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Bagratuni dynasty

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Royal dynasty of Armenia
See also:Bagratuni family tree
Bagratuni
Բագրատունի
Bas-relief of a leopard with a cross above it from the ruins ofAni, believed to be a symbol of the Bagratuni dynasty or of Ani.[1]
CountryArmenia
Foundedc. 300 AD
FounderSmbat I
Final rulerGagik II (as King of Armenia)
Titles
Cadet branchesBagrationis
Rubenids
Hasan-Jalalyan (indirectly)
Kiurikians
Part ofa series on the
History ofArmenia
Coat of Arms of Armenia
Coat of Arms of Armenia
Timeline •Origins •Etymology
1.Yellow: A. Central Armenian Kingdom of Bagratuni, B. Kingdom of Armenian Bagratuni inIberia, C. Kingdom of Artsruni inVaspurakan, SouthernArmenia, 2.Red: Subordinate Emirates in D. Dvin, E. Nakhichevan, F.Tiflis, 3.other colours: subordinate principalities of G. Syunik, H. Artsakh, I.Parisos, J. Taron, K.Kartli, L.Kakheti, M.Caucasian Albania Albania, N. Kabala, O. Kaysite Emirate, P. Gandzak, etc..

TheBagratuni orBagratid dynasty (Armenian:Բագրատունի,Armenian pronunciation:[bagɾatuni]) was anArmenian royal dynasty which ruled themedieval Kingdom of Armenia fromc. 885 until 1045. Originating as vassals of theKingdom of Armenia of antiquity, they rose to become the most prominent Armenian noble family during the period ofArab rule in Armenia, eventually establishing their own independent kingdom.[3] Their domain included regions of Armenia such asShirak,Bagrevand,[4] Kogovit,[5]Syunik,Lori,Vaspurakan,Vanand andTaron.[6] Many historians, such asCyril Toumanoff,Nicholas Adontz andRonald Suny, consider them to be the progenitors of the Georgian royalBagrationi dynasty.[7][8][9]

Early history

[edit]
See also:Origin of the Bagratid dynasties andClaim of the biblical descent of the Bagrationi dynasty
Bagratuni Kingdom of Armenia, 1000 A.D.

The nameBagratuni derives fromBagarat (Բագարատ), aParthian variant of theOld Iranian nameBagadata ('God-given').[10] HistorianCyril Toumanoff speculated that a general of KingTigranes II of Armenia (r. 95–55 BCE) named Bagadates may have been the earliest known member of the Bagratuni family,[11] which first emerged asnakharars—members of the hereditary nobility of Armenia—in the early 4th century.[9] TheArsacid dynasty, which ruled Armenia from 52 to 428, granted the family heritable rights. The first Bagratuni prince identified by Toumanoff, Smbat I, lived at the time of theArmenian conversion to Christianity (c. 314).[12] Starting with Smbat, the Bagratunis held the hereditary titles ofaspet, meaning "Master of the Horse" or the commander of the cavalry (although this appears to have been purely ceremonial and not an actual military command), andtagadir, which indicated their privilege of crowning Arsacid kings upon their accession to the throne.[13] Their domain included the region ofSper in theÇoruh River valley ofUpper Armenia, which was famous for its gold and silver, andTayk. The medieval Armenian historianMovses Khorenatsi claimed they had an ancestor, Smbat, who came to Armenia from Judea in 6th century BCE, but modern historians regard this as an invention to give a biblical origin to the family.[14] Toumanoff proposed instead that the Bagratunis were descended from theOrontids, the first identifiable ruling dynasty of ancient Armenia.[12]Robert Hewsen wrote that the Bagratunis were "almost certainly a branch of the Orontid royal house" and that "it seems that their principality in Ayrarat emerged under the Artaxiad dynasty."[15]

After the 7th-centuryArab conquest of Armenia, members of the Bagratuni house often held the title ofishkhan (prince) of Armenia, although they were subordinate to a Muslim governor (ostikan) appointed by the caliphs.[3] The period of Arab rule in Armenia saw the decline of the power of theMamikonians at the same time as the Bagratunis gained in prominence, as the Muslim governors favored the latter.[3] During the collapse ofUmayyad rule in 748, the BagratuniishkhanAshot III reluctantly joined with the other Armenian nobles in a revolt against Arab rule. Ashot was blinded on the orders of Grigor Mamikonian after trying to withdraw from the rebellion, which failed after Grigor's death in 749. Ashot "the Blind" was restored to nominal rule asishkhan after theAbbasids reestablished Arab rule of Armenia in 750.[3] In 774–775sparapet (chief general)Smbat VII Bagratuni led the Armenian nobility in an unsuccessful revolt against theAbbasid Caliphate, although part of the Bagratuni house opposed the rebellion.[16] Smbat was killed at theBattle of Bagrevand along withMushegh Mamikonian and many other Armenian nobles. After the failed rebellion, the Bagratunis lost control of their domains ofTmorik, Kogovit and their possessions in Vaspurakan, although their losses were less severe than those of the other Armenian noble families.[16]

Smbat VII's sonAshot Msaker ("the Carnivore") restored the fortunes of the dynasty in the 9th century by waging war against the local Arab emir while remaining loyal to the Abbasid caliphs. Ashot Msaker (re-)acquired a number of territories for the Bagratuni family, which were divided between two of his sons:Bagrat II, who receivedTaron andSasun along with the new title "Prince of Princes" (ishkhan ishkhanats), andSmbat "the Confessor", who received the titlesparapet and the holdings of Sper and Tayk.[3] Meanwhile, Ashot Msaker's uncle, Vasak, established himself in the Georgian region ofIberia; Vasak's grandsonAshot I became the first ruler of Iberia from the Bagratuni dynastyc. 813. This branch of the dynasty would rule as kings of Georgia for centuries as theBagrationis.[3]

Bagratids as rulers of Armenia

[edit]
  • Bagratids family tree, left, Bagratids of Armenia, right, Bagratids of Georgia
    Bagratids family tree, left, Bagratids of Armenia, right, Bagratids of Georgia
  • The walls of Ani.
    The walls of Ani.
  • Smbat II and his brother Kiurike I depicted at the entrance to Haghpat Monastery.
    Smbat II and his brotherKiurike I depicted at the entrance toHaghpat Monastery.

Ashot I, nephew ofBagrat II, was the first member of the dynasty to rule as King of Armenia. He was recognized as prince of princes by the court atBaghdad in 861, which provoked war with local Arab emirs. Ashot won the war, and was recognized as King of the Armenians by Baghdad in 885. Recognition fromConstantinople followed in 886. In an effort to unify the Armenian nation under one flag, the Bagratids subjugated other Armenian noble families through conquests and fragile marriage alliances. Eventually, some noble families such as theArtsrunis and theSiunis broke off from the central Bagratid authority, founding the separate kingdoms ofVaspurakan andSyunik, respectively.[17]Ashot III the Merciful transferred their capital to the city ofAni, now famous for its ruins. They kept power by playing off the competition between theByzantine Empire and the Arabs.[citation needed]

They assumed the Persian title of "King of Kings" (Shahanshah).[2] However, with the start of the 10th century and on, the Bagratunis broke up into different branches, fragmenting the kingdom in a time when unity was needed in the face of Seljuk and Byzantine pressure. The rule of the Ani branch ended in 1045 with the conquest of Ani by the Byzantines.[citation needed]

The Kars branch of the family held out until 1064. The juniorKiurikian branch of the Bagratunis continued to rule as independent kings ofTashir-Dzoraget until 1118 andKakheti-Hereti until 1104, and thereafter as rulers of smaller principalities centered on their fortresses of Tavush and Matsnaberd until the 13th century Mongol conquest of Armenia.[18] Thedynasty of Cilician Armenia is believed to be a branch of the Bagratids, which later took the throne of anArmenian Kingdom inCilicia. The founder,Ruben I, had an unknown relationship to the exiled kingGagik II. He was either a younger family member or kinsman.Ashot, son of Hovhannes (son of Gagik II), was later governor of Ani under theShaddadid dynasty.[citation needed]

Armenia and Georgia under Bagratuni/Bagrationi dynasty

[edit]

Bagratuni/Bagrationi dynasty

[edit]
Partitions of Armenia and Georgia under Bagratid rule
Chosroid Kingdom of Iberia
(284–580)
Guaramid,Chosroid and
Nersianid Principality of Iberia
(780–786)
Direct rule of Iberia
by theAbbasid Caliphate
(772–775 and 786–813)		Lordship of Sper
(314–884)		Arsacid Kingdom
of Armenia
(61–428)
Principality of Armenia
(428–884)
(ruled intermittently[19])
Duchy of Tayk
(750–780)
renamed
Duchy of Tao
(780–876)		      
Principality of Iberia
(813–888)		      
Duchy
of Javakheti
(830–882)		            
Lordship
of Taron
(851–967)		      
Duchy
of Klarjeti
(876–1028)		Demoted to:
Duchy
of Upper Tao
(930–1008)		      
Raised to:
Kingdom of Iberia
(888–1008)		            
            Kingdom
of Kars[20]
(959–1064)
      Annexed to:Kingdom
of Lori[21]
(979–1118)		Raised to:
Kingdom of Armenia
(884–1045)
Annexed to the
Byzantine Empire
(1008–1071)
Renamed
Kingdom of Georgia[22]
(1008–1259)
Kingdom
of Kakheti
(1048–1105)		Demoted to:
Lordship of
Matznaberd-
Tavouch
(1118–1236)
(Under suzerainty
ofGeorgia)		      
Annexed to:
      
      Annexed to GeorgiaAnnexed to:
Kingdom of
Western Georgia
(1259–1330)		Kingdom of
Eastern Georgia
(1259–1330)
      
