After the2007 United Nations Climate Change Conference held on the island ofBali inIndonesia in December 2007, the participating nations adopted theBali Road Map as a two-year process working towards finalizing a binding agreement at the2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference inCopenhagen, Denmark. The conference encompassed meetings of several bodies, including the 13th session of the Conference of the Parties (COP 13) to theUnited Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the third session of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to theKyoto Protocol (CMP 3).
The Bali Road Map includes the Bali Action Plan (BAP), which was adopted by Decision 1/CP.13 ofCOP-13. It also includes the Ad Hoc Working Group on Further Commitments for Annex I Parties under the Kyoto Protocol (AWG-KP)[1] negotiations and their 2009 deadline, the launch of the Adaptation Fund, the scope and content of the Article 9 review of the Kyoto Protocol, as well as decisions on technology transfer and on reducing emissions fromdeforestation.[2]
The participating nations acknowledged that evidence forglobal warming wasunequivocal, and that humans must reduce emissions to reduce the risks of "severe climate change impacts". The urgency in addressing climate change was accepted. There was a strong consensus for updated changes for both developed and developing countries. Although there were not specific numbers agreed upon in order to cut emissions, the decision recognized that there was a need for "deep cuts in global emissions" (several countries proposed 100% reductions by 2050) and that "developed country emissions must fall 10-40% by 2020".[3]
Enhanced action on mitigation of climate change includes, inter alia:
The nations pledge "policyapproaches and positive incentives" on issues relating toreducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD) in developing countries; and enhancement offorest carbon stock in developing countries This paragraph is referred to as “REDD-plus”.[4]
Participants agreed on enhanced co-operation to "support urgent implementation" of measures to protect poorer countries against climate change, includingNational Adaptation Programmes of Action (NAPAs).
Intechnology development andtransfer, the nations will consider how to facilitate the transfer of clean and renewable energy technologies from industrialised nations to the developing countries. This includes, inter alia:
Provision of financial resources and investment includes:
The Conference decided to establish two subsidiary bodies under the Convention to conduct the process, the Ad Hoc Working Group on Long-term Cooperative Action (AWG-LCA)[5] and the Ad Hoc Working Group on Further Commitments for Annex I Parties under the Kyoto Protocol (AWG-KP), which were to complete their work in 2009 and present the outcome to theCOP15/MOP 5.
The AWG-LCA and AWG-KP presented draft conclusions toCOP15 and CMP5, which contained many unresolved issues. The working groups were subsequently asked to report toCOP16 and CMP6 in Cancun, Mexico.
Four major UNFCCC meetings to implement the Bali Road Map were planned for 2008, with the first to be held in either March or April and the second in June, with the third in either August or September followed by a major meeting inPoznań, Poland in December 2008. The negotiation process was scheduled to conclude at theUnited Nations Climate Change Conference 2009 in Copenhagen.
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