| Baku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan pipeline | |
|---|---|
.svg) Location of Baku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan pipeline | |
| Location | |
| Country | Azerbaijan,Georgia,Turkey |
| General direction | east–south-west |
| From | Baku (Sangachal Terminal),Azerbaijan |
| Passes through | Tbilisi Georgia Erzurum Turkey Sarız Turkey |
| To | Ceyhan,Turkey |
| Runs alongside | South Caucasus Pipeline |
| General information | |
| Type | oil |
| Partners | BP SOCAR Chevron[1] Statoil GIOC TPAO Eni TotalEnergies Itochu Inpex ConocoPhillips Hess Corporation |
| Operator | BP |
| Commissioned | 2006; 19 years ago (2006) |
| Technical information | |
| Length | 1,768 km (1,099 mi) |
| Maximum discharge | 1 million barrels (160,000 m3) of oil per day |
| Economy of Turkey |
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Stock exchange |
 Turkey portal |
TheBaku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan (BTC) pipeline is a 1,768 kilometres (1,099 mi) longcrude oil pipeline from theAzeri–Chirag–Gunashlioil field in theCaspian Sea to theMediterranean Sea. It connectsBaku, the capital ofAzerbaijan andCeyhan, a port on the south-eastern Mediterranean coast ofTurkey, viaTbilisi, the capital ofGeorgia. It is the second-longestoil pipeline in the former Soviet Union, after the RussianDruzhba pipeline. The first oil that was pumped from the Baku end of the pipeline reached Ceyhan on 28 May 2006.[2]
TheCaspian Sea lies above one of the world's largest collections of oil and gas fields. As the sea is landlocked, transporting oil to Western markets is complicated. During Soviet times, all transportation routes from the Caspian region were through Russia. The collapse of the Soviet Union inspired a search for new routes. Russia first insisted that the new pipeline should pass through its territory, then declined to participate.[3][4]
In the spring of 1992, the Turkish Prime MinisterSüleyman Demirel proposed to Central Asian countries including Azerbaijan that the pipeline run through Turkey. The first document on the construction of the Baku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan pipeline was signed between Azerbaijan and Turkey on 9 March 1993 inAnkara.[5] The Turkish route meant a pipeline from Azerbaijan would run through Georgia orArmenia, but the route through Armenia was politically impossible due to the unresolved war between Armenia and Azerbaijan over thestatus of Nagorno-Karabakh. This left the circuitous Azerbaijan-Georgia-Turkey route, longer and more expensive to build than the other option.[6]
The project gained momentum following the Ankara Declaration, adopted on 29 October 1998 byPresident of AzerbaijanHeydar Aliyev,President of GeorgiaEduard Shevardnadze,President of KazakhstanNursultan Nazarbayev,President of TurkeySüleyman Demirel, andPresident of UzbekistanIslam Karimov. The declaration was witnessed by theUnited States Secretary of EnergyBill Richardson, who expressed strong support for the pipeline. The intergovernmental agreement in support of the pipeline was signed by Azerbaijan, Georgia, and Turkey on 18 November 1999, during a meeting of theOrganization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) inIstanbul, Turkey.[6]
The Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan Pipeline Company (BTC Co.) was established in London on 1 August 2002.[7] The ceremony launching construction of the pipeline was held on 18 September 2002.[8] Construction began in April 2003 and was completed in 2005. The Azerbaijan section was built byConsolidated Contractors International of Greece, and Georgia's section was constructed by a joint venture of France'sSpie Capag and UK Petrofac International. The Turkish section was built byBOTAŞ Petroleum Pipeline Corporation.Bechtel was the main contractor for engineering, procurement and construction.[7] Detailed design and engineering contractor was ILF Consulting Engineers for the Turkish section of the pipeline, which is approximately over 1000 km.[9]
On 25 May 2005, the pipeline was inaugurated at theSangachal Terminal by PresidentIlham Aliyev of Azerbaijan, PresidentMikhail Saakashvili of Georgia and PresidentAhmet Sezer of Turkey, joined by PresidentNursultan Nazarbayev of Kazakhstan andUnited States Secretary of EnergySamuel Bodman.[10][11] The inauguration of the Georgian section was hosted by PresidentMikheil Saakashvili at the pumping station nearGardabani on 12 October 2005.[12] The inauguration ceremony at Ceyhan terminal was held on 13 July 2006.[2][13]
The pipeline was gradually filled with 10 million barrels of oil flowing from Baku and reachingCeyhan on 28 May 2006.[2] The first oil was loaded at the Ceyhan Marine Terminal (Haydar Aliyev Terminal) onto a tanker namedBritish Hawthorn.[14] The tanker sailed on 4 June 2006 with about 600,000 barrels (95,000 m3) of crude oil.[2][15]
The 1,768 kilometres (1,099 mi) long pipeline starts at theSangachal Terminal near Baku in Azerbaijan, crosses Georgia and terminates at the Ceyhan Marine Terminal (Haydar Aliyev Terminal) on the south-eastern Mediterranean coast of Turkey. 443 kilometres (275 mi) of the pipeline lie in Azerbaijan, 249 kilometres (155 mi) in Georgia and 1,076 kilometres (669 mi) in Turkey. It crosses several mountain ranges at altitudes to 2,830 metres (9,300 ft).[16] It also traverses 3,000 roads, railways, and utility lines—both overground and underground—and 1,500 watercourses up to 500 metres (1,600 ft) wide (in the case of theCeyhan River in Turkey).[17] The pipeline occupies a corridor eight meters wide, and is buried to a depth of at least one meter.[18] The pipeline runs parallel to theSouth Caucasus Gas Pipeline, which transports natural gas from theSangachal Terminal toErzurum in Turkey.[16]
