Baha' al-Din Naqshband بهاءالدین محمد نقشبند | |
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| Personal life | |
| Born | March 1318 CE |
| Died | 2 March 1389 CE |
| Resting place | Bahoutdin Architectural Complex, Uzbekistan |
| Home town | Kasri Orifon (present-dayUzbekistan) |
| Main interest(s) | Sufism |
| Known for | Founder of theNaqshbandiSufi Order |
| Religious life | |
| Religion | Sunni Islam |
| Denomination | Sunni |
| Order | Sufi |
| Jurisprudence | Hanafi |
| Tariqa | Naqshbandi(founder) |
| Creed | Maturidi |
| Senior posting | |
| Successor | Sayyid Alauddin Attar |
| Disciple of | Amir Kulal |
Disciples | |
Baha' al-Din Naqshband (Persian:بهاءالدین محمد نقشبند; 1318–1389) was the eponymous founder of what became one of the largestSufiSunni orders, theNaqshbandi.[1]
Baha al-Din was born in March 1318 in the village of Qasr-i Hinduvan, nearBukhara.[1][2] Like the majority of the region's sedentary population, Baha al-Din was aTajik, i.e. a speaker ofPersian and a participant in its culture.[2] AccordingEncyclopædia Iranica, the texts that claim Baha al-Din was descended from the Islamic prophetMuhammad throughJa'far al-Sadiq (died 765), should be "treated with reserve". Early texts do not mention Baha al-Din's supposed ancestry to Muhammad, but they do imply that his teacherAmir Kulal (died 1370) was a descendant of Muhammad throughJa'far al-Sadiq, which may suggest that their genealogies were later conflated.[1]
Annemarie Schimmel highlights the descent of Bahauddin fromHasan al-Askari, referring toKhwaja Mir Dard's family and "many nobles, from Bukhara; they led their pedigree back to Baha al-Din Naqshband, after whom the Naqshbandi order is named, and who was a descendant, in the 13th generation of the 11th imam al-Hasan al-Askari".[3]
Three days after his birth, Baha al-Din was adopted as a spiritual son by Baba Mohammad Sammasi, a master of theKhwajagan, a Sufi order founded byYusuf Hamadani (died 1140). Baha al-Din's paternal grandfather brought him to Sammasi, where he was the latter'smurid (novice).[4][1] Sammasi later entrusted Baha al-Din's training to his distinguished studentAmir Kulal.[1]
Early texts do not mention how Baha al-Din gained the nickname "Naqshband", nor its meaning. An agreement was later partly reached that it referred to thenaqsh (imprint) of the name ofAllah that is embedded in the heart through constant prayer. In Bukhara, Baha al-Din became itspatron saint and was commonly referred to as "Khwaja Bala-gardan" by its inhabitants.[1]
Some historians agree that the original Naqshbandi had a particularly Iranian orKhurasanian attitude, which according toEncyclopædia Iranica is supported by the fact that Baha al-Din was surrounded by a company of urban dwellers who mostly spoke Tajik. However, the Naqshbandi had been influenced by Turkic Sufi order, theYasawiyya. Three generations after Baha al-Din's death, the Naqshbandi started receiving support among the Turkic inhabitants ofCentral Asia, thus displaying an all-inclusive appeal.[1]
Baha al-Din died on 2 March 1389 in Qasr-i Hinduvan, which was later renamed Qasr-i Arifan out of respect to him.[1]
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