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Balinese architecture is avernacular architecture tradition ofBalinese people that inhabits the volcanic island ofBali,Indonesia. Balinese architecture is a centuries-old architectural tradition influenced byBalinese culture developed fromHindu influences through ancient Javanese intermediary, as well as pre-Hindu elements of native Balinese architecture.[1]
Today, the contemporary Balinese style is known as one of the most popular Asian tropical architecture,[2] due largely to the growth of the tourism industry in Bali that has created a demand for Balinese-style houses, cottages, villas, and hotels. Contemporary Balinese architecture combines traditional aesthetic principles, the island's abundance of natural materials, the famous artistry and craftsmanship of its people, as well as international architectural influences, new techniques, and trends.
Traditional Balinese buildings seek to be in harmony with the environment. Traditional Balinese houses are built almost entirely of organic materials.[2] They use natural materials such asthatch roofing, bamboo poles, woven bamboo, coconut wood, teak wood, brick, and stone. The thatched roof usually usesijuk (blackaren fibers), dried coconut orrumbia leaves, orsirap (hardwood shingles arranged like tiles) roof.[3] Stones and red bricks are usually used as foundations and walls, whilesandstone andandesite stone are usually carved as ornamentation.
Balinese people are known for their artistry. They have developed a sophisticatedsculpting tradition that manifests in architecture rich with ornamentation and interior decoration.Balinese temples and palaces are exquisitely decorated with rich ornamentations, both wooden and stone sculpting, which usually depict floral patterns. Balinese sculpture often served as gate guardians as twindvarapalas flanking entrances. The gates themselves are richly decorated withkala's head, floral ornaments, and vajra or ratna pinnacles. Other sculptures often serve as ornamentation, such as goddess or dragon waterspouts in bathing places.
Balinese architecture is developed from Balinese ways of life, their spatial organization, their communal-based social relationships, as well as philosophy and spirituality influenced its design; much owed toBalinese Hinduism. The common theme that often occurs in Balinese design is the tripartite divisions.[2]
Traditional Balinese architecture, adheres to strict and sacred building laws, allowing much open space and consisting of a spacious courtyard with many small pavilions, ringed by walls to keep out evil spirits and decorated with guardian statues.[4] The philosophical and conceptual basis underlining the development of Balinese traditional architecture includes several concepts such as:[5]
Other than artistic and technical mastery, all Balinese architects (Balinese:Undagi) are required to master these Balinese philosophical concepts concerning form, architecture, and spatial organization.
Balinese temples orpura (Sanskrit for: "walled city") are designed as open-air places of worship within enclosed walls, connected with a series of intricately decorated gates between their compounds. This walled compound contains several shrines,meru (towers), andbale (pavilions). The design, plan, and layout of the pura follow theTri Mandala concept of Balinese space allocation.[6] The threemandala zones areNista Mandala (jaba pisan): the outer zone,Madya Mandala (jaba tengah): the middle zone, andUtama Mandala (jero): the holiest and the most sacred zone.
Balinese temple usually contains apadmasana, the toweringlotus throne of the highest god,Acintya (Sang Hyang Widhi Wasa in modern Balinese), thepelinggih meru, (a multiple-roofed tower similar in design to theNepali orJapanesepagoda), and various pavilions, includingbale pawedan (vedic chanting pavilion),bale piyasan,bale pepelik (offering pavilion),bale panggungan,bale murda, andgedong penyimpenan (storehouse of the temple's relics).
Unlike European architecture, Balinese houses andpuri (palaces) are not created as a single huge building, but rather a collection of numerous structures within walled enclosures each with a special function; such as a front open pavilion to receive guests, main bedroom, other bedrooms,pelinggihan orpemrajan is a small family shrine, living areas, and kitchen. The kitchen and living areas that hold everyday mundane activities are usually separated from a family shrine. Most of these pavilions are created in Balinesebalé architecture, a thatched roof structure with or without walls similar to Javanesependopo. The walled enclosure is connected by a series of gates. Balinese architecture recognizes two types of gates, thecandi bentar split gate, andpaduraksa orkori roofed gates.
Compared to common Balinese houses, Balinese palace architecture features larger structures, richer ornamentation, and more elaborate decoration. Thebalé gede is a pavilion of 12 columns, where the oldest male of the family sleeps, whilewantilan is a rectangular wall-less public building, where people convene or holdcockfighting. Thebale kulkul is an elevated towering structure, topped with a small pavilion where thekulkul (Balineseslit drum) is placed. Thekulkul would be sounded as an alarm during a village, city, or palace emergency, or a sign to congregate villagers. In Balinese villages, there is abale banjar, a communal public building where the villagers congregate.
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Balinese gardens are usually created in a natural tropical style filled with tropical decorative plants in harmony with the environment. The garden is usually designed according to natural topography and hardly altered from its natural state. Some water gardens however are laid out in a formal design, with ponds and fountains, such asTaman Ayun andTirta Gangga water gardens.Bale kambang, which literary means "floating pavilion", is a pavilion surrounded with ponds usually filled with water lilies.Petirtaan is a bathing place, consisting of a series of ponds and fountains used for recreation as well as for ritual purification bathing. Examples ofpetirtaan are the bathing structures inGoa Gajah andTirta Empul.
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The prominence of Bali as a popular island resort with cultural significance has stimulated demand for modern Balinese architecture applied to tourism-related buildings. Hotels, villas, cottages, restaurants, shops, museums, and airports have incorporated Balinese themes, style, and design in their architecture.
