing Balochi, and is still used very frequently.
TheBalochi Standard Alphabet, standardized by Balochi Academy Sarbaz, consists of 29 letters.[35] It is an extension of thePerso-Arabic script and borrows a few glyphs fromUrdu. It is also sometimes referred to as Balo-Rabi or Balòrabi. Today, it is the preferred script to use in a professional setting and by educated folk.
The following Latin-based alphabet was adopted by the International Workshop on "Balochi Roman Orthography" (University of Uppsala, Sweden, 28–30 May 2000).[36]
Alphabetical order
a á b c d ď e f g ĝ h i í j k l m n o p q r ř s š t ť u ú v w x y z ž ay aw (33 letters and 2 digraphs)
In 1933, theSoviet Union adopted a Latin-based alphabet for Balochi as follows:
The Balochi alphabet in Latin
a
ə
ʙ
c
ç
d
ᶁ
e
f
g
h
i
j
k
ʟ
m
n
o
p
q
ʼ
r
s
t
ƫ
u
v
w
x
z
ƶ
The alphabet was used for several texts, including children's books, newspapers, and ideological works. In 1938, however, the official use of Balochi was discontinued.[38]
In 1989, Mammad Sherdil, a teacher from theTurkmen SSR, approached Balochi language researcher Sergei Axenov with the idea of creating aCyrillic-based alphabet for Balochi. Before this, the Cyrillic script was already used for writing Balochi and was used in several publications but the alphabet was not standardized. In 1990, the alphabet was finished. It included the following letters:
The Balochi alphabet in Cyrillic
а
а̄
б
в
г
ғ
д
д̨
е
ё
ж
җ
з
и
ӣ
й
к
қ
л
м
н
о
п
р
ꝑ
с
т
т̵
у
ӯ
ф
х
ц
ч
ш
щ
ъ
ы
ь
э
ю
я
The project was approved with some minor changes (қ,ꝑ, andы were removed due to the rarity of those sounds in Balochi, andо̄ was added). From 1992 to 1993, several primary school textbooks were printed in this script. In the early 2000s, the script fell out of use.[39]
^"worldhistory".titus.fkidg1.uni-frankfurt.de. Retrieved20 February 2022.
^Spooner, Brian (2011). "10. Balochi: Towards a Biography of the Language". In Schiffman, Harold F. (ed.).Language Policy and Language Conflict in Afghanistan and Its Neighbors. Brill. p. 319.ISBN978-9004201453.It [Balochi] is spoken by three to five million people in Pakistan, Iran, Afghanistan, Oman and the Persian Gulf states, Turkmenistan, East Africa, and diaspora communities in other parts of the world.
^Spooner, Brian (2011). "10. Balochi: Towards a Biography of the Language". In Schiffman, Harold F. (ed.).Language Policy and Language Conflict in Afghanistan and Its Neighbors. Brill. p. 320.ISBN978-9004201453.
^"Balochi".National Virtual Translation Center. Archived fromthe original on 18 November 2007. Retrieved20 June 2015.
^Korn, Agnes (2006)."Counting Sheep and Camels in Balochi".Indoiranskoe jazykoznanie i tipologija jazykovyx situacij. Sbornik statej k 75-letiju professora A. L. Grjunberga (1930–1995). Nauka. pp. 201–212. Retrieved16 January 2020.
^Jahani, Carina (2019).A grammar of modern standard Balochi. Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis. Studia Iranica Upsaliensia. Uppsala: Uppsala Universitet.ISBN978-91-513-0820-3.
^Axenov, Sergei (2000).Language in Society: Eight Sociolinguistic Essays on Balochi. Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis. Studia Iranica Upsaliensia. Uppsala: Uppsala Universitet. pp. 71–78.ISBN91-554-4679-5.
^Kokaislova P., Kokaisl P. (2012).Центральная Азия и Кавказ (in Russian).ISSN1403-7068.
Farrell, Tim (1990).Basic Balochi: an introductory course. Naples: Università degli Studi di Napoli "L'Orientale".OCLC40953807.
Jahani, Carina; Korn, Agnes (2009). "Balochi". In Windfuhr, Gernot (ed.).The Iranian languages. Routledge Language Family Series (1st ed.). London: Routledge. pp. 634–692.ISBN978-0-7007-1131-4.
Serge, Axenov (2006).The Balochi language of Turkmenistan: a corpus based grammatical description. Stockholm: Uppsala Universitet.ISBN978-91-554-6766-1.OCLC82163314.