Kingdom of Georgia
(1330–1490)[23]		Kingdom
of Kakheti
(1463–1746)
Kingdom
of Imereti
(1490–1810)		Kingdom
of Kartli
(1490–1746)
Kingdom of Kakheti-Kartli
(1746–1800)
Annexed to theRussian Empire
Table of rulers
Ruler[a]BornReignRuling partConsortDeathNotes
Sumbat I [fr]
(Սմբատ Ա)		?c. 314 – 330?Lordship of SperUnknown
at least one child		c. 330?First known member of the family.
Bagrat I [fr]
(Բագրատ Ա)		?
Son ofSumbat I [fr]		c. 330 – 353Lordship of SperUnknown
at least one child		c. 353?
Sumbat II [fr]
(Սմբատ Բ)		?
Son ofBagrat I [fr]		c. 353 – 370?Lordship of SperUnknown
at least one child		c. 370?
Sahak I [fr]
(Սահակ Ա)		?
Son ofSumbat II [fr]		c. 370 – 388Lordship of SperUnknown
at least two children		388Father-in-law ofVologases of Armenia.
Sumbat III [fr]
(Սմբատ Գ)		?
Son ofSahak I [fr]
(Սահակ Ա)		c. 388 – 425Lordship of SperUnknown
at least one child		c. 425
Tirots [fr]
(Տիրոց)		?
Son ofSumbat III [fr]		c. 425 – 450Lordship of SperUnknown
at least one child		c. 450
Sahak II
(Սահակ Բ)		?
Son ofTirots [fr]		c. 450 – 482Lordship of Sper
(with thePrincipality of Armenia since 481)		Unknown
at least one child		482
Battle of Charmana [hy]		Armenian nobleman, elected Prince of Armenia by the rebellious Armenian nobles. Killed at the Battle of Charmana.
Sampdiat [hy]
(Սանպդիատ)		?
Son ofSahak II		482–505Lordship of SperUnknown
at least one child		505
Varaztirots I [hy]
(Վարազ-Տիրոց Ա)		?
Son ofSampdiat [hy]		505 – c. 550Lordship of SperUnknown
at least two children		c. 550
Ashot I [hy]
(Աշոտ Ա)		?
First son ofVaraztirots I [hy]		c. 550 – 560Lordship of SperUnmarriedc. 560
Manuel [hy]
(Մանվել)		?
Second son ofVaraztirots I [hy]		c. 560 – 600Lordship of SperUnknown
at least one child		c. 600
Sumbat IV
(Սմբատ Դ)		?
Son ofManuel [hy]		600–617Lordship of Sper
(with thePrincipality of Armenia in 605–611)		Unknown
at least one child		617Christian Settipani records him asmarzpan from 599 to 607.[24] He is not mentioned asmarzpan by Toumanoff. René Grousset holds that Khosrau II named himmarzpan following his victories inHyrcania, c. 604, and adds that he possibly continued in office until his death in 616–617.[25] However, he also mentions three othermarzpans over the same period (see following).[26]
Varaztirots II
(Վարազ-Տիրոց Բ)		590
Son ofSumbat IV		617–645Lordship of Sper
(with thePrincipality of Armenia in 628–634)		Unknown
at least one child		645
aged 54–55		Armenian nobleman, namedmarzpan byKavadh II for the portions of Armenia remaining under Iranian rule. Following the onset of theMuslim conquest of Iran, Varaztirots aligned himself with the Byzantines.
Sumbat V [hy]
(Սմբատ Ե)		c. 610?
Son ofVaraztirots II		645–646Lordship of SperUnknown
at least two children		646
aged 25–26
Varaztirots III [hy]
(Վարազ-Տիրոց Գ)		c. 630?
First son ofSumbat V [hy]		646–670Lordship of SperUnknown
at least three children		670
aged 39–30
Ashot II
(Աշոտ Բ Բագրատունի)		c. 630?
Second son ofSumbat V [hy]		670–690Lordship of Sper
(with thePrincipality of Armenia since 685)		Unknown
at least one child		690
aged 59–60
Sumbat VI
(Սմբատ Զ Բագրատունի)		c. 670?
Son ofVaraztirots III [hy]		691–726Lordship of Sper
(with thePrincipality of Armenia since 693)		Unknown726
aged 55–56		Shifted alliances between the Byzantines and the Arabs.
Ashot IIIthe Blind
(Աշոտ Գ Կուրացյալ)		c. 690?
Son of Vasak Bagratuni		726–750Lordship of Sper
(with thePrincipality of Armenia in 732–748)		Unknown
at least two children		750
aged 59–60		Nephew of Sumbat VI.
Sahak III
(Սահակ Գ)		c. 700
Son of Bagrat Bagratuni		750–770Lordship of Sper
(with thePrincipality of Armenia in 753–761)		Unknown
at least one child		770
aged 69–70		Nephew of Sumbat VI.
Sumbat VII
(Սմբատ Է)		c. 735
First son ofAshot III		770 – 25 April 775Lordship of Sper
(with thePrincipality of Armenia in 761–772)		Unknown
at least three children		25 April 775
Ardzni [hy]
aged 39–40		Children of Ashot III, divided thei patrimony.
Vasak [fr]
(Վասակ)		c. 740
Second son ofAshot III		770–780Duchy of Tayk/TaoUnknown
at least one child		780
aged 39–40
Ashot IVthe Carnivorous
(Աշոտ Դ Մսակեր)		760
Son ofSumbat VII		25 April 775 – 826Lordship of Sper
(with thePrincipality of Armenia in since 806)		Unknown
at least three children		826
aged 65–66
Sper merged in the Principality of Armenia, under more consistent tutelage of the Bagratuni family
Adarnase I
(ადარნასე I)		c. 740?
Son ofVasak [fr]		780–807Duchy of Tao
(from 786 inJavakheti only)		Unknown
(daughter ofNerse of Iberia)
one child		807
aged at least 66–67?
Ashot Ithe Great
(აშოტ I დიდი)		c. 770
Son ofAdarnase		786–830Duchy of Tao
(with thePrincipality of Iberia since 813)		Unknown
four children		c. 830
Nigali valley
aged 59–60?		First of the Bagratid family to be Prince of Iberia, in 813. From his base in Tayk/Tao, he fought to enlarge the Bagratid territories and sought the Byzantine protectorate against the Arab encroachment. A patron of Christian culture and a friend of the church, he has been canonized by theGeorgian Orthodox Church.
Bagrat I
(Բագրատ)		c. 790
First son ofAshot IV		826–852Lordship of TaronUnknown
three children		852
aged 61–62		Brothers, divided their rule.
Smbat VIIIthe Confessor
(Սմբատ Ը Խոստովանող)		c. 790
Second son ofAshot IV		826–856Principality of ArmeniaRipsime
seven children		856
aged 65–66
Bagrat I
(ბაგრატ I)		822
Son ofAshot I		830–876Duchy of Lower Tao
(with thePrincipality of Iberia)		Unknown (of Armenia)
(daughter ofSmbat VIII Bagratuni)
three children		876
aged at least 53–54		Children of Ashot, divided their patrimony. Bagrat was also Presiding Prince of Iberia, under Byzantine influence. Bagrat found himself in a constant struggle with the Arabs, the Abkhazians and the Kakhetians over the possession of central Iberia. Guaram left his property to his family, disregarding his own son.
Adarnase II
(ადარნასე II)		c. 825
Son ofAshot I		830–867Duchy of Upper TaoBevreli of Abkhazia
(daughter ofBagrat I of Abkhazia)
three children		867
aged at least 40–41
Guaram
(გუარამ)		c. 825
Son ofAshot I		830–882Duchy of JavakhetiUnknown (of Armenia)
(daughter ofSmbat VIII Bagratuni)
one child		882
aged at least 55–56
Javakheti divided between both parts of Tao
Ashot II[27]
(Աշոտ)		c. 820
First son ofBagrat I		852–878Lordship of TaronUnknown
at least one child		878
aged 57–58
Ashot V / Ithe Great
(Աշոտ Ա)		c. 820
Son ofSumbat VIII and Ripsime		856 – 2 February 891Principality of Armenia
(until 884)

