In Bali, the last tigers were recorded in the late 1930s. A few individuals likely survived into the 1940s and possibly 1950s. The population was hunted toextirpation and its naturalhabitat converted for human use.[4]
Balinese names for the tiger areharimau Bali andsamong.[5]
In 1912, the German zoologistErnst Schwarz described a skin and the skull of an adult female tiger in theSenckenberg Museum collection, that had originated in Bali. He named itFelis tigris balica and argued that it is distinct from theJavan tiger by its brighter fur colour and smaller skull with narrowerzygomatic arches.[6]In 1969, the distinctiveness of the Bali tiger was questioned, sincemorphological analysis of several tiger skulls from Bali revealed that size variation is similar to Javan tiger skulls. The hue and striping pattern of fur neither differ significantly.[7]A comparison ofmitochondrial DNA sequences from 23 museum specimens of Bali and Javan tigers with other living tiger subspecies revealed a close genetic resemblance of the tigers in the Sunda Islands. They form amonophyletic group distinct and equidistant from tigers in mainland Asia.[3]
In 2017, the Cat Classification Task Force of theCat Specialist Group revised felid taxonomy, and now recognizes the extinct Bali and Javan tiger populations, as well as theSumatran tiger population asP. t. sondaica.[2]
The Bali tiger was described as the smallest tiger in theSunda islands.[6] In the 20th century, only seven skins and skulls of tigers from Bali were known to be preserved in museum collections. The common feature of these skulls is the narrowoccipital plane, which is analogous with the shape of tiger skulls fromJava.[8] Skins of males measuredbetween the pegs are 220 to 230 cm (87 to 91 in) long from head to end of tail; those of females 190 to 210 cm (75 to 83 in). The weight of males ranged from 90 to 100 kg (200 to 220 lb), and of females from 65 to 80 kg (143 to 176 lb).[9]
Most of the known Bali tigerzoological specimens originated in western Bali, wheremangrove forests, dunes and savannah vegetation existed. The main prey of the Bali tiger was likely theJavan rusa (Rusa timorensis).[10]
A hunting party with a tiger shot in northwestern Bali, November 1911
A preserved skin of Bali tiger
At the end of the 19th century,palm plantations and irrigatedrice fields were established foremost on Bali's rich volcanic northern slopes and the alluvial strip around the island. Tiger hunting started after theDutch gained control over Bali.[10]During the Dutch colonial period, hunting trips were conducted by European sportsmen coming from Java, who had a romantic but disastrousVictorian hunting mentality and were equipped with high-poweredrifles. The preferred method of hunting tigers was to catch them with a large, heavy steel foot trap hidden under bait, a goat or amuntjac, and then shoot them at close range. ASurabayan gunmaker is confirmed to have killed over 20 tigers in only a few years.[11]In 1941, the first game reserve, today'sWest Bali National Park, was established in western Bali, but too late to save Bali's tiger population from extinction. It was probably eliminated by the end ofWorld War II. A few tigers may have survived until the 1950s, but no specimen reached museum collections after the war.[10]
A few tiger skulls, skins and bones are preserved in museums.The British Museum inLondon has the largest collection, with two skins and three skulls; others include the Senckenberg Museum inFrankfurt, theState Museum of Natural History Stuttgart, theNaturalis museum inLeiden and the Zoological Museum ofBogor, Indonesia, which owns the remnants of the last known Bali tiger. In 1997, a skull emerged in the old collection of theHungarian Natural History Museum and was scientifically studied and properly documented.[12]
The tiger had a well-defined position in Balinese folkloric beliefs and magic. It is mentioned in folk tales and depicted in traditional arts, as in theKamasan paintings of theKlungkung kingdom. The Balinese considered the ground powder of tiger whiskers to be a potent and undetectable poison for one's foe. A Balinese baby was given a protective amulet necklace withblack coral and "a tiger's tooth or a piece of tiger bone".[13]The traditional BalineseBarong dance preserves a figure with the mask of a tiger calledBarong Macan.[14]
^abcKitchener, A. C.; Breitenmoser-Würsten, C.; Eizirik, E.; Gentry, A.; Werdelin, L.; Wilting, A.; Yamaguchi, N.; Abramov, A. V.; Christiansen, P.; Driscoll, C.; Duckworth, J. W.; Johnson, W.; Luo, S.-J.; Meijaard, E.; O'Donoghue, P.; Sanderson, J.; Seymour, K.; Bruford, M.; Groves, C.; Hoffmann, M.; Nowell, K.; Timmons, Z.; Tobe, S. (2017)."A revised taxonomy of the Felidae: The final report of the Cat Classification Task Force of the IUCN Cat Specialist Group"(PDF).Cat News (Special Issue 11):66–68.
^Hemmer, H. (1969). "Zur Stellung des Tigers (Panthera tigris) der Insel Bali".Zeitschrift für Säugetierkunde.34:216–223.
^Mazak, V.; Groves, C. P.; Van Bree, P. (1978). "Skin and skull of the Bali Tiger, and a list of preserved specimens ofPanthera tigris balica (Schwarz, 1912)".Zeitschrift für Säugetierkunde.43 (2):108–113.
^abcSeidensticker, J. (1986). "Large carnivores and the consequences of habitat insularization: ecology and conservation of tigers in Indonesia and Bangladesh". In S. D. Miller; D. D. Everett (eds.).Cats of the World: biology, conservation, and management. Washington DC: National Wildlife Federation. pp. 1–41.
^Vojnich, G. (1913). A Kelet-Indiai Szigetcsoporton [in the East Indian Archipelago]. Budapest: Singer és Wolfner.
^Buzas, B. and Farkas, B. (1997). An additional skull of the Bali tiger,Panthera tigris balica (Schwarz) in the Hungarian Natural History Museum. Miscellanea Zoologica Hungarica Volume 11: 101–105.
^Covarrubias, M. (1937).Island Of Bali. New York: Alfred A. Knopf Inc. p. 105.
^Bandem, I. M. (1976). "Barong Dance".The World of Music.1 (3):45–52.JSTOR43563555.