Jahani, Carina; Korn, Agnes, eds. (2003).The Baloch and Their Neighbours: Ethnic and Linguistic Contact in Balochistan in Historical and Modern Times. In cooperation with Gunilla Gren-Eklund. Wiesbaden: Reichert.ISBN978-3-89500-366-0.OCLC55149070.
Jahani, Carina, ed. (2000).Language in society: eight sociolinguistic essays on Balochi. Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis. Uppsala University.ISBN978-91-554-4679-6.OCLC44509598.
Śe Ragám. 2012.Batal, Gwaśtin u Gálband. Balócí Akademí. p. 268.
Abdul Azíz Daolatí Baxśán. 1388.Nám u Ném Nám: Farhang Námhá Balúcí. Tihrán: Pázína. p. 180.
Nazeer Dawood. 2007.Balochi into English Dictionary. Gwádar: Drad Publications. p. 208.
Abdul Kaiúm Balóc. 2005.Balócí Búmíá. Balócí Akademí. p. 405.
Ján Mahmad Daśtí. 2015.Balócí Labz Balad [Balochi/Balochi Dictionary]. Balócí Akademí. p. 1255.
Bogoljubov, Mixail, et al. (eds.).Indoiranskoe jazykoznanie i tipologija jazykovyx situacij. Sbornik statej k 75-letiju professora A. L. Gryunberga. St. Pétersbourg (Nauka). pp. 201–212.
Marri, M. K. and Marri, S. K. 1970.Balúcí-Urdú Lughat. Quetta: Balochi Academy. 332 p.
Mayer, T. J. L. 1900.English-Baluchi Dictionary. Lahore: Government Press.
Orthography
Jahani, Carina. 1990.Standardization and orthography in the Balochi language. Studia Iranica Upsaliensia. Uppsala, Sweden: Almqvist & Wiksell Internat.
Sayad Háśumí. 1964.Balócí Syáhag u Rást Nibíssag. Dabai: Sayad Háśumí Balóc. p. 144.
Ghaos Bahár. 1998. Balócí Lékwaŕ. Balócí Akademí. p. 227.
Ziá Balóc. 2015.Balócí Rást Nibíssí. Raísí Cáp u Śingjáh. p. 264.
Axtar Nadím. 1997.Nibiśta Ráhband. Balócí Akedimí. p. 206.
Táj Balóc. 2015.Sarámad (Roman Orthography). Bahren: Balóc Kalab. p. 110.
Courses and study guides
Barker, Muhammad A. and Aaqil Khan Mengal. 1969.A course in Baluchi. Montreal: McGill University.
Collett, Nigel A. 1986.A Grammar, Phrase-book, and Vocabulary of Baluchi (As Spoken in the Sultanate of Oman). Abingdon: Burgess & Son.
Natawa, T. 1981.Baluchi (Asian and African Grammatical Manuals 17b). Tokyo. 351 p.
Munazzih Batúl Baóc. 2008.Ásán Balúcí Bólcál. Balócí Akademí. p. 152.
Abdul Azíz Jázimí.Balócí Gappe Káidaián. p. 32.
Muhammad Zarrín Nigár.Dastúr Tatbíkí Zabáne Balúcí bá Fársí. Íránśahr: Bunyáde Naśre Farhange Balóc. p. 136.
Gilbertson, George W. 1923.The Balochi language. A grammar and manual. Hertford: Stephen Austin & Sons.
Bugti, A. M. 1978.Balócí-Urdú Bólcál. Quetta: Kalat Publications.
Ayyúb Ayyúbí. 1381.Dastúr Zabán Fársí bih Balúcí. Íránśahr: Intiśárát Asátír. p. 200.
Hitturam, R. B. 1881.Biluchi Nameh: A Text-book of the Biluchi Language. Lahore.
Etymological and historical studies
Elfenbein, J. 1985. Balochi from Khotan. In: Studia Iranica. Vol. XIV (2): 223–238.
Gladstone, C. E. 1874. Biluchi Handbook. Lahore.
Hashmi, S. Z. S. 1986. Balúcí Zabán va Adab kí Táríx [The History of Balochi language and Literature: A Survey]. Karachi: Sayad Hashmi Academy.
Korn, A. 2005. Towards a Historical Grammar of Balochi. Studies in Balochi Historical Phonology and Vocabulary [Beiträge zur Iranistik 26]. Wiesbaden (Reichert).
Korn, A. 2009. The Ergative System in Balochi from a Typological Perspective // Iranian Journal for Applied Language Studies I. pp. 43–79.