Kingdom of Armenia
(from 884)		Katranide of Armenia I
seven children		2 February 891
Gugark orArsharunik
aged 69–70		Crowned king in 884, with the consent ofAl-Mu'tamid, to prevent Byzantine invasion in the land, as its emperor,Basil I, had Armenian origins.
Gurgen I
(გურგენ I)		c. 850
First son ofAdarnase II and Bevreli of Abkhazia		867–891Duchy of Upper Tao
(with thePrincipality of Iberia since 881)		Unknown (of Armenia)
(daughter ofSmbat VIII Bagratuni)
two children		891
aged 40–41		Children of Adarnase II, divided their inheritance. Gurgen joined prince Adarnase and kingAshot I of Armenia against princeNasra of Javakheti, who wanted to dispossess Adarnase of his patrimonial inheritance. Adarnase claimed a royal status since then, and Gurgen retained his patrimony. As for Sumbat, he ruled in Klarjeti with the title ofmampali.
Sumbat I
(სუმბატ I)		c. 850
Second son ofAdarnase II of Tao-Klarjeti and Bevreli of Abkhazia		876–889Principality of KlarjetiKhosrovanush
two children		889
aged 38–39
David I
(დავით I)		c. 850
Son ofBagrat I		876–881Duchy of Lower Tao
(with thePrincipality of Iberia)		Unknown
(daughter ofConstantine III of Abkhazia)
two children		881
aged 30–31
Davidthe Young
(Դավիթ)		c. 830
Second son ofBagrat I		878–895Lordship of TaronUnmarried895
aged 64–65
Adarnase IV[b]
(ადარნასე IV)		c. 850
Son ofDavid I		881–923[c]Kingdom of Iberia
(in onlyLower Tao until 888)		Unknown
six children		923
aged 72–73		Adarnase, his cousin prince Gurgen of Iberia and kingAshot I of Armenia fought against princeNasra of Tao-Klarjeti, who wanted to dispossess Adarnase of his patrimonial inheritance. The victory allowed the latter to claim a royal status for himself. Adarnase was, then, responsible for the restoration of the Iberian kingship, merging the principality of Iberia with his duchy of Lower Tao. The kingdom had been in abeyance since it had been abolished by Sasanian Empire in the 6th century.
David Ithe Great
(დავით I)		c. 875
Son ofSumbat I		889 – 23 February 943Duchy of KlarjetiUnknown
one child		23 February 943
aged 67–68		Children of Sumbat I, ruled jointly.
Bagrat I
(ბაგრატი I)		c. 875
Son ofSumbat I		889 – 20 April 900Unknown
five children		20 April 900
aged 24–25
Sumbat Ithe Martyr
(Սմբատ Ա)		c. 850
Son ofAshot I andKatranide of Armenia I		2 February 891 – 914Kingdom of ArmeniaUnknown
two children		914
Dvin orYernjak
aged 63–64		Continued his father's policy of maintaining cordial relations with theByzantine Empire, but remained mindful of theArabs' fears of the Armeno-Byzantine alliance.
Adarnase III
(ადარნასე III)		c. 875
First son ofGurgen I		891–896Duchy of Upper TaoUnknown
three children		896
aged 20–21
Gurgen
(Գուրգեն)		c. 850
Son ofAshot I		895–896Lordship of TaronUnmarried896
aged 45–46		Died assassinated.
Taron briefly occupied byAhmad ibn Isa al-Shaybani (896–898)
Regency of DukeAshot of Upper Tao (აშოტ კუხი) (896–908)Died young. Left no descendants, and was succeeded by his uncle.
David [fr]
(დავით)		c. 890
First son ofAdarnase III		896–908Duchy of Upper TaoUnmarried908
aged 17–18?
Grigor I
(Գուրգեն)		c. 870
Son of Derenik Bagratuni		898–936Lordship of Taron? of Vaspurakan
(daughter ofGrigor-Derenik Artsruni, Prince of Vaspurakan [fr])
at least one child		936
aged 65–66		Nephew of Ashot I and David.
Ashot I (II)the Immature[d]
(აშოტ კუხი)		c. 875
Second on ofGurgen I		908–918Duchy of Upper TaoUnmarried918
Tbeti
aged 42–43?		Previous regent, later assumed the throne.
Ashot IIthe Iron
(Աշոտ Բ)		c. 880
Bagaran
Son ofSumbat I		914–929Kingdom of ArmeniaSahakanuysh of Gardman[28]
no children		929
Yerazgavors
aged 48–49		His reign was filled with rebellions by pretenders to the throne, and foreign invasions, which Ashot fought off successfully. However, he left no descendants. The throne passed to his brother.
Gurgen IIthe Great
(გურგენ II დიდი)		c. 890
Second son ofAdarnase III		918–14 February 941Duchy of Upper TaoUnknown (of Klarjeti)
(daughter ofAshot the Swift)
one child		14 February 941
agEd 50–51?		A patron of local monastic communities, Gurgen presided over the construction of a new cathedral atKhandzta. Gurgen was an energetic ruler and accumulated in his hands much power, ruling over Tao, parts of Klarjeti and Javakheti, and also Adjara and Nigali. The expansion of his territories was at the expense of his cousins and neighbours. However, left no male children and his lands went to his cousins.
David II
(დავით II)		c. 890
Son ofAdarnase IV		923–937Kingdom of IberiaUnmarried937
aged 46–47		In spite of his royal title and unlike his father, David did not bear the traditional high Byzantine title of curopalates, which was bestowed by the emperor upon David's younger brother Ashot II. As a result, David's influence and prestige were overshadowed by those of this younger brother.
Abas I
(Աբաս Ա)		c. 880
Son ofSumbat I		929–953Kingdom of ArmeniaGurandukht Bagratuni
two children		953
Tigranocerta
aged 72–73		His reign was marked by years of peace, stability, and prosperity for Armenia.
Bagrat II [ca]
(Բագրատ)		c. 900
First son ofGrigor I		936–940Lordship of TaronUnknown
at least one child		940
aged 39–40		Children of Grigor I, ruled jointly.
Ashot III
(Աշոտ)		c. 910
Second son ofGrigor I		936–967Unknown
at least two children		967
aged 56–57
Sumbat I
(სუმბატ I)		c. 890
Son ofAdarnase IV		937–958Kingdom of Iberia
(withLower Tao since 954)		Unknown
two children		958
aged 67–68		Brothers of David II; The Iberian kingdom split and Lower Tao re-emerged, to be reunited with Upper Tao in 941, after Gurgen II's death. However, Lower Tao re-merged in Iberia in 954.
Ashot II
(გურგენ II დიდი)		c. 890
Son ofAdarnase IV of Iberia		937 – 25 February 954Duchy of Tao
(in only Lower Tao until 941)		Unmarried25 February 954
aged 61–62
Bagrat I
(ბაგრატ I)		c. 890
Son ofAdarnase IV of Iberia		937 – March 945Unknown (of Klarjeti)
(daughter ofAshot the Swift)
one child		March 945
aged 54–55
Sumbat II
(სუმბატ II)		c. 910?
Son ofDavid I		23 February 943 – 988Duchy of KlarjetiUnknown
one child		988
aged 77–78?
Ashot IIIthe Merciful
(Աշոտ Գ Ողորմած)		c. 916
First son ofAbas I andGurandukht Bagratuni		953–977Kingdom of ArmeniaKhosrovanuysh
five children		3 January/20 May 977
aged 60–61		Children of Abas I, divided their inheritance. Ashotn moved his royal seat of residence toAni and oversaw its development and of the kingdom as a whole. Armenia reached the height of its golden era during his reign and that of his sons and successors. From 963, the kingdom was officially divided; Ashot's brother Musel (Mushegh) ruled in his own vassal state of Kars, and in 977 contested the succession of his nephew Sumbat II.
Musel [fr]
(Մուշեղ Ա)		c. 920?
Second son ofAbas I of Armenia andGurandukht Bagratuni		953–984Kingdom of KarsUnknown
(daughter of Prince Sevada II of Gardman)
four children		984
Kars
aged 63–64
Adarnase IV[e]
(ადარნასე IV)		c. 910?
Son ofBagrat I		25 February 954 – 961Duchy of Upper TaoUnknown
two children		961
aged 50–51		Tao divided again; Adarnase received only the Upper part of Tao, while the Lower was again retained under the main Iberian line.
Bagrat IIthe Simple
(ბაგრატ II რეგუენი)		c. 920?
Son ofSumbat I		958–994Kingdom of IberiaUnmarried994
aged 73–74?		Frequently appeared as a collaborator of his relative David III of Tao, the most influential person among the Bagratids of that time, aiding him against theRawadids ofAzerbaijan.
Bagrat II
(ბაგრატ II)		c. 930?
First son ofAdarnase IV		961–966Duchy of Upper TaoUnmarried966
aged 35–36?
David IIIthe Great
(დავით III დიდი)		c. 930?
Second son ofAdarnase IV		966–1001Duchy of Upper TaoUnknown
two children		1001
aged 70–71?
Grigor II
(Գրիգոր )		c. 930
First son ofAshot III		967Lordship of TaronUnknown
at least one child		967
aged 66–67		Children of Ashot III, ruled jointly, but abdicated soon after to theByzantine Emperor. The brothers moved toConstantinople where they entered Byzantine service and government. Their descendants became known as the Byzantine 'Taronites family. Grigor's sonAshot marriedMiroslava of Bulgaria.
Bagrat III [es]
(Բագրատ)		c. 930
Second son ofAshot III		Helena Lekapene
one child		c. 990?
aged 59–60
Taron annexed to theByzantine Empire
Sumbat IIthe Conqueror
(Սմբատ Բ նվաճողը)		c. 940?
Ani
Son ofAshot III andKhosrovanuysh		977–989Kingdom of ArmeniaUnmarried989
Ani
aged 48–49		Children of Ashot III, divided the inheritance. Sumbat had to fight fo the throne with his uncle from Kars. He left no descendants. The throne passed to his brother Abas.
Gurgen I
(Գուրգեն Ա)		c. 940?
Ani
Son ofAshot III andKhosrovanuysh		979–989Kingdom of LoriUnknown
two children		989
Matsnaberd [es]
aged 48–49
Abas I [fr]
(Աբաս Ա)		c. 960
Son ofMusel [fr]		984–1029Kingdom of KarsKata of Georgia
one child		1029
aged 68–69		HelpedDavid II of Georgia, who wanted to takeManzikert, against the Emirate ofAzerbaijan.
David II
(დავით II)		c. 930?
Son ofSumbat II		988–993Duchy of KlarjetiUnmarried993
aged 62–63?		Sons of Sumbat II, ruled jointly for forty days, before Bagrat's death.
Bagrat II
(ბაგრატი II)		c. 930?
Son ofSumbat II		988Unknown
two children		988
aged 57–58?
Gagik I
(Գագիկ Ա)		c. 950?
Ani
Son ofAshot III andKhosrovanuysh		989–1020Kingdom of ArmeniaKatranide of Armenia II
three children		1020
Ani
aged 69–70
David Ithe Landless
(Դավիթ Անհողին)		c. 980
Matsnaberd [es]
Son ofGurgen I		989–1048Kingdom of LoriZolakertel of Kakheti
four children		1048
Matsnaberd [es]
aged 67–68		During his reign he lost temporarily his lands to the main kingdom of Ani, hence his nickname.
Sumbat III
(სუმბატი III)		c. 950?
Son ofBagrat II		993–1011Duchy of KlarjetiUnknown
two children		1011
aged 60–61?
Gurgen II
(გურგენი II)		c. 940?
Son ofBagrat II		994–1008Kingdom of IberiaGurandukht of Abkhazia
one child		1008
aged 67–68?
In 1008,Bagrat, who had beenKing of Abkhazia since 978, inherited from his fatherGurgen the crown ofIberia. The two kingdoms united into what came to be known as theKingdom of Georgia.
Bagrat IIIthe Unifier
(ბაგრატ III)		960
Kutaisi
Son ofGurgen of Georgia andGurandukht of Abkhazia

Adopted son ofDavid III		1001–1008Duchy of Upper TaoMartha
two children		7 May 1014
Tao
aged 53/54		Nephew ofTheodosius III of Abkhazia. United for the first time all the territory of Georgia.
1008 – 7 May 1014Kingdom of Georgia
In 1008, Upper Tao was annexed to theByzantine Empire, and was then recovered by Georgia in 1073, in the aftermath of theBattle of Manzikert
Bagrat III
(ბაგრატ III)		c. 970?
Son ofSumbat III		1011–1028Duchy of KlarjetiUnmarried1028
aged 57–58?		In 1028 he was imprisoned by Bagrat IV of Georgia, and died during captivity. His lands were absorbed by Georgia.
In 1028, Klarjeti was annexed to Georgia
George I
(გიორგი I)		996
Kutaisi
Son ofBagrat III and Martha		7 May 1014 – 16 August 1027Kingdom of GeorgiaMariam of Vaspurakan
c. 1018(annulled)
four children

Alda of Alania
one child		16 August 1027
Mqinwarni orItaroni
aged 30–31
Hovhannes-Sumbat (III)
(Հովհաննես–Սմբատ (Գ))		c. 975?
Ani
First son ofGagik I andKatranide of Armenia II		1020–1041Kingdom of Armenia
(atAni)		Unmarried1041
Ani
aged 71–72		Children of Gagik I. With support of theKing of Vaspurakan, Ashot rebelled against his brother, and won a battle against him. The two brothers reached a compromise: Sumbat ruled from the main capital, and Ashot ruled the provinces closer to Georgia and Persia, mainly at Gugark.
Ashot IVthe Valiant
(Աշոտ Դ Քաջ)		c. 975?
Ani
Second son ofGagik I andKatranide of Armenia II		1020 –1040Kingdom of Armenia
(inGugark)		Unknown
one child		1040
Ani
aged 70–71
Regency ofMariam of Vaspurakan (მარიამი, Մարիամ) (1027–1037)His mother, while regent, negotiated a peace treaty with theByzantine Empire, and returned with the high Byzantine title ofcuropalates for Bagrat in 1032. Bagrat had the opposition of:
Bagrat IV
(ბაგრატ IV)		1018
Son ofGeorge I andMariam of Vaspurakan		16 August 1027 – 24 November 1072Kingdom of GeorgiaHelena Argyre
1032
Kutaisi
no children

Borena of Alania
Between 1033 and 1040
three children		24 November 1072
Marabda[29]
aged 53–54
Gagik-Abas II
(Գագիկ-Աբաս Բ)		c. 1000
Son ofAbas I [fr] andKata of Georgia		1029–1064Kingdom of KarsGurandukht of Cilicia[30]
one child		1081
Cappadocia
aged 80–81		His good relations withAlp Arslan spared him from the invasion of theSeljuk Empire inAni. However, to secure protection, Gagik Abas sold his kingdom toConstantine X Doukas, in exchange with some towns inCappadocia.
Kars annexed to theByzantine Empire
Gagik II
(Գագիկ Բ)		1024
AniSon ofAshot IV		1041–1045Kingdom of ArmeniaUnknown
one child		24 November 1079
Caesarea Mazaca
aged 74–75		He was enthroned as Gagik II and ruled for a brief period from 1042 to 1045, before the Bagratid dynasty rule collapsed in Armenia. He survived and died in 1076.
Armenia annexed by: theByzantine Empire (1045–1064), the Turko-PersianSeljuk Empire (1064–1072) and the MuslimShaddadids (1072–1199)
Gurgen II
(Կյուրիկե Բ)		c. 1020?
Matsnaberd [es]
First son ofDavid I andZolakertel of Kakheti		1048–1089Kingdom of LoriUnknown
three children		1089
Lori
aged 68–69?		Children of David I, divided their inheritance. Gurgen II changed the capital of the kingdom toLori in 1065.
Gagik
(გაგიკი)		c. 1020?
Matsnaberd [es]
Second son ofDavid I andZolakertel of Kakheti		1048–1058Kingdom of KakhetiUnknown
at least one child		1058
aged 37–38?
Aghsartan
(აღსართან I)		c. 1040?
Son ofGagik		1058–1084Kingdom of KakhetiUnknown
at least one child		1084
aged 43–44?
George II
(გიორგი II)		1054
Kutaisi
Son ofBagrat IV andBorena of Alania		24 November 1072 – 1089

1089–1112
(nominally)		Kingdom of GeorgiaHelena [ka]
c. 1070
one child		1112
aged 57–58		Previously opposed to his father. Unable to deal effectively with the constant Seljuk Turkish attacks and overwhelmed by internal problems in his kingdom, George was forced to abdicate in favor of his energetic son David, to whom he remained a nominal co-ruler until his death in 1112.
Gurgen IV[31]
(კვირიკე IV)		c. 1060?
Son ofAghsartan		1084 –1102Kingdom of KakhetiUnknown
at least one child		1102
aged 41–42?
David IVthe Builder[f]
(დავით IV აღმაშენებელი)		1073
Kutaisi
Son ofGeorge II andHelena [ka]		1089 – 24 January 1125Kingdom of GeorgiaRusudan of Armenia
c. 1090
(annulled 1107)
four children?

