TheBahdinan (orBadinan)[1] was one of the most powerful and enduringKurdish emirates. It was founded byBaha-al-Din originally fromShamdinan area inHakkari in sometime between 13th or 14th century CE. The capital of this emirate wasAmedi for a long time.[2] TheEmirs of Bahdinan were originallyArabs, as they were the descendants of theAbbasid Caliphs.[3]
The rulers of the Bahdinan Emirate, based inAmadiya, wereArabs ofAbbasid descent. InSharafnama,Sharaf Khan Bidlisi records that the rulers of Amadiya themselves claimed direct lineage to the Abbasid caliphs, and that they built schools and mosques in the city and promoted learning. He lists seven of these Abbasid rulers in detail and notes that the fortresses of Dair andDohuk were administered by other Abbasid relatives. The late historianMuhammad Amin Zaki states that this family’s rule lasted until 1292 AH (1871 CE), the total number of Abbasid rulers of Bahdinan may have exceeded fifteen.[4]
Bahdinan generally consisted of the region north and northeast of the Mosul plain. Its capital was the town of Amadiya (Amêdî), and it also includedAkre,Shush, andDuhok, along with theZebari lands along theGreat Zab river.. The principality of Bahdinan sometimes also extended to includeZakho in the west. To the north, Bahdinan bordered the principalities ofBohtan andHakkâri, and to the south it bordered the principality ofSoran.[5]: 920
The name "Bahdinan" is still applied to the region inhabited by the Barwari,Doski, Gulli, Muzuri, Raykani, Silayvani, Sindi, and Zebari tribes.[5]: 920
According toEvliya Celebi the principality was divided into the following districts:Aqra, Zakho, Shikhoyi, Duhok, Zibari, andMuzuri.[6]
The districts were autonomous units under their own rulers who were appointed by the Khan of Amadiya. In addition to this, there were tribal chieftains with formalized positions (for example, the chiefs of the Sindi and Silvane tribes needed confirmation from the ruler of Zakho).[6]
The Bahdinan principality originated during the late Abbasid period, sometime around 1200. During its formation, it was largely dominated by theKurdishHakkariyya tribe. TheSharafnama ofSharaf al-Din Bitlisi contains an account of the principality's history for two centuries, from the time of theTimurid rulerShah Rukh in the 1400s until 1596. The Bahdinan amir Hasan, who was a client of the Safavid shahIsma'il I, expanded the principality to include Duhok and the Sindi territory north of Zakho. Hasan's son Husayn later reigned as a client of theOttoman sultanSuleiman the Magnificent. Husayn's son Qubād was deposed and killed by members of the Muzuri tribe; Qubād's son, Saydī Khān, was later reinstalled with Ottoman help. In the early 1600s, the principality ofArdalan captured the Bahdinan capital ofAmadiya and appointed a governor there; sources say little about Bahdinan for a century afterward.[5]: 920
The principality seems to have reached its peak during the reign of Bahrām Pasha, who ruled from 1726 to 1767. Bahrām was succeeded by his son Ismā'īl Pasha (r. 1767–1797), whose reign involved conflict with his brothers (who were variously based at Zakho and Akre). Ismā'īl's son Murād Khān was deposed by his cousin Qubād with the assistance of theBaban pasha ofSulaymaniyah; Qubād was overthrown by members of the Muzuri tribe in 1804 (just like his earlier namesake). He was replaced by 'Ādil Pasha, whose position was affirmed by theJalili pasha of Mosul; he died in 1808 and was succeeded by his brother Zubayr.[5]: 920 In 1833,Muhammad Pasha of Rawanduz captured Akre and Amadiya, overthrew Sā'īd Pasha of Bahdinan, and went on to capture Zakho. The Bahdinan principality never fully recovered, and it was annexed into the OttomanSanjak of Mosul in 1838.[5]: 920
Threatened by the expansionist and centralizing efforts of theOttoman andSafavid empires, Bahdinan princes were drawn into prolonged confrontations with these two major rival powers. The Bahdinan rulers,Ismail Pasha andMuhammad Said Pasha[citation needed] were deposed by the emir of the neighboringSoran principality in 1831.[7]
The most famous ancient library in the region, in the Qubehan school at Amadiya, was destroyed by British troops putting down a revolt in the region in 1919, although some 400 manuscripts were rescued and eventually found their way into the Iraq Museum's collection.[8]
أمراء بهدينان في شمالي العراق وهم من ذرية الخلفاء العباسيين[The emirs of Bahdinan in northern Iraq were descendants of the Abbasid caliphs]
امراء بهدينان في العمادية : عرب من العباسيين. قال البدليسي عن حكام بهدينان حكام العمادية نسب حكام العمادية كما يزعمون هم انفسهم ينتهي الى الخلفاء العباسيين وقال: شيدوا في العمادية المدارس والمساجد وعنوا بالعلوم. وترجم البدليسي السبعة من امرائهم وان قلعة دير وقلعة دهوك كان يدير شؤونها امراء من بني اعمام حكام العمادية العباسيين. وقد ذكر البدليسي من أمرائهم العباسيين سبعة أمراء ويذكر المرحوم محمد امين زكي أن هذه الاسرة استمرت في الحكم حتى سنة 1292هـ (1871م) وقد دونت اسماؤهم وربما زاد عدد حكام امارة بهدينان على 15 اميرا عباسيا.[The Emirs of Bahdinan in Amadiyah: Arabs from the Abbasids. Al-Badlisi said about the rulers of Bahdinan, the rulers of Amadiyah, that the lineage of the rulers of Amadiyah, as they themselves claim, goes back to the Abbasid caliphs. He said: They built schools and mosques in Amadiyah and focused on science. Al-Badlisi listed seven of their princes, and noted that the affairs of the Deir Castle and the Dohuk Castle were managed by princes from the paternal uncles of the Abbasid rulers of Amadiyah. Al-Badlisi mentioned seven of their Abbasid princes, and the late Muhammad Amin Zaki noted that this family continued to rule until the year 1292 AH (1871 AD). Their names were recorded, and the number of rulers of the Emirate of Bahdinan may have exceeded fifteen Abbasid princes.]
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