The pipeline has a projected lifespan of 40 years, and at normal capacity it transports 1 million barrels per day (160×10^3 m3/d). It needs 10 million barrels (1.6×10^6 m3) of oil to fill the pipeline.[19] Oil flows at 2 metres (6.6 ft) per second.[17] There are eight pump stations, two in Azerbaijan, two in Georgia, four in Turkey. The project includes also the Ceyhan Marine Terminal (officially the Haydar Aliyev Terminal, named after the Azerbaijani late presidentHeydar Aliyev), three intermediatepigging stations, one pressure reduction station, and 101 small block valves.[16] It was constructed from 150,000 individual joints of line pipe, each measuring 12 metres (39 ft) in length.[17] This corresponds to a total weight of 655,000 short tons (594,000 t).[17] The pipeline is 1,070 millimetres (42 in) diameter for most of its length, narrowing to 865 millimetres (34.1 in) diameter as it nears Ceyhan.[20]
The pipeline cost US$3.9 billion.[21] The construction created 10,000 short-term jobs and the operation of the pipeline requires 1,000 long-term employees across a 40-year period.[18] 70% of the costs are funded by third parties, including theWorld Bank'sInternational Finance Corporation, theEuropean Bank for Reconstruction and Development, export credit agencies of seven countries and a syndicate of 15 commercial banks.[16]
The pipeline is supplied by oil from Azerbaijan'sAzeri-Chirag-Guneshlioil field in theCaspian Sea via theSangachal Terminal. This pipeline may also transport oil from Kazakhstan'sKashagan oil field and other oil fields inCentral Asia.[3] The government of Kazakhstan announced that it would build atrans-Caspian oil pipeline from the Kazakhstani port ofAktau to Baku, but because of the opposition from both Russia andIran it started to transport oil to the BTC pipeline by tankers across the Caspian Sea.[22]Not only Kazakh, but also Turkmen oil have transported via Baku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan pipeline. Thus, in 2015, 5,2 million Kazakh and Turkmen oil were transported via this pipeline to the world markets.[23]
It has been proposed that oil from the pipeline be transported to easternAsia via the Israeli oil terminals atAshkelon andEilat, the overland trans-Israel sector being bridged by theTrans-Israel pipeline owned by theEilat Ashkelon Pipeline Company (EAPC).[24][25]
The pipeline is owned and operated by BTC Co, a consortium of 11 energy companies. The consortium is managed byBP. Shareholders are:
Azerbaijani, Georgian, Turkish, British, and American archaeologists began archaeological surveys 2000, sponsored by BP. Several cultural artifacts were uncovered during the construction, resulting in a coordinated research of the archaeological sites such as Dashbulaq, Hasansu, Zayamchai, and Tovuzchai in Azerbaijan;Klde, Orchosani, and Saphar-Kharaba in Georgia; and Güllüdere, Yüceören, and Ziyaretsuyu in Turkey.[26]
Even before its completion, the pipeline was having an effect on the world'spetroleum politics. TheSouth Caucasus, previously seen as Russia's backyard, is now a region of great strategic significance. The U.S. and other Western nations have become much more involved in the affairs of the three nations through which oil will flow. The countries have been trying to use the involvement as a counterbalance to Russian and Iranian economic and military dominance in the region.[18][27] Russian specialists claim that the pipeline will weaken the Russian influence in the Caucasus. The Russian Parliament Foreign Affairs Committee chairmanKonstantin Kosachev [ru] stated that the United States and other Western countries are planning to station soldiers in the Caucasus on the pretext of instability in regions through which the pipeline passes.[28]
The project has been criticised due to bypassing and regional isolation ofArmenia,[29][30] as well as forhuman rights and safety concerns.[31]Ilham Aliev, the president ofAzerbaijan, which is in conflict with Armenia, was cited as saying, "If we succeed with this project, the Armenians will end in complete isolation, which would create an additional problem for their future, their already bleak future".[30]
The project also constitutes an important leg of the East–West energy corridor, gaining Turkey greater geopolitical importance. The pipeline supports Georgia's independence from Russian influence. Former President Eduard Shevardnadze, one of the architects and initiators of the project, saw construction through Georgia as a guarantee for the country's future economic and political security and stability. President Mikhail Saakashvili shares this view. "All strategic contracts in Georgia, especially the contract for the Caspian pipeline are a matter of survival for the Georgian state," he told reporters on 26 November 2003.[32]
Although some have touted the pipeline as easing the dependence of the United States and other Western nations on oil from theMiddle East, it supplies only 1% of global demand during its first stage.[citation needed]
The pipeline diversifies the global oil supply and so insures, to an extent, against a failure in supply elsewhere. Critics of the pipeline—particularly Russia—are skeptical about its economic prospects.[citation needed]