Gurandukht of the Kipchaks [ka]
c. 1107
four children?		24 January 1125
Tbilisi
aged 51–52		Popularly considered to be the greatest and most successful Georgian ruler in history and an original architect of theGeorgian Golden Age, he succeeded in driving theSeljuk Turks out of the country in 1121. His reforms enabled him to reunite the country and bring most of the lands of the Caucasus under Georgia's control.
David II
(Դավիթ Բ)		c. 1060
Lori
First son ofGurgen II		1089–1145Kingdom of Lori
(until 1118)

Lordship ofMatsnaberd [es] andTavush
(fom 1118)		Mamka
three children		1145?
Matsnaberd [es]
aged 84–85?		They returned their capital toMatsnaberd [es] in 1111. In 1118, the kingdom was annexed to Georgia. Despite keeping the royal title, they continued to rule as Lords of Matsnaberd and Tavouch, then as vassals of theKings of Georgia.
Abas I [hy]
(Աբաս Ա)		c. 1060
Lori
Second son ofGurgen II		Ruzka
no children		1145
Matsnaberd [es]
aged 84–85?
Aghsartan II
(აღსართან II)		c. 1080?
Son ofGurgen IV		1102–1105Kingdom of KakhetiUnmarried1105
aged 24–25?
Kakheti merged in Georgia
Demetrius I
(დემეტრე I)		1093
Son ofDavid IV andRusudan of Armenia		24 January 1125 – 1154

1155–1156		Kingdom of GeorgiaUnknown
Before 1130
four children		1156
Mtskheta
aged 62–63		Also apoet. In 1154, he was forced by his own son David to abdicate and become a monk. With David's death months later, he was restored to the throne, but did not survive much longer. Demetrius had the opposition of:
  • PrinceDavid(დავით) (1130), Demetrius' heir, opposed to his father for a brief period. Even with the rebellion crushed, he ended up expelling his father from the throne.
Gurgen III
(Կյուրիկե Գ)		?
Matsnaberd [es]
Son ofDavid II and Ruzka		1145–1185Lordship ofMatsnaberd [es] andTavushTamar
six children		1185
Matsnaberd [es]
David V
(დავით V)		1113
First son ofDemetrius I		1154–1155Kingdom of GeorgiaUnknown
Before 1130
at least one child		1155
aged 40–41		Previous opponent against his father. Forced him to abdicate, but died a few months later.
George III
(გიორგი III)		c. 1115
Second son of
Demetrius I		1155 – 27 March 1184Kingdom of GeorgiaBurdukhan of Alania
c. 1155
two children		27 March 1184
aged 68–69		His reign was part of what would be called theGeorgian Golden Age – a historical period in theHigh Middle Ages, during which theKingdom of Georgia reached the peak of its military power and development. However, George had the opposition of:
Tamar Ithe Great
(თამარ მეფე)		c. 1160
Daughter of
George III andBurdukhan of Alania		27 March 1184 – 18 January 1213Kingdom of GeorgiaYury Bogolyubsky
c. 1185
(annulled 1187)
no children

David Soslan
1189
two children		18 January 1213
Agarani
aged 52–53		Co-ruler with her father since 1178. Ruled in a period of political and military successes and cultural achievements, presiding the peak of theGeorgian Golden Age.
Regency ofBavrinea of Lori (1185–1190)Ascended as a minor, with his sister as regent. Died young.
Abas II [hy]
(Աբաս Բ)		1173
Matsnaberd [es]
Son ofGurgen III and Tamar		1185–1192Lordship ofMatsnaberd [es] andTavushNana of Armenia
(Daughter of aZakarid prince)
one child		1192
Matsnaberd [es]
aged 18–19
Council of Regency (1192–1204)Associated, in 1232, his son and heir to the throne. In 1236, after Aghsartan's death, the lordship, already under Georgian sovereignty, was annexed to theSeljuk Empire
Aghsartan
(Աղսարթան)		c. 1190?
Matsnaberd [es]
Son ofAbas II andNana of Armenia		1192–1236Lordship ofMatsnaberd [es] andTavushUnknown
one child		1236
Matsnaberd [es]
aged 45–46
Gurgen IV
(Աբաս Բ)		1173
Matsnaberd [es]
Son ofAghsartan andNana of Armenia		1232–1236Unknown
three children		1236
Matsnaberd [es]
aged 62–63
Matsnaberd and Tavouch annexed to Georgia (1236–1360) and theSeljuk Empire
George IVthe Resplendent
(გიორგი IV ლაშა)		c. 1191
Son ofDavid Soslan and QueenTamar		18 January 1213 – 18 January 1223Kingdom of GeorgiaUnmarried18 January 1223
Bagavan
aged 31–32		Co-ruler with his mother since 1207, continued her policy, but, at the end of his reign was defeated by aMongol expedition.
Rusudan
(რუსუდან მეფე)		1194
Daughter ofDavid Soslan and QueenTamar		18 January 1223 – 1245Kingdom of GeorgiaGhias ad-din
c. 1223(annulled 1226)
two children		1245
Tbilisi
aged 50–51		Period marked by Mongol invasions of Georgia. The queen was forced to accept the sovereignty of the Mongol Khan in 1242, to pay an annual tribute and to support the Mongols with a Georgian army.
David VI & Ithe Clever
(დავით VI ნარინი)		1225
Son ofGhias ad-din and QueenRusudan		1245–1293[32]Kingdom od Western Georgia
(inall Georgia until 1259)		TamarAmanelisdze
before 1254
three children

Theodora Doukaina Palaiologina of Byzantium
1254
one child		1293
Tbilisi
aged 67–68		Co-ruler with his mother since 1230, David VI disappeared from Georgia in 1246, and was found with the Mongols by the newly elected ruler, his cousin David VII, in 1248. Both were forced to share power, and, albeit rising against Mongol domination (1259), David VI failed and had to flee to Kutaisi in Western Georgia. Establishing there a new kingdom, he successfully maintained trade and contacts with the West. He also built friendly relations with theGolden Horde andBahri dynasty ofEgypt, repulsed the Ilkhanate attacks, and interfered inTrebizond's politics. As for David VII, the Mongol dominance and the taxes he was subject to eventually led to a political and economic crisis in the kingdom.
David VIIthe Elder
(დავით VII ულუ)		1215
Illegitimate son ofGeorge IV		1248–1270[32]Kingdom of Eastern Georgia
(inall Georgia until 1259)		Jigda-Khatun
before 1252
no children

Altun ofAlania
(in bigamy, repudiated 1252)
c. 1249

Gvantsa Kakhaberidze
(in polygamy until 1252)
1250
one child

Esukan
1263
no children		1270
Tbilisi
aged 54–55
Between 1259 and 1330, due to the consequences of theMongol invasions, Georgia was ruled by two distinct kings. David VI and David VII, who had ruled together as vassals of the Mongols, ruled distinct parts of the country from 1259. However, there were several moments in which the Eastern kingdom had dominance over all Georgia.
Demetrius IIthe Devoted
(დემეტრე II თავდადებული)		1259
First son ofDavid VII andGvantsa Kakhaberidze		1270 – 12 March 1289Kingdom of Eastern GeorgiaTheodora Megala Komnene of Trebizond [el]
1277
five children

Solghar ofMongolia
(in polygamy?)
Before 1280
three children

NatelaJaqeli
(in polygamy?)
1280
one child		12 March 1289
Movakani
aged 29–30		Criticized for his possible polygamy. Executed by theGreat Khan.
Vakhtang II[g]
(ვახტანგ II)		c. 1250
First son ofDavid VI and TamarAmanelisdze		12 March 1289 – 1292Kingdom of Eastern GeorgiaOljath Khan
1289
no children		1292
aged 41–42?		Ascended in Eastern Georgia, with the consent of the Mongols.
Constantine I
(კონსტანტინე I)		c. 1260[33]
First son ofDavid VI and TamarAmanelisdze		1293–1327Kingdom of Western GeorgiaUnknown
Before 1327
no children		1327
aged 66–67?		Unlike his western counterparts, Constantine remained independent from the Ilkhanid hegemony. However, his troubled reign was marked by the opposition of his brother, Michael.
David VIII
(დავით VIII)		1273
First son ofDemetre II andTheodora Megala Komnene of Trebizond [el]		1292–1302

1308–1311		Kingdom of Eastern GeorgiaOljath Khan
1291
no children

Unknown, fromSurameli family
1302
one child		1311
aged 37–38		Refused to submit to the orders of the Mongols, and between 1299 and 1308 he was declared a deposed king, as his own brothers were supported by the Mongol Khan. Albeit forced to abdicate of the throne by his brother Vakhtang, after the latter's death he was restored as king. In 1299, theIlkhanidkhanGhazan installed his brother as a rival ruler:
  • George V, King of Georgia (1299–1302), his authority did not extend beyond the Mongol-protected capitalTbilisi, so George was referred to during this period as "The Shadow King of Tbilisi". Historians number him "V" because of this period.
Vakhtang III
(ვახტანგ III)		1276
Second son ofDemetre II andTheodora Megala Komnene of Trebizond [el]		1302–1308Kingdom of Eastern GeorgiaRipsime
1297
two children		1308
aged 31–32
Regency of PrinceGeorge of Georgia (1311–1313)Has as regent his uncle, prince George, who had opposed his father. Died as minor, and this uncle took power.
George VIthe Minor
(გიორგი VI მცირე)		c. 1302
Son ofDavid VIII		1311–1313Kingdom of Eastern GeorgiaUnmarried1313
aged 10–11
George Vthe Brilliant[34]
(გიორგი V ბრწყინვალე)		1286
Son ofDemetre II and NatelaJaqeli		1313–1346Kingdom of Georgia
(inEastern Georgia until 1330)		Unknown
before 1346
one son		1346
aged 59–60		"Re-ascended" as a fully recognized king, reuniting Georgia in 1330. A flexible and far-sighted politician, he recovered Georgia from a century-longMongol domination, restoring the country's previous strength andChristian culture.
Michael
(მიქელ I)		c. 1260[33]
Third son ofDavid VI and TamarAmanelisdze		1327–1329Kingdom of Western GeorgiaUnknown
c. 1270
one child		1329
aged 68–69?		Opposed his brother, Constantine I. Sought to resubjugate to the crown the great nobles and provincial dynasts who had asserted greater autonomy for themselves in the reign of Constantine I.
Council of Regency (1329–1330)Still a minor, was deposed by George V.
Bagrat Ithe Minor
(ბაგრატ I მცირე)		c. 1320
Son ofMichael I		1329–1330Kingdom of Western GeorgiaUnknown
(a daughter ofQvarqvare II Jaqeli)
1358
three children		1372
aged 51–52?
Western Georgia reunited with the Eastern part
David IX
(დავით IX)		c. 1300?
Son ofGeorge V		1346–1360Kingdom of GeorgiaSindukhtarJaqeli
c. 1330?
two children		1360
aged 59–60?		The prosperity of the kingdom did not last, as theBlack Death swept through the area in 1348. In 1360, Georgia lost Armenia.
Bagrat Vthe Great
(ბაგრატ V დიდი)		c. 1330?
Son ofGeorge V		1360–1393Kingdom of Georgia
(inEastern Georgia during a brief division period in 1387–1392)		Helena Megala Komnene of Trebizond
c. 1360
two children