Korn, A. 2003. The Outcome of Proto-Iranian *ṛ in Balochi // Iran : Questions et connaissances. Actes du IVe congrès européen des études iraniennes, organisé par la Societas Iranologica Europaea, Paris, 6–10 septembre 1999. III : Cultures et sociétés contemporaines, éd. Bernard HOURCADE [Studia Iranica Cahier 27]. Leuven (Peeters). pp. 65–75.
Mengal, A. K. 1990. A Persian-Pahlavi-Balochi Vocabulary I (A-C). Quetta: Balochi Academy.
Morgenstiene, G. 1932. Notes on Balochi Etymology. Norsk Tidsskrift for Sprogvidenskap. p. 37–53.
Moshkalo, V. V. 1988. Reflections of the Old Iranian Preverbs on the Baluchi Verbs. Naples: Newsletter of Baluchistan Studies. No. 5: pp. 71–74.
Moshkalo, V. V. 1991. Beludzskij Jazyk. In: Osnovy Iranskogo Jazykozanija. Novoiranskie Jazyki I. Moscow. p. 5–90.
Dialectology
Dames, M. L. 1881. A Sketch of the Northern Balochi Language. Calcutta: The Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal.
Elfenbein, J. 1966. The Baluchi Language. A Dialectology with Text. London.
Filipone, E. 1990. Organization of Space: Cognitive Models and Baluchi Dialectology. Newsletter of Baluchistan Studies. Naples. Vol. 7: pp. 29–39.
Gafferberg, E. G. 1969. Beludzhi Turkmenskoi. SSR: Ocherki Khoziaistva Material'oni Kultuy I Byta. sn.
Geiger, W. 1889. Etymologie des Baluci. Abhandlungen der I. Classe der Königlich Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Vol. XIX(I): pp. 105–53.
Marston, E. W. 1877. Grammar and Vocabulary of the Mekranee Beloochee Dialect. Bombay.
Pierce, E. 1874. A Description of the Mekranee-Beloochee Dialect. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. Vol. XI: 1–98.
Pierce, E. 1875. Makrani Balochi. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. 11: N. 31.
Rossi, A. V. 1979. Phonemics in Balochi and Modern Dialectology. Naples: Instituto Universitario Orientale, Dipartimento di Studi Asiatici. Iranica, pp. 161–232.
Rahman, T. 1996. The Balochi/Brahvi Language Movements in Pakistan.Journal of South Asian and Middle Eastern Studies. Vol. 19(3): 71–88.
Rahman, T. 2001. The Learning of Balochi and Brahvi in Pakistan.Journal of South Asian and Middle Eastern Studies. Vol. 24(4): 45–59.
Rahman, T. 2002. Language Teaching and Power in Pakistan.Indian Social Science Review. 5(1): 45–61.
Language contact
Elfenbein, J. 1982. Notes on the Balochi-Brahui Linguistic Commensality. In: TPhS, pp. 77–98.
Foxton, W. 1985. Arabic/Baluchi Bilingualism in Oman. Naples: Newsletter of Baluchistan Studies. N. 2 pp. 31–39.
Natawa, T. 1970. The Baluchis in Afghanistan and their Language. pp. II:417-18. In: Endo, B. et al. Proceedings, VIIIth International Congress of Anthropological and Ethnological Sciences, 1968, Tokyo and Kyoto. Tokyo: Science Council of Japan.
Rzehak, L. 1995. Menschen des Rückens – Menschen des Bauches: Sprache und Wirklichkeit im Verwandtschaftssystem der Belutschen. pp. 207–229. In: Reck, C. & Zieme, P. (ed.); Iran und Turfan. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
Elfenbein, Josef. 1997. "Balochi Phonology". In Kaye, Alan S. Phonologies of Asia and Africa. 1. pp. 761–776.
Farideh Okati. 2012. The Vowel Systems of Five Iranian Balochi Dialects. Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis: Studia linguistica Upsaliensia. p. 241.
Grammar and morphology
Farrell, Tim. 1989. A study of ergativity in Balochi.' M.A. thesis: School of Oriental & African Studies, University of London.
Farrell, Tim. 1995. Fading ergativity? A study of ergativity in Balochi. In David C. Bennett, Theodora Bynon & B. George Hewitt (eds.), Subject, voice, and ergativity: Selected essays, 218–243. London: School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London.