Construction of the pipeline has contributed to the economies of the host countries. In the first half of 2007, a year after the launch of the pipeline as the main export route for Azerbaijani oil, the real GDP growth of Azerbaijan hit a record of 35%.[33] Substantial transit fees accrue to Georgia and Turkey. For Georgia, the transit fees are expected to produce an average of US$62.5 million per year.[27] Turkey is expected to receive approximately US$200 million in transit fees per year in the initial years of operation, with the possibility that the fees increase to US$290 million per year from year 17 to year 40. Turkey also benefits from an increase of commerce in the port of Ceyhan and other parts of eastern Anatolia, the region which had experienced significant decrease in economic activities since theGulf War in 1991.[34] The reduction of oil tanker traffic on theBosphorus will contribute to greater security for Istanbul.[35]
To counter concerns that oil money would be siphoned off by corrupt officials, Azerbaijan set up a state oil fund (SOFAZ), mandated with using revenue from natural resources to benefit future generations, bolster support from key international lenders, and improve transparency and accountability. Azerbaijan became the first oil-producing country to join EITI, the British-ledExtractive Industries Transparency Initiative.[18]
Concerns have been addressed about the security of the pipeline.[36][37][38] It bypassesArmenia, which has an unresolved conflict with Azerbaijan over the status ofNagorno-Karabakh, crosses through Georgia, which has two unresolved separatist conflicts, and goes through the edges of theKurdish region of Turkey, which has seen a prolonged and bitter conflict with Kurdish separatists.[39] It will require constant guarding to prevent sabotage, though the fact that almost all of the pipeline is buried will make it harder to attack.[18] Georgia formed a special purpose battalion that would guard the pipeline while the US watched over the area with unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs).
On 5 August 2008, a major explosion and fire inRefahiye (eastern TurkeyErzincan Province) closed the pipeline. TheKurdistan Workers Party (PKK) claimed responsibility.[40] The pipeline was restarted on 25 August 2008.[41]
There iscircumstantial evidence that it was instead a sophisticatedcyber attack on the line's control and safety systems that led to increased pressure and an explosion. The attack might have been related to theRusso-Georgian War, which started two days later.[42] However, the cyber attack theory has been largely criticized due to a lack of evidence, and was publicly debunked by ICS cyber security expert Robert M. Lee.[43]
In September 2015, unrecognized Nagorno-Karabakh's defense minister, Levon Mnatsakanyan, was cited as saying: "This is a very serious financial resource for Azerbaijan and we need to deprive them of these means".[44] In October 2020, Azerbaijan claimed that pipeline was targeted during theSecond Nagorno-Karabakh War.[45][46] Armenia rejected the accusations.[47]
Contamination of oil in the pipeline byorganic chlorides was discovered in July 2025, which affected roughly 200,000 tonnes of oil and led to massive losses in Azeri crude oil markets. The investigation of the incident led to the discovery of Azerbaijani oil tankers being used to transport Russian oil to Turkey, circumventing European Union sanctions.[48]
Critics of the pipeline have pointed out it should be properlyearthquake engineered because it travels through threeactive faults in Azerbaijan, four in Georgia and seven in Turkey. Environmental activists fiercely opposed the crossing of thewatershed of theBorjomi-Kharagauli National Park in Georgia, an area known formineral water springs and natural beauty, although the pipeline itself does not enter the park.[49] The construction of the pipeline left a highly visible scar across the landscape. The Oxford-based "Baku Ceyhan Campaign" stated that "public money should not be used to subsidize social and environmental problems, purely in the interests of the private sector, but must be conditional on a positive contribution to the economic and social development of people in the region."[50] AsBorjomi mineral water is a major export commodity of Georgia, anyoil spills there would have a catastrophic effect on the economy.
The field joint coating of the pipeline has been controversial over the claim that SPC 2888, the sealant used, was not properly tested.[51][52][53] BP and its contractors interrupted work until the problem was eliminated.[34]
The pipeline eliminates 350 tanker cargoes per year through the sensitive congestedBosphorus andDardanelles.[54]
Human rights activists criticized Western governments for the pipeline, due to reported human andcivil rights abuses by theAliyev regime in Azerbaijan.[55] ACzech documentary filmZdroj (Source) underscores these human rights abuses, such aseminent domain violations in appropriating land for the pipeline's route, and criticism of the government leading to arrest.[56]
The pipeline was a central plot point in theJames Bond filmThe World Is Not Enough (1999). One of the central characters,Elektra King, is responsible for the construction of an oil pipeline through the Caucasus, from the Caspian Sea to the Mediterranean coast of Turkey. Named the "King pipeline" in the film, it is a thinly disguised version of the BTC.[39]
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