Anna Megala Komnene of Trebizond
June 1366
one child		1393
aged 62–63?		A fair and popular ruler, was imprisoned by the Golden Horde. Agreed to convert from Christianity and become Muslim.
Alexander I
(ალექსანდრე I)		c. 1360
First son ofBagrat I		1387–1389Kingdom of ImeretiAnnaOrbeliani
Before 1389
two children		1389
aged 28–29?		Rebelled against the main power in Georgia; Western part sepaated again.
George I
(გიორგი I)		c. 1360
Second son ofBagrat I		1389–1392Kingdom of ImeretiUnmarried1392
aged 31–32?		After his death in 1392, Western Georgia is reincorporated in the Eastern part.
Western Georgia reunited with the Eastern part
George VII
(გიორგი VII)		c. 1360
Son ofBagrat V andHelena Megala Komnene of Trebizond		1393–1407Kingdom of Eastern Georgia
(inall Georgia until 1396)		Unmarried1407
aged 46–47?		In 1396, Constantine took advantage of George VII's continuous war with Timur—in which a great number of Imeretians died—and the death of Vameq Dadiani and returned to Imereti.
Constantine II
(კონსტანტინე II)		c. 1360
Third son ofBagrat I		1396–1401Kingdom of Western GeorgiaUnmarried1401
aged 40–41?
Constantine I
(კონსტანტინე I)		c. 1366
Son ofBagrat V andAnna Megala Komnene of Trebizond		1407–1412Kingdom of Eastern GeorgiaNatia Amirejibi [ka]
c. 1389
three children		1412
aged 45–46
Demetrius I
(დემეტრე I)		Before 1389
Son ofAlexander I and AnnaOrbeliani		1401–1412Kingdom of Western GeorgiaUnknown
Before 1445
no children		1445
aged at least 55–56		From 1412 accepts suzerainty from Georgia and rules asduke of Imereti.
Western Georgia reunited with the Eastern part
Alexander Ithe Great
(ალექსანდრე I დიდი)		1386
Son ofConstantine I andNatia Amirejibi [ka]		1412–1442Kingdom of GeorgiaDulandukhtOrbeliani
c. 1411
three children

Tamar of Western Georgia
c. 1414
three children		27 August 1445 or 7 March 1446
aged 58–60		Regained Imereti in 1412. Despite his efforts to restore the country from the ruins left by the Turco-Mongol warlord Timur's invasions, Georgia never recovered and faced the inevitable fragmentation that was followed by a long period of stagnation. He was the last ruler of a united Georgia which was relatively free from foreign domination. Abdicated.
Demetrius III
(დიმიტრი III)		c. 1413
First son ofAlexander I and DulandukhtOrbeliani		1442 – December 1446Kingdom of GeorgiaGulkhan of Western Georgia [ka]
(d.1472)
c. 1450
one child		1453
aged 39–40		Co-rulers since 1433. Demetrius abdicated after his brother's death.
Vakhtang IV
(ვახტანგ IV)		c. 1413
Second son ofAlexander I and DulandukhtOrbeliani		Sitikhatun Panaskerteli-Tsitsishvili [ka]
c. 1442
no children		December 1446
aged 32–33
George VIII
(გიორგი VIII)		1417
Son ofAlexander I andTamar of Imereti		December 1446 – 1466Kingdom of Georgia
(inEastern Georgia only since 1463)		Tamar Jaqeli [ka]
1445
five children?

Nestan-Darejan
1456
five children?		1476
aged 58–59		In 1463 lost Imereti once more. From 1465, renounced Georgia and ruled only in Kakheti.
1466–1476Kingdom of Kakheti
Bagrat VI
(ბაგრატ VI)		1439
Son ofPrince George of Georgia andGulkhan of Western Georgia [ka]		1463–1478Kingdom of Georgia
(inWestern Georgia only until 1466)		Helena
(d. 3 November 1510)
three children		1478
aged 58–59		Paternal grandson of Constantine I of Georgia. In 1463 rose as King of Imereti, and in 1466 ascended in Kartli (the part George VIII renounced), reuniting it with Imereti.
Alexander I
(ალექსანდრე I)		1445
Son ofGeorge VIII and Tamar or Nestan-Darejan		1476 – 27 April 1511Kingdom of KakhetiAnna Cholokashvili
two children

Tinatin(the same person as Anna?)		27 April 1511
aged 65–66		Alexander's pliancy and flexible diplomacy earned him security from the neighboring powers, only to be murdered by his own sonGeorge II "the Bad". He recognized the suzerainty of ShahIsmail I ofSafavid Iran at the beginning of the 16th century.[35]
Alexander II
(ალექსანდრე II)		c. 1460?
Son ofBagrat VI and Helena		1478Kingdom of GeorgiaTamar
(d. 12 March 1510)
seven children		1 April 1510
Kutaisi
aged 49–50?		After being deposed by his uncle Constantine II, Alexander recovered Imereti after Constantine's defeat at the hands ofQvarqvare II Jaqeli, a powerfulatabeg ofSamtskhe, in 1483, but lostKutaisi to Constantine again a year later. In 1490, Alexander took advantage of theAk Koyunlu Turkoman invasion of Kartli, and seized control of Imereti.
1484 – 1 April 1510Kingdom of Western Georgia
(until 1490)

Kingdom of Imereti
(since 1490)
Constantine II
(კონსტანტინე II)		1447
Son ofDemetrius III andGulkhan of Western Georgia [ka]		1478–1505Kingdom of Kartli
(inGeorgia until 1490)		Tamar
(d. 1492)
1473
eleven children		1505
aged 57–58		Paternal grandson of Alexander I of Georgia. Early in the 1490s, he had to recognise the independence of his rival rulers ofImereti andKakheti, and to confine his power toKartli.
In 1490, after several decades of dynastic infighting, a national council agreed on the division of the Kingdom of Georgia into three kingdoms.[36] The Kings of Georgia retained the largest portion of the divided kingdom which reverted to its old name ofKartli.Imereti andKakheti emerged as the other two Bagrationi kingdoms created out of the division.
David X
(დავით X)		1482
First son ofConstantine II and Tamar		1505–1526Kingdom of KartliNestan-Darejan Baratashvili
no children

Tamar (Jaqeli?) [ka]
(d.1554)
eight children		1526
Tbilisi
aged 43–44		Despite the fact that Constantine had recognised the independence of the breakaway Georgian kingdoms of Imereti and Kakheti, the rivalry among these polities was to continue under David. He had to defend his kingdom against the attacks by Alexander II of Imereti and George II of Kakheti.
Bagrat III
(ბაგრატ III)		23 September 1495
Son ofAlexander II and Tamar		1 April 1510 – September 1565Kingdom of ImeretiElena
(d.1565)
six children		September 1565
aged 69–70		Faced repeated assaults from theOttoman Turks as well as conflicts with his ostensible vassal princes ofMingrelia,Guria, andAbkhazia who were frequently joining the enemy.
George IIthe Wicked
(გიორგი II)		1464
Tbilisi
Son ofAlexander I and DulandukhtOrbeliani		27 April 1511 – 1513Kingdom of KakhetiElena Irubakidze-Cholokashvili
(d.1532)
three children		1513
Tbilisi
aged 48–49		After a failed incursion in Kartli, ended in prison, where he was soon killed.
Kakheti briefly annexed to Kartli
Leon
(ლევანი)		1504
Tbilisi
Son ofGeorge II and Elena Irubakidze-Cholokashvili		1520–1574Kingdom of KakhetiTinatin Gurieli
(annulled 1529)
two children

Unknown
(daughter of Kamal Kara-Musel, Shamkhal of Tarku)
fourteen children		1574
Tbilisi
aged 69–70		Restored the kingdom of Kakheti and presided over the most prosperous and peaceful period in its history.
George IX
(გიორგი IX)		c. 1485
Second son ofConstantine II and Tamar		1525–1527Kingdom of KartliUnmarried1539
aged 53–54?		Abdicated to his nephew.
Luarsab I
(ლუარსაბ I)		1502
Son ofDavid X andTamar (Jaqeli?) [ka]		1527–1556Kingdom of KartliTamar of Imereti
eight children		1556
Garisi
aged 53–54		Persistent in his resistance against Safavid Persian aggression, he was killed in theBattle of Garisi.
Simon Ithe Great
(სიმონ I დიდი)		1537
First son ofLuarsab I andTamar of Imereti		1556–1569

1578–1599		Kingdom of KartliNestan-Darejan of Kakheti
1559
one child		1611
Constantinople
aged 73–74		His first tenure was marked by war against the Persian domination of Georgia. In 1569 he was captured by the Persians, and spent nine years in captivity. In 1578 he was released and reinstalled in Kartli. During this period (i.e. his second tenure), he fought as a Persian subject against the Ottoman domination of Georgia. In 1599 Simon I was captured by the Ottomans and died in captivity.
George II
(გიორგი II)		c. 1515
Son ofBagrat III and Elena		1565–1585Kingdom of ImeretiUnknown
one child

Rusudan Shervashidze
(d.1578)
two children

Christina-Tamar Diasamidze [ka]
three children		1585
aged 69–70		With his ascend to the throne, George found himself involved in the civil war among his vassals.
David XI
Dāwūd Khan II
(დავით XI,
داود خان,
დაუთ-ხანი)		c. 1540
Second son ofLuarsab I andTamar of Imereti		1569–1578Kingdom of KartliElena
(relative of Alexander II of Kakheti)
four children		c. 1579
Constantinople
aged less than 38–39?		A convert toIslam, he was appointed asKhan of Kartli by thePersianShahTahmasp I from 1562 (effectively from 1569) to 1578.
Alexander II
(ალექსანდრე II)		1527
Tbilisi
Son ofLeon andTinatin Gurieli		1574 – October 1601

21 October 1602 – 12 March 1605		Kingdom of KakhetiTinatin Amilakhvari
eight children		12 March 1605
Dzegami
aged 77–78		In spite of a precarious international situation, he managed to retain relative economic stability in his kingdom and tried to establish contacts with theTsardom of Russia. In October 1601, Alexander's son, David, revolted from the royal authority and seized the crown, forcing his father to retire to a monastery. David would die a year later, on October 2, 1602, and Alexander was able to resume the throne. Alexander fell victim to theIran-sponsored coup led by his other son, Constantine.
Leon
(ლევანი)		1573
Son ofGeorge II and Rusudan Shervashidze		September 1585 – 1588Kingdom of ImeretiMarekhi Dadiani
no children		1590
aged 17–18		With his ascension to the throne, Leon faced a revolt by his own uncle, Constantine, who defied the royal authority and took control of Upper Imereti. Leon made an alliance with the Mingrelian princeMamia IV Dadiani, and forced Constantine to surrender in 1587. He then would also face the hostilities ofSimon I of Kartli and his own brother-in-law, who deposed him.
Rostom
(როსტომი)		1571
(Illegitimate?) Son ofPrince Constantine		1588–1589