Korn, Agnes. 2009. Marking of arguments in Balochi ergative and mixed constructions. In Simin Karimi, VIda Samiian & Donald Stilo (eds.) Aspects of Iranian Linguistics, 249–276. Newcastle upon Tyne (UK): Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
Abraham, W. 1996. The Aspect-Case Typology Correlation: Perfectivity Triggering Split Ergativity. Folia Linguistica Vol. 30 (1–2): pp. 5–34.
Ahmadzai, N. K. B. M. 1984. The Grammar of Balochi Language. Quetta: Balochi Academy, iii, 193 p.
Andronov, M. S. 2001. A Grammar of the Balochi Language in Comparative Treatment. Munich.
Bashir, E. L. 1991. A Contrastive Analysis of Balochi and Urdu. Washington, D.C. Academy for Educational Development, xxiii, 333 p.
Jahani, C. (1994). "Notes on the Use of Genitive Construction Versus Izafa Construction in Iranian Balochi".Studia Iranica.23 (2):285–98.doi:10.2143/SI.23.2.2014308.
Jahani, C. (1999). "Persian Influence on Some Verbal Constructions in Iranian Balochi".Studia Iranica.28 (1):123–143.doi:10.2143/SI.28.1.2003920.
Leech, R. 1838. Grammar of the Balochky Language. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. Vol. VII(2): p. 608.
Mockler, E. 1877. Introduction to a Grammar of the Balochee Language. London.
Nasir, K. A. B. M. 1975. Balócí Kárgónag. Quetta.
Sabir, A. R. 1995. Morphological Similarities in Brahui and Balochi Languages. International Journal of Dravidian Linguistics. Vol. 24(1): 1–8.
Semantics
Elfenbein, J. 1992. Measurement of Time and Space in Balochi. Studia Iranica, Vol. 21(2): pp. 247–254.
Filipone, E. 1996. Spatial Models and Locative Expressions in Baluchi. Naples: Instituto Universitario Orietale, Dipartimento di Studi Asiatici. 427 p.
Miscellaneous and surveys
Baloch, B. A. 1986. Balochi: On the Move. In: Mustada, Zubeida, ed. The South Asian Century: 1900–1999. Karachi: Oxford University Press. pp. 163–167.
Bausani, A. 1971. Baluchi Language and Literature. Mahfil: A Quarterly of South Asian Literature, Vol. 7 (1–2): pp. 43–54.
Munazzih Batúl Baóc. 2008.Ásán Balúcí Bólcál. Balócí Akademí. p. 633–644.
Elfenbein, J. 1989. Balochi. In: SCHMITT, pp. 350–362.
Geiger, W. 1901. Die Sprache der Balutschen. Geiger/Kuhn II, P. 231–248, Gelb, I. J. 1970. Makkan and Meluḫḫa in Early Mesopotamian Sources. Revue d'Assyriologie. Vol. LXIV: pp. 1–8.
Gichky, N. 1986. Baluchi Language and its Early Literature. Newsletter of Baluchistan Studies. No. 3, pp. 17–24.
Grierson, G. A. 1921. Balochi. In: Linguistic Survey of India X: Specimens of Languages of Eranian Family. Calcutta. pp. 327–451.
Ibragimov, B. 1973. Beludzhi Pakistana. Sots.-ekon. Polozhenie v Pakist. Beludhistane I nats. dvizhnie beludzhei v 1947–1970. Moskva. 143 p.
Jaffrey, A. A. 1964. New Trends in the Balochi Language. Bulletin of the Ancient Iranian Cultural Society. Vol. 1(3): 14–26.
Jahani, C. Balochi. In: Garry, J. and Rubino, C. (eds.). Facts About World's Languages. New York: H. W. Wilson Company. pp. 59–64.
Kamil Al-Qadri, S. M. 1969. Baluchi Language and Literature. Pakistan Quarterly. Vol. 17: pp. 60–65.
Morgenstiene, G. 1969. The Baluchi Language. Pakistan Quarterly. Vol. 17: 56–59.
Nasir, G. K. 1946. Riyásat Kalát kí Kaumí Zabán. Bolan.
Rooman, A. 1967. A Brief Survey of Baluchi Literature and Language. Journal of the Pakistan Historical Society. Vol. 15: 253–272.
Rossi, A. V. 1982–1983. Linguistic Inquiries in Baluchistan Towards Integrated Methodologies. Naples: Newsletter of Baluchistan Studies. N.1: 51–66.
Zarubin, I. 1930. Beiträge zum Studium von Sprache und Folklore der Belutschen. Zapiski Kollegii Vostokovedov. Vol. 5: 653–679.
