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Aball is a formal dance event often characterised by abanquet followed by asocial dance. Ball dancing emerged from formal dances during the Middle Ages and carried on through different iterations throughout succeeding centuries, such as the 17th centuryBaroque dance and the 18th centurycotillion. Several variations exists such as themasquerade anddebutante ball as well as the more modernprom.
The wordball derives from the Latin wordballare, meaning 'to dance', andbal was used to describe a formal dancing party inFrench in the 12th century. Theballo was anItalian Renaissance word for a type of elaborate court dance, and developed into one for the event at which it was performed. The word also covered performed pieces likeIl ballo delle ingrate byClaudio Monteverdi (1608). French developed the verbballer, and the nounbal for the event—from where it swapped into languages like English or German—andbailar, the Spanish and Portuguese verbs for 'to dance' (although all three Romance languages also knowdanser,danzar, anddançar respectively).Catalan uses the same word,ball, for the dance event.Ballet developed from the same root.
Elite formal dances in the Middle Ages often included elements of performance, which gradually increased until the 17th century, often reducing the amount of dancing by the whole company.Medieval dance featured many group dances, and this type of dance lasted throughout the period whenBaroque dance became common and occurred on until at least the 19th century, whendances for couples finally took over the formal dance. Many dances originated in popular forms but were given elegant formalizations for the elite ball. Dancing lessons were considered essential for both sexes.
Theballets de cour at the French court were part social dance and part performance. It declined in the later 17th century, whereupon the formal ball took over as a grand and large evening social event. Although most were strictly by invitation only, with printed invitations coming in the mid-18th century, some balls were public, either with tickets sold or in cases such as the celebration of royal events, open to anyone who was appropriately dressed. It was atThe Yew Tree Ball atVersailles in 1745 (a public ball celebrating the royal wedding ofMadame de Pompadour's son), that Pompadour was able to meet the disguised KingLouis XV, dressed as a hedge.[1] The distinction between a less formal "dance" and a formal "ball" was established very early, with improvised dancing happening after dinner, as it occurred inJane Austen'sPersuasion (1818).[2] In the 19th century, thedance card became common; here ladies recorded the names of the men who had booked a particular dance with them.
The grandest balls were at the French court in theChateau de Versailles, with others in Paris. At royal balls, most guests did not expect to be able to dance, at least until very late in the night.[3] Indeed, throughout the period dancers seem to have been a minority of the guests, and mostly drawn from the young and unmarried. Many guests were happy to talk, eat, drink, and watch. Abal blanc ("white ball", as opposed to abal en blanc, merely with an all-white theme) was or is only for unmarried girls and their chaperones, with the women all in white dresses. The moderndebutante ball may or may not continue these traditions, but are typically worn with pure whiteBall gown andopera-length white gloves.
A well-documented ball occurred atKingston Lacy,Dorset, England, on 19 December 1791. The occasion was to celebrate the completion of major alterations to the house and the event was organized by Frances Bankes, wife ofHenry Bankes, owner of the house. The event involved 140 guests, with dancing from 9pm to 7am, interrupted bysupper at 1am.[4] They would all have haddinner at home many hours earlier, before coming out. Other, grander, balls served supper even later, up to 3.30 a.m., at an 1811 London ball given by theDuchess of Bedford.[5]
TheDuchess of Richmond's ball inBrussels in 1815, dramatically interrupted by news of Napoleon's advance, and most males having to leave to rejoin their units for theBattle of Waterloo the next day, has been described as "the most famous ball in history".[6]
Balls also took place inColonial America especially after the early 18th-century. The wealthy who participated in these dances followed a strict social code with mistakes in choreography scrutinized and a loss of prestige would follow excessive dance errors.[7]
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