1590–1605		Kingdom of ImeretiUnmarried1605
aged 33–34		With support of Mamia IV Dadiani, Rostom was raised to the throne, but his authority was defied by Giorgi II Gurieli, who employed an Ottoman force to dethrone the king in favor of Bagrat IV (paternal grandson of Bagrat III). After Rostom fled to Mingrelia, Simon I of Kartli deposed Bagrat IV and brought most of Imereti under his control. Manuchar I Dadiani rejected Simon's ultimatum, moved into Imereti, defeated the invaders and reinstated Rostom as king. However, the authority started to be held by an aristocratic élite, notably by the prince of Mingrelia.
Bagrat IV
(ბაგრატ IV)		1565
Son of Prince Teimuraz[h]		1589–1590Kingdom of Imeretic. 1590
aged 24–25?
George X
(გიორგი X)		1561
Tbilisi
Son ofSimon I andNestan-Darejan of Kakheti		1599 – 7 September 1606Kingdom of KartliTamar Lipartiani [ka]
(d.1614)
15 September 1578
five children		7 September 1606
Constantinople
aged 44–45		Fought alongside his father against the Ottoman occupation forces since 1598. Held power after Simon was taken captive by the Turks at the Battle of Nakhiduri in 1599. George attempted several times, though vainly, to ransom his father (who would die as a prisoner in 1612) from captivity and even offered his son as hostage to the Sublime Porte. Supported the Persians against the Ottomans. He was the first king of Kartli who attempted to establish diplomatic ties with the northern co-religionist power of Muscovy. However, unstable political situation in both countries terminated these contacts.
David I
(დავით I)		1569
Gremi
Son ofAlexander II and Tinatin Amilakhvari		October 1601 – 21 October 1602Kingdom of KakhetiKetevan of Mukhrani,the Martyr
1581
four children		21 October 1602
Gremi
aged 31–32		In mid-1601, he capitalized on the illness of his father and gained an effective control of the government. However, died a year later. His father then recovered the throne.
Constantine I
Kustandil Khan
(კონსტანტინე I,
کنستانتین خان‎,
კონსტანტინე ხანი)		1567
Tbilisi
Son ofAlexander II and Tinatin Amilakhvari		12 March – 22 October 1605Kingdom of KakhetiUnknown
(a granddaughter of Alexander II)		22 October 1605
Tbilisi
aged 33–34		His subjects refused to recognize a patricide (he murdered Alexander II) and revolted. The rebellion was led by Constantine's sister-in-law, the widowKetevan, who requested aid from George X of Kartli. Constantine bribed some of the rebel nobles, but in the end had to flee. The rebels sent emissaries toAbbas I of Persia and pledged loyalty, provided that Abbas confirmed their candidate, Ketevan's son Teimuraz, as a Christian king of Kakheti.
George III
(გიორგი III)		c. 1570
Son ofPrince Constantine and Elena Gurieli		1605–1639Kingdom of ImeretiTamar
(d.1639)
no children		1639
aged 68–69		His authority was seriously undermined by the energetic prince of Mingrelia, Levan II Dadiani, whose increasing influence George tried to restrict without success.
Regency ofKetevan of Mukhrani (ქეთევან წამებული) (1605–1614)An admirer ofPersian poetry, Teimuraz translated into Georgian several Persian love stories and transformed the personal experiences of his reign into a series of original poems influenced by the contemporary Persian tradition.[37] From 1614 on, he waged a five-decade long struggle against the Safavid Iranian domination of Georgia in the course of which he was thrice deposed and lost several members of his family. Teimuraz died as the shah's prisoner atAstarabad.
Teimuraz I
(თეიმურაზ I)		1589
Son ofDavid I andKetevan of Mukhrani		22 October 1605 – 1648[38]Kingdom of KakhetiAnna Gurieli
c. 1605
three children

Khorashan of Kartli
1612
two children		1661
Gorgan
aged 71–72
Kakheti annexed to Persia (1648–1664)
Regency ofShadiman Baratashvili (შადიმან ბარათაშვილი) (1606–1610)He is known for his martyr's death at the hands of thePersian shah Abbas I. TheGeorgian Orthodox Church regards him as saint and marks his memory on the day of his death, July 1.
Luarsab IIthe Holy Martyr
(ლუარსაბ II)		1592
Tbilisi
Son ofGeorge X andTamar Lipartiani [ka]		7 September 1606 – 1 July 1615Kingdom of KartliMakrine Saakadze
no children		1 July 1615
Shiraz
aged 22–23
Overlordship ofAbbas I of Persia (1615–1619)Installed by Abbas I as a puppet king. His power was confined to Lower Kartli and largely relied on Persian forces. Considered as a renegade, he was disgusted by most of the kingdom's population and, in spite of the Persian presence, he was unable to control even seemingly loyal nobility.
Bagrat VII
Bagrat Khan
(ლუარსაბ II)		1569
Son ofDavid XI and Elene		1 July 1615 – 1619Kingdom of KartliAnna of Kakheti
two children		1619
aged 49–50
Overlordship ofAbbas I of Persia (1619–1629)andSafi of Persia (1629–1630)
Regency ofGiorgi Saakadze (გიორგი სააკაძე) (1619–1625)		Largely unpopular with his Christian subjects, Simon's "khanate" never stretched beyondTbilisi and the Lower Kartli province, where the districts of Somkhiti and Sabaratiano were occupied by Persian forces.
Simon II
Semayun Khan
(სიმონ II)		c. 1610
Son ofBagrat VII and Anna of Kakheti		1619–1630Kingdom of KartliJahan Banu Begum
one child		1630
aged 19–20
Kartli briefly annexed to Kakheti
Overlordship ofSafi of Persia (1633–1642)andAbbas II of Persia (1642–1658)Took control of Kartli and garrisoned all major fortresses with Persian forces, bringing them under his tight control. His willingness to cooperate with his suzerain won for Kartli a larger degree of autonomy. A period of relative peace and prosperity ensued, with the cities and towns being revived, many deserted areas repopulated and commerce flourished. Although Muslim, Rostom patronised Christian culture, albeit Islam and Persian habits predominating at his court. He ruthlessly crushed an opposition of local nobles.
Rostom
Rustam Khan
(როსტომი,
როსტომ ხანი)		1565
Isfahan
Son ofDavid XI and Elena		1633 – 17 November 1658Kingdom of KartliTinatina Jaqeli
no children

Ketevan Abashishvili
1635
no children

Mariam Dadiani
1638
no children		17 November 1658
Tbilisi
aged 92–93
Alexander III
(ალექსანდრე III)		1609
Kutaisi
Son ofGeorge III and Tamar		1639 – 1 March 1660Kingdom of ImeretiTamar Gurieli [fr]
1618
(annulled 1620)
three children

Nestan-Darejan of Kakheti
14 May 1631
nearGori
no children		1 March 1660
Kutaisi
aged 50–51		Most of his reign was spent in the struggle against the powerful prince of Mingrelia, Levan II Dadiani, who refused to acknowledge the king of Imereti as his overlord, and aspired to displace him from his throne.
Overlordship ofAbbas II of Persia (1658–1666)andSuleiman I of Persia (1666–1675)Originally great-great-grandson ofConstantine II of Georgia, he came from the Mukhrani line, being adopted by his predecessor Rostom to succeed him. Followed the policy of his predecessor, managing to maintain a peaceful relationship with his Persian suzerains and to revive the economy of Kartli. Made efforts to bring other Georgian polities under his control.
Vakhtang V
Shah-Nawaz Khan
(ვახტანგ V)		1618
Son ofTeimuraz I, Prince of Mukhrani and Anna Eristavi
Adopted son ofRostom		17 November 1658 – September 1675Kingdom of KartliRodam Kaplanishvili-Orbeliani
(annulled 1658)
ten children

Mariam Dadiani
1658
no children		September 1675
nearGanja
aged 56–57

Intervened in Imereti's bitter power struggles.

Nestan-Darejan of Kakheti
(ნესტან-დარეჯანი)		1615
Gremi
Son ofGeorge III and Tamar		1 March 1660 – 1668Kingdom of ImeretiZurab I, Duke of Aragvi
1623
no children

Alexander III
14 May 1631
nearGori
no children

Vakhtang Tchutchunashvili
1660
no children		1668
Kutaisi
aged 50–51		After Alexander III's death, Darejan, as his widow, became the core of power in Imereti. Signed royal documents before her stepson (king Bagrat V) himself, and eventually blinded him shortly after his accession. Her third marriage to legitimized him in power, opposing Bagrat V:
  • Vakhtang Tchutchunashvili
    (ვახტანგ ჭუჭუნაშვილი), puppet king of Nestan-Darejan, ruled briefly in 1660 and 1668.
  • Demetrius Gurieli
    (დემეტრე გურიელი), ruled briefly in 1663–1664; the Imeretians deposed and blinded him, and restored Bagrat V.

The period was marked by extreme instability and feudal anarchy in the kingdom: some other nobles tried to wrest for power.

Bagrat V
(ბაგრატ V)		1620
Son ofAlexander III and Tamar Gurieli		1 March 1660 – 1661[39]

1664–1678[39]

1679–1681		Ketevan of Kakheti
(annulled 1661)
no children

Tatia of Mukhrani
(annulled 1663)
no children

Tamar of Mukhrani
1663
four children		1681
aged 60/61
Ketevan
(ქეთევანი)		1648
Daughter ofPrince David of Kakheti and Elene Diasamidze		1664–1675Kingdom of KakhetiArchil
1668
four children		16 April 1719
Moscow
aged 70–71		With Kakheti's independence restored, Archil was designated its king afterr marrying the later king's granddaughter, Ketevan. Ketevan's brother, Heraclius, came in 1675 to claim and inherit the throne. Dispossessed, Archil tried to expand his influence in Imereti through a series of unsuccessful or short-lived coups d'état on that kingdom. Eventually, Archil retired to Russia where he spearheaded the cultural life of a local Georgian community. He was also a lyric poet.
Archil
(არჩილი)		1647
First son ofVakhtang V of Kartli and Rodam Kaplanishvili-Orbeliani		1664–1675Kingdom of KakhetiUnknown
(daughter of Prince Nodar Tsitsishvili)
no children

Ketevan
1668
four children		16 April 1713
Moscow
aged 65–66
1661–1663

1678–1679

1690–1691

1695–1696

1698–1699		Kingdom of Imereti
Overlordship ofSuleiman I of Persia (1675–1694)andSoltan Hoseyn of Persia (1694–1709)He is best known for his struggle against the Safavids which dominated his weakened kingdom and later as a Safavid commander-in-chief in what is now Afghanistan. Being an Eastern Orthodox Christian, he converted to Shia Islam prior to his appointment as governor of Kandahar.
George XI
Gurgin Khan
(გიორგი XI)		1651
Second son ofVakhtang V of Kartli and Rodam Kaplanishvili-Orbeliani		1675–1688

1703 – 21 April 1709		Kingdom of KartliTamar Davitishvili
(d.4 December 1683)
1676
two children

Khoreshan Mikeladze
(d.24 February 1695)
1687
Kojori
one child		21 April 1709
Kandahar
aged 57–58
Overlordship ofSuleiman I of Persia (1675–1694)andSoltan Hoseyn of Persia (1694–1709)Grandson of Teimuraz I of Kakheti. Raised in Russia, where he was known asNikolai Davidovich. In 1662, he returned to take the vacant throne of Kakheti, but was defeated by his brother-in-law Archil with Iranian support. He managed to take Kakheti when Archil, conflicted with the Persian Empire, left the kingdom. With the annexation of his kingdom to Persia, Heraclius filled the Kartli throne, left vacant by George XI's deposition.
Heraclius I
Eregli Khan
Nazar Ali Khan
(ერეკლე I,
ارگلی خان,
ნაზარალი-ხანი,
نظر علی خان‎)		1642
Tbilisi
Son ofPrince David of Kakheti and Elene Diasamidze		1675–1676

1703–1709		Kingdom of KakhetiAnna Cholokashvili
1677
Ispahan
five children		1709
Isfahan
aged 66–67
1688–1703Kingdom of Kartli
Between 1676 and 1703, Kakheti was annexed to Persia
Tamar of Mukhrani
(თამარი)		c. 1640
Daughter ofConstantine I, Prince of Mukhrani and Darejan Abashidze		1681–1683Kingdom of ImeretiLevan III Dadiani
1661
three children

Bagrat V
1663
four children

George IV Gurieli
1681
no children		1681
aged 40–41		Like her mother-in-law, Tamar also became the core of sovereignty in Imereti, as it is shown by her third husband succeeding her second one. This third husband, George Gurieli, was Prince of Guria in 1658–1668. He was energetically involved in civil wars in western Georgian polities, which he sought to bring under his sway. He was killed in battle while trying to recover the lost throne of Imereti.
George IV Gurieli[i]
(გიორგი III გურიელი)		?
Son ofKaikhosro I Gurieli and Khvaramze Goshadze		Tamar Chijavadze
1667
(annulled 1677)
five children

Darejan of Imereti
c. 1677
no children

Tamar of Mukhrani
1681
no children		1684
Alexander IV
(ალექსანდრე IV)		c. 1660?
Kutaisi
Illegitimate son ofBagrat V		1683–1691

1691–1695		Kingdom of ImeretiTamar Abashidze
1691
four children		1695
aged 34–35?		George XI of Kartli and the Imeretian nobles secured the Ottoman recognition for Alexander, who was enthroned in Imereti after deposing the Gurieli prince in 1683. Alexander transferred his loyalty to the Safavid shah Suleiman I of Persia in 1689, but was expelled by the Turks into Kartli in August 1690. In 1691, through the mediation of Erekle I of Kartli and the Persian government, Alexander was restored in Imereti after a year of anarchy and misrule.
Overlordship ofGiorgi-Malakia Abashidze (1696–1698)As usual for widows in Imereti, she was the link between two kings, marrying them in succession. George V ruled virtually, under his powerful benefactor.
Tamar Abashidze
(თამარი)		1681
FIrst daughter ofGiorgi-Malakia Abashidze		1696–1698Kingdom of ImeretiAlexander IV
1691
four children

George VGochia
1696
no children		1716
aged 34–35
George VGochia
(გიორგი V გოჩია)		c. 1680?
A relative of theBagrationi dynasty		Tamar Abashidze
1696
no children		1698
aged 27–28?
Overlordship ofGiorgi-Malakia Abashidze (1699–1701)Sister of Tamar Abashidze, she also married the next king of Imereti, an illegitimate son of her sister's husband, Simon, who was brought up in the court ofErekle I of Kartli. The couple was expelled byGiorgi-Malakia Abashidze and his daughter Tamar.
Anika Abashidzec. 1685
Second daughter ofGiorgi-Malakia Abashidze		1699–1701Kingdom of Imereti1698
no children		1731
aged 34–35
Simon
(სიმონი)		?
Illegitimate son ofAlexander IV		1701
Overlordship ofGiorgi-Malakia Abashidze (1701–1702)Third daughter of the powerful regent Giorgi Abashidze, married Mamia Gurieli, who succeeded Elena's brother-in-law. After his first reign as king for a year, Mamia abdicated, being unable to tolerate the influence of his father-in-law Giorgi-Malakia Abashidze. Subsequent periods of his royal career was the result of a feud with George VII of Imereti. Mamia died while still sitting on the throne of Imereti, which then reverted to his rival.
Elena Abashidzec. 1685
Third daughter ofGiorgi-Malakia Abashidze		1701–1702Kingdom of ImeretiMamia Gurieli
1698
(annulled 1711)
seven children		1731
aged 34–35
Mamia Gurielithe Great[j]
მამია III გურიელი დიდი)		?
Son ofGeorge IV and Tamar Chijavadze		1701–1702

1711–1712

1713 – 5 January 1714		Elena Abashidze
1698
(annulled 1711)
seven children

Tamar of Racha [fr]
1711
no children		5 January 1714
George VI-Malakia Abashidze
(გიორგი-მალაქია აბაშიძე)		?
Son of Paata Abashidze		1702–1707Kingdom of ImeretiUnknown
seven children		15 October 1722
Tbilisi		After controlling many kings behind the curtain, Giorgi-Malakia made his way to the throne, but ended up deposed by a revolt of the nobles.
George VII
(გიორგი VII)		1670
Illegitimate son ofAlexander IV		1707–1711

1712–1713

5 January 1714 – 1716

1719 – 22 February 1720		Kingdom of ImeretiRodam of Kartli
1703
(annulled 1712)
five children

Tamar Abashidze
c. 1712
(annulled 1713)
no children

Tamar of Racha [fr]
March 1714
no children

Tamar Gurieli [fr]
1716
three children		22 February 1720
Kutaisi
aged 49–50		With the approval of the Ottoman government, a rightful king of Imereti by the loyal party of nobles in 1702, though it was not until 1707 that he was able to wrest the crown from the usurper Giorgi-Malakia Abashidze (George VI). Entered in a feud with Mamia Gurieli for the throne.
Overlordship ofSoltan Hoseyn of Persia (1709–1711)Paternal grandson of Vakhtang V. He reigned in absentia since he served during the whole of this period as a Persian commander-in-chief in what is now Afghanistan.
Kaikhosro
(ქაიხოსრო)		1 January 1674
Tbilisi
Son ofPrince Levan and Tuta Gurieli		21 April 1709 – 27 September 1711Kingdom of KartliKetevan
(d.Moscow, 3 May 1730)
four children		27 September 1711
Kandahar
aged 37
Overlordship ofSoltan Hoseyn of Persia (1709–1711)Although aMuslim and a loyal vassal of theSafavid dynasty ofIran, he failed to ensure his kingdom's security and most of his reign was marked byLekianoba – incessant inroads by the Dagestani mountainous clansmen.
David II
Imām Qulī Khān
(დავით II,
امام قلی خان,
იმამყული-ხანი‎)		1678
Isfahan
Son ofHeraclius I and Anna Cholokashvili		1709 – 2 November 1722Kingdom of KakhetiUnknown
(daughter of theshamkhal of Tarki)
no children

Yatri Jahan-Begum
three children		2 November 1722
Magharo [ka;ka]
aged 44–45
Interregnum: 1711–1714
Overlordship ofSoltan Hoseyn of Persia
Regency ofPrince Vakhtang
Overlordship ofSoltan Hoseyn of Persia (1714–1722),Mahmud Hotak of Afghanistan (1722–1725)andAshraf Hotak of Afghanistan (1725–1727)Paternal grandsons of Vakhtang V. Jesse proved to be incompetent and addicted to alcohol. Unable to maintain order in his possessions, he was replaced, in June 1716, with his brother, Vakhtang, who had finally agreed to renounce Christianity. One of the most important and extraordinary statesman of early 18th-century Georgia, Vakhtang was known as a notable legislator, scholar, critic, translator and poet. His reign was eventually terminated by the Ottoman invasion following the disintegration of Safavid Persia, which forced Vakhtang into exile in the Russian Empire. After Ottoman invasion in Georgia that led to Vakhtang's escape, Jesse could return to the throne. After his death, the kingdom was abolished and united with Kakheti.
Jesse
Ali-Quli Khan
Mustafa Pasha
(იესე)		1680
Tbilisi
Second son ofPrince Levan and Tuta Gurieli		1714–1716

July 1724 – 1727		Kingdom of KartliMariam Qaplanishvili-Orbeliani
1712

Elene-Begum of Kakheti
1715
eleven children		1727
Tbilisi
aged 57–58
Vakhtang VIthe Scholar
Ḥosaynqolī Khan
(ვახტანგ VI,
حسین‌قلی خان)		15 September 1674
Tbilisi
First son ofPrince Levan and Tuta Gurieli		1716 – July 1724Kingdom of KartliRusudan of Circassia
1696
five children		26 March 1737
Astrakhan
aged 61
In 1727, the kingdom of Kartli was annexed to theOttoman Empire, then to Persia (1735), and finally merged in Kakheti in 1744
George VIII Gurieli[k]
(გიორგი IV გურიელი)		?
Son ofMamia and Khvaramze Goshadze		27 February – June 1720Kingdom of ImeretiElena-Mariam Abashidze
(annulled 1717)
two children

Khvaramze Dadiani
no children		1726Also Prince of Guria 1714–1726. Seized the crown of Imereti, but was forced to abandon the enterprise later that year.
Alexander V
(ალექსანდრე V)		1703
Kutaisi
Son ofGeorge VII andRodam of Kartli		June 1720 – 1741

1742 – March 1752		Kingdom of ImeretiMariam Dadiani
(d.1731)
1721
three children

Tamar Abashidze
(d.1772)
1732
five children		March 1752
Kutaisi
aged 49–50		Brought up at the court of his relative Vakhtang VI of Kartli and enjoyed his support in the power struggle in Imereti. After visitingIstanbul, in August 1719 he returned with a detachment of Turkish auxiliaries, deposed George VIII Gurieli in June 1720, and was crowned king of Imereti. Had, however, opposition from his brother:
Overlordship ofMahmud Hotak of Afghanistan (1722–1725),Ashraf Hotak of Afghanistan (1725–1729)andTahmasp II of Persia (1729–1732)He frequently feuded with his western neighbor and kinsman, Vakhtang VI of Kartli, who was declared by the Persian government deposed in 1723.
Constantine II
Mahmād Qulī Khān
(კონსტანტინე II
მაჰმად ყული-ხანი)		?
Isfahan
Illegitimate son ofHeraclius I		2 November 1722 – 28 December 1732Kingdom of KakhetiPerejan-Begum
one child		28 December 1732
Telavi
aged
George IX
(გიორგი IX)		1718
Kutaisi
Second son ofGeorge VII and Tamar Gurieli		1741Kingdom of ImeretiMzekhatun Lipartiani
five children		1778
Kutaisi
aged 59–60		After his brother Alexander V was ousted in the Ottoman-sponsored coup of 1741, he was enthroned in Imereti, but was deposed in the same year.
Overlordship ofNader Shah of Persia (1744–1746)Married since 1712. In 1735, the couple fomented unrest against the Persian rule, but Teimuraz was captured in 1736. Part of Georgian nobles staged a powerful rebellion against the Persian regime, and the shah released Teimuraz to suppress the opposition. In 1744, Teimuraz was confirmed by the shah as king of Kartli, his wife recognized as "Queen of Queens", and their son Erekle was given a Kakhetian crown, laying the ground for the eventual reunification of the Georgian kingdoms. They were recognised as Christian kings for the first time since 1632, and crowned as so. With their power growing increasingly stronger, Teimuraz soon repudiated their allegiance to the Persian suzerain.
Tamar II[40]
(თამარი II)		1696
Daughter ofVakhtang VI andRusudan of Circassia		1744 – 12 April 1746Kingdom of KartliTeimuraz II
2 February 1712
four children		12 April 1746
Kutaisi
aged 59/60
Teimuraz II
(თეიმურაზ II)		7 November 1700
Tbilisi
Son ofConstantine II and Perejan-Begum		28 December 1732 – 1744Kingdom of KakhetiTamar Eristavi
(annulled 1711)
no children

Tamar II
2 February 1712
four children

Ana-Khanum Baratashvili
19 August 1746
two children		8 January 1762
Saint Petersburg
aged 61
1744 – 8 January 1762
(withTamar II
until 1746)		Kingdom of Kartli
The process of unification of Kartli and Kakheti was initiated in 1744, whenTeimuraz II of Kakheti was confirmed as King of Kartli by the Persians, and left Kakheti to his sonHeraclius II. It was fulfilled in 1762, when Teimuraz II died, and Heraclius joined the two crowns. The Russian southward expansion would however cut short this evolution; Kartli-Kakheti became a Russian protectorate in 1783 by theTreaty of Georgievsk, and was annexed in 1801 following the death of George XII. Imereti kept its independence a few years longer, until 1810.
Heraclius II
(ერეკლე II)		7 November 1720
Telavi
Son ofTeimuraz II andTamar of Kartli		1744 – 11 January 1798Kingdom of Kakheti
(until 8 January 1762)

Kingdom of Kakheti-Kartli
(since 8 January 1762)		Ketevan Pkheidze
1740
two children

Anna Abashidze
1745
three children

Darejan Dadiani
1750
twenty-three children		11 January 1798
Telavi
aged 77		Merged definitely Kartli with Kakheti after his father's death. His reign is regarded as the swan song of the Georgian monarchy. Aided by his personal abilities and the unrest in the Persian Empire, Heraclius established himself as ade facto autonomous ruler, unified eastern Georgia politically for the first time in three centuries, and attempted to modernize the government, economics, and military. Overwhelmed by the internal and external menaces to Georgia's precarious independence, he placed his kingdom under the formal Russian protection in 1783, but the move didn't prevent the invasion of Georgia from being devastated by thePersian invasion in 1795.
Solomon Ithe Great
(სოლომონ I დიდი)		1735
Kutaisi
Son ofAlexander V and Tamar Abashidze		March 1752 – 23 April 1784Kingdom of ImeretiTinatin Shervashidze
one child

Mariam Dadiani
(d.1778)
three children

Gulkan Tsulukidze
(1730–1800)
no children		23 April 1784
Kutaisi
aged 48–49		Had opposition from his cousin:
David II
(დავით II)		1756
Kutaisi
Son ofGeorge IX and Mzekhatun Lipartiani		4 May 1784 – 1791Kingdom of ImeretiAna Orbeliani
c. 1780
four children		11 January 1795
Akhaltsikhe
aged 38–39		After the death of his cousin, King Solomon I, he became a regent but prevented the rival princes David (the future king Solomon II) and George from being crowned. With the support of Katsia II Dadiani, prince of Mingrelia, he seized the throne and proclaimed himself king on May 4, 1784. Had opposition, in 1789, from a cousin, Prince Solomon, who would eventually succeeded him after ousting him in 1791.
Solomon II
(სოლომონ II)		1772
Kutaisi
Son ofPrince Archil andPrincess Elene of Georgia		1791–1810Kingdom of ImeretiAnna Orbeliani
1787
no children

Mariam Dadiani
1791
no children		7 February 1815
Trabzon
aged 42–43		Grandson of Alexander V. Initially prevented of the succession by his regent, he managed to overthrow him twice. Ruled under threat of Russian annexation, made even more present after the Kakheti-Kartli conquest in 1800. The menace became an official act with his deposition by the Imperial Russian government in 1810.
George XII
(გიორგი XII)		10 November 1746
Telavi
Son ofHeraclius II andAnna Abashidze		11 January 1798 – 28 December 1800Kingdom of Kakheti and KartliKetevan Andronikashvili
1766
twelve children

Mariam Tsitsishvili
13 July 1783
eleven children		28 December 1800
Tbilisi
aged 54		His brief reign in the closing years of the 18th century was marked by significant political instability, which implied the near certainty of a civil strife and a Persian invasion. Weakened by poor health and overwhelmed by problems in his realm, George renewed a request of protection from Tsar Paul I of Russia. After his death, Imperial Russia took advantage of the moment and moved to annex the Georgian kingdoms, while sending the remnants of the Georgian royal family into forced exile in Russia.

Many members of the dynasty were forced to flee the country and live in exile after theRed Army took control of the short-livedDemocratic Republic of Georgia in 1921 and installed theGeorgian Communist Party. SinceGeorgia regained independence in 1990 the dynasty have raised their profile, and in 2008 the two rival branches were united by marriage of the Mukhranski pretenderDavid Bagration of Mukhrani andAna Bagration-Gruzinsky, the eldest daughter of the Gruzinski pretenderNugzar Bagration-Gruzinsky. The marriage ended in divorce in 2013, but produced a son namedGiorgi. On 1 March 2025 Prince Nugzar died, the Gruzinski line went extinct in the male line and Ana became the rival pretender to her ex-husband with Giorgi as their shared heir apparent (his only child and her only son).

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^For the titles used, seeStyle of the Georgian sovereign.
  2. ^Numbered IV, as he was the fourth ruler of Iberia of that name, afterAdarnase III of Iberia, of theNersianid dynasty
  3. ^From here continues the line of presiding princes of Iberia, now as kings of Iberia.
  4. ^Usually counted as I, but he was the second Ashot ruling in Tao, after Ashot the Great.
  5. ^Sometimes rendeed as Adarnase V, if counting with the Iberian kingdom line.
  6. ^When numbering this king, the rule used often includesDavid III of Tao, which makes the Builder the fourth king David.
  7. ^Styled II afterVakhtang I of Iberia.
  8. ^Son of Bagrat III. ProfessorCyril Toumanoff considered Bagrat to have been a son of another Teimuraz, son ofPrince Vakhtang of Imereti.
  9. ^George III as prince of Guria.
  10. ^Mamia III as prince of Guria.
  11. ^George IV as prince of Guria.

References

[edit]
  1. ^Matevosyan 2021, p. 10.
  2. ^abGreenwood, TimEmergence of the Bagratuni Kingdoms, p. 52, inArmenian Kars and Ani, Hovannisian, Richard G., ed.
  3. ^abcdefGarsoïan 1997.
  4. ^Hakobyan, T. Kh.; Melik-Bakhshyan, St. T.; Barseghyan, H. Kh. (1986)."Bagrevand".Hayastani ev harakitsʻ shrjanneri teghanunneri baṛaran [Dictionary of toponymy of Armenia and adjacent territories] (in Armenian). Vol. 1. Yerevan State University. p. 536.Bagrevand ... in the 9th-11th centuries was under the rule of the Bagratouni Kingdom of Armenia.
  5. ^Hakobyan, T. Kh.; Melik-Bakhshyan, St. T.; Barseghyan, H. Kh. (1991)."Kogovit".Hayastani ev harakitsʻ shrjanneri teghanunneri baṛaran [Dictionary of toponymy of Armenia and adjacent territories] (in Armenian). Vol. 3. Yerevan State University. p. 182.During the reign of the Arshakuni dynasty, the province of Kogovit belonged to the court, but after Arshakuni kingdom's decline it passed to the Bagratuni princes.
  6. ^Toumanoff 1966.
  7. ^Toumanoff, Cyril,Iberia on the Eve of Bagratid Rule, p. 22, cited in: Suny, Ronald Grigor (1994),The Making of the Georgian Nation, note 30, p. 349: "All this has now come to be accepted in modern Georgian historiography".
  8. ^Mikaberidze, Alexander (2015).Historical dictionary of Georgia. Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield.ISBN 978-1-4422-4146-6.OCLC 916450044. p. 172
  9. ^abToumanoff 1966, p. 609.
  10. ^Russell 2004, p. 879.
  11. ^Toumanoff 1963, p. 202.
  12. ^abToumanoff 1963, p. 338.
  13. ^Movses Khorenatsi.History of the Armenians. Translation and Commentary of the Literary Sources by R. W. Thomson. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1978 Appendix A. Primary History, pp. 358–359, 362, 365–366
  14. ^Kurkjian 1958, p. 186.
  15. ^Hewsen, Robert (1983). "Ayrarat".Dictionary of the Middle Ages, Vol. 2. p. 19.
  16. ^abGarsoïan 1997, pp. 131–132.
  17. ^Herzig, Edmund; Kurkchiyan, Marina (2005).The Armenians: Past and Present in the Making of National Identity. Routledge. p. 43.
  18. ^"Kyurikyanner" 1977.
  19. ^Bagratuni rule as Princes of Armenia streched through many periods: 482–483, 628–635, 645, 686–690, 691–748, 755–772 and 806–884.
  20. ^Alternatively known asKingdom of Vanand.
  21. ^Alternatively known asKingdom of Tashir-Dzoraget.
  22. ^AlternativelyKingdom of Kartli orKingdom of the Kartvels.
  23. ^With brief re-divisions in Western and Eastern parts between 1387–1392 and 1396–1412. In 1412 Western Georgia accepted suzerainty from the Eastern part, and was demoted toDuchy of Imereti.
  24. ^Settipani 2006, pp. 330–334.
  25. ^Grousset 1947, p. 264.
  26. ^Grousset 1947, p. 272.
  27. ^Ashot IV of Armenia is also counted asAshot I of Taron.
  28. ^Sometimes calledMaria.
  29. ^"მარაბდა" [Marabda] (in Georgian).National Parliamentary Library of Georgia. Retrieved27 September 2023.
  30. ^Probable sister ofRuben I, Prince of Armenia
  31. ^Numbered IV as he was the fourth king in Kakheti by that name.
  32. ^abAfter David VI's disappearance in 1246, the Georgians elected David VII, illegitimate son of George IV as King; However, in 1248, when David VII went to the Mongols to obtain his recognition, he found there the missing king; the Mongol khan ordered for both of them to rule together, with David VI as a junior co-ruler.
  33. ^abDespite traditionally associated as children of David VI's first wife (Tamar Amanelisdze), Constantine and Michael's names, of Byzantine origin, seem to hint for David VI's second wife, Theodora Doukaina Palaeologina, as their mother. Moreover, a son of Michael is referred as minor in 1329, which would be highly unlikely if Michael himself was born before 1254, as it would be if he were a son of Tamar.
  34. ^Numbered lower than his predecessor, as he was already politically active as opponent of his brother David VIII in 1299–1302.
  35. ^Sanikidze, George (2000)."KAKHETI".Encyclopædia Iranica (online ed.). Retrieved27 September 2023.
  36. ^Mikaberidze, Alexander (2015).Historical Dictionary of Georgia (2nd ed.). Rowman & Littlefield. p. 237.ISBN 978-1442241466.
  37. ^Rayfield, Donald (2013).The Literature of Georgia: A History. Routledge. pp. 102–106.ISBN 9781136825293. Retrieved27 September 2023.
  38. ^Safavid Iran invaded Kakheti between 1616–1625 and 1633–1634.
  39. ^abDeposed by the puppet king of his stepmother in 1660 and 1668.
  40. ^Toumanoff, Cyril (1976).Manuel de généalogie et de chronologie pour l'histoire de la Caucasie chrétienne (Arménie - Géorgie - Albanie) (in French). pp. 134, 547.

Sources

[edit]

Further reading

[edit]
  • Toumanoff, Cyrille (1976).Manuel de généalogie et de chronologie pour l'histoire de la Caucasie Chrétienne (Arménie-Géorgie-Albanie) [Genealogical and chronological manual for the history of Christian Caucasia (Armenia-Georgia-Albania)] (in French). Rome: Edizioni Aquila. Still remains the only account of the family generally available in the West, although its scientific standard has been criticized as very low.
  • Dumin, Stanislav; et al. (1996).Dvorianskie rody Rossiĭskoĭ imperiiДворянские роды Российской империи [The Families of the Nobility of the Russian Empire] (in Russian). Vol. 3: Princes. Moscow: Likominvest. Contains the latest research available in Russian, compiled by Georgian scientists, some of them Bagratids themselves